麦茬复种油用型向日葵品比试验研究初报

朝阳县是杂粮生产基地,油用型向日葵生产在全县杂粮生产中占有重要地位,特别是春小麦开发的成功,为油用向日葵生产的发展提供了有利条件.为筛选适合本地区麦茬复种油用型向日葵生产的品种,我们进行了麦茬复种油用型向日葵品种的比较试验.通过试验调查,得知龙葵杂1号不但产量高,而且抗病性强,应作为本地区主栽品种,适当搭配种植辽葵杂1号和派列多维克两个品种,辽葵杂3号和V86229则做为本地区备荒品种种植.     

辽宁省油用向日葵高产栽培技术

油用型向日葵是辽宁省的重要油料作物之一,在辽宁省各地均有种植。但近年来由于品种管理政策宽松,外地企业的品种乘机而入造成辽宁省油用向日葵种子市场混乱,相应的栽培技术措施也没有跟上,影响了农民的种植收益和积极性。根据我们的试验研究,结合辽宁省实际情况,总结了适于辽宁省油用向日葵生产环节中的几项具体操作措施。     

我国油用型向日葵研究发展概述

概述了我国油用型向日葵研究发展的过程.整理出曾在我国生产上应用推广的品种和国内各育种单位和种子公司育成和引进的优良杂交种,以及部分地区正在参加区试和引进的杂交种.     

挖掘土地潜力 大力发展向日葵

向日葵是近来世界上新兴的、发展很快的一种油料作物。据联合国粮农组织统计,全世界1977年种植向日葵1.47多亿亩,总产2.3亿担,比1950年分别增长2.3倍和4.8倍。向日葵油在世界植物油中所占的地位已上升到第二位。 我国的向日葵生产,建国初期面积少、产量低,1956年引进油用种试种后,面积产量都有发展,近几年发展较快。1978年全国种植面积达到480万亩,总产量增加到557万担。在不少地方已摘掉了“小滴料”的帽子,成为我国五大油料作物之一。     

朝阳地区油用向日葵新品种筛选试验

根据朝阳地区的气候条件,市场形式及农民对油用向日葵新品种的要求,从全国引进11个油用向日葵新品种进行试验,从中筛选出适合朝阳地区种植的高产、优质、多抗油用向日葵新品种。     

国外引进油料作物品种的利用

引种是育种工作中把优良品种迅速用于生产或研究需要的一种好方法。我国一些油料作物如甘兰型油菜、油用向日葵、油用红花等主要是靠引进资源发展起来的。近些年来,我国引入的油料作物品种不断增加。1971—1980年十年期间,通过各种渠道,共引入各种油料作物品种1037份,其中大豆413份,油菜279份,花生116份,向日葵163份,芝麻54份,油用红花12份。这些国外引进的油料作物品种在我国油料生产和科学研究中起了一定作用,有的已在生产上推广,有的在育种中成为重要亲本,育成了一些新品种。现把几种油料作物的引种利用情况简介如下:     

矮秆油用向日葵S667生物特性和栽培技术探讨

从介绍矮秆油用向日葵S667生物特性出发,阐述了其主要栽培技术,包括适时播种、合理施肥、苗后管理及病虫防治等方面,并分析了矮秆油用向日葵S667种植效益。     

向日葵杂交种制种技术的探讨

我国向日葵年种植面积在l36．7万hm^2左右,近几年,食用型向日葵种植面积迅速扩大,占向日葵总播种面积的60％以上。油用型向日葵几乎全部使用杂交种,食用型向日葵使用杂交种的面积为27％左右。目前虽然仍以进口杂交种为主,但国内育种工作进步很快,特别是食用型杂交种商品性优于进口杂交种,国产杂交种越来越多,不过,国内生产的杂交种种子和国外的相比往往纯度差,制种产量不高.     

包衣剂在油用向日葵种子上的应用效果研究Ⅱ包衣油用向日葵种子的贮藏

通过对包衣油用向日葵种子的不同贮藏方法在不同贮藏时间段的的测定，选择在一定的时间内最有效的贮藏方法。结果表明包衣后的油用向日葵种子短期内可以贮藏在普通种子库，较长时间(9～18个月)的贮藏则必须在低温库内，其发芽率、出苗率以及幼苗物质积累虽然有所降低，但仍然符合生产用种子的质量要求，种子质量优于未采用包衣剂处理的种子。     

浅谈向日葵的空壳问题

为了开辟新的油料来源,我县从1976年起大面积引种油用向日葵,主要品种是罗马尼亚杂交种“跃进1号”。近两年来向日葵生产中一个突出问题是空壳现象比较严重,结实率低,1979年,由于向日葵空壳,一般减产30—40％,严重的达50—60％以上。     

向日葵品种抗向日葵螟鉴定及抗性评价方法

利用田间自然抗虫鉴定法连续3年在内蒙古巴彦淖尔市对56个向日葵品种进行了抗向日葵螟鉴定,结果表明,17个油葵品种中除P50表现为中抗（籽粒被害率为6.7%）,其余品种全部表现为高抗,籽粒被害率均在0～2.5%;而39个食葵品种中仅新食葵7号表现为高抗（籽粒被害率为1.9%）,其余多表现为感虫或高感,籽粒被害率在5.8%～54.1%。进一步利用黑色素鉴定法对所有品种进行了室内检测,其结果与田间抗虫鉴定结果基本吻合。由此认为：在进行田间自然抗虫鉴定时,宜根据田间向日葵螟成虫种群动态选择适宜的播期,使向日葵的开花期与向日葵螟成虫发生盛期尽量吻合,以提高害虫对向日葵的选择压力和鉴定结果的科学性,同时避免出现播期避害现象,干扰鉴定结果的准确性。     

油用向日葵LKZ406的特征特性及配套应用技术

介绍了油用型向日葵杂交种LKZ406的品种来源、选育经过和该杂交种的特征特性、产量表现以及与之相适应的最佳栽培技术和适种范围。     

Application strategies for an anthraquinone-based repellent to protect oilseed sunflower crops from pest blackbirds

Non-lethal alternatives are needed to manage the damage caused by wild birds to oilseed sunflower crops (Helianthus annuus Linnaeus). We evaluated field residues and experimental applications of an anthraquinone-based repellent (active ingredient 50% 9,10-anthraquinone) to minimize red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus Linnaeus) depredation of oilseed sunflower. Chemical residues from experimental applications of the anthraquinone-based repellent (4.7 l/ha and 9.4 l/ha; low, high) in a ripening oilseed sunflower field were 481 ppm and 978 ppm anthraquinone at the beginning of blackbird damage, and 385 ppm and 952 ppm anthraquinone at the end of blackbird damage, respectively. Prior to harvest, we observed 402 ppm and 462 ppm anthraquinone in the oil, and 27 ppm and 165 ppm anthraquinone in the pomace from crushed sunflower achenes previously sprayed with the low and high applications, respectively. For the purpose of developing application strategies useful for avian repellents, we subsequently investigated blackbird feeding response to oilseed sunflower treated with the anthraquinone-based repellent and either a registered insecticide or a registered fungicide popularly used for ripening sunflower. We observed a positive concentration–response relationship among blackbirds exposed to anthraquinone and the insecticide (a.i. 8.4% esfenvalerate), or anthraquinone and the fungicide (a.i. 23.6% pyraclostrobin). Blackbirds reliably discriminated between untreated sunflower and that treated with 1810 ppm anthraquinone and 0.1% of the insecticide or 1700 ppm anthraquinone and 0.14% of the fungicide during our preference experiments. Given that ripening achenes are inverted from conventional pesticide applications throughout much of the period associated with blackbird depredation, we also evaluated blackbird repellency of the anthraquinone-based repellent applied to involucral bracts (i.e., the back of sunflower heads) of oilseed sunflower. Blackbirds did not discriminate between untreated involucral bracts and those treated with foliar applications comparable to 4.7 l/ha or 9.4 l/ha; blackbirds consumed more achenes from untreated sunflower heads than from those treated with 18.7 l/ha of the anthraquinone-based repellent. Supplemental repellent efficacy studies should investigate blackbird response to anthraquinone-based repellents (e.g., ≥4.7 l/ha) within 10–100 ha sunflower fields and include independent field replicates with predicted bird damage, repellent application strategies developed for protection of ripening crops, pre- and at-harvest repellent residues, and bird damage and crop yield measurements.     

油用型向日葵杂交种LKZ405的选育与栽培技术

油用型向日葵杂交种LKZ405是辽宁省农业科学院以细胞质雄性不育系HS55A为母本,204R为父本杂交选育而成。在2005～2006年全国区试中产量比对照G101增产11．52％。籽实含油率44．20％。适应性广,抗病,抗倒伏,耐旱、高产、稳产、中熟,品质好,适宜在我国西北地区种植。     

Profiling and geographical distribution of seed oil content of sunflower in Ukraine

The sunflower has the potential to be a highly competitive crop owing to its diversity market and the valuable oil it produces. Nevertheless, the amount of sunflower seed oil – a key factor for the crushing industry – is affected by genotype and environment, which sometimes is difficult to predict. The paper analyzes the theoretical principles of sunflower growth in Ukraine, highlights the current trends in the sowing of this crop, the influence of climatic factors of the environment on the pros...     

应用灰色系统理论和模糊数学对油用向日葵区试组合的评价分析

运用灰色系统理论和模糊数学对2005年和2006年全国（西北组）油用型向日葵（简称油葵）区试杂交种的亩产量、株高、盘径、茎粗、叶数、百粒重、生育期、籽实含油率、倒折率等9个性状进行了分析和综合评价,结果表明：L405的综合表现最好,其综合评价系数为0．7619;其它依次为其它依次为M0415,L406,澳葵62,M0411,TK5001和G101,综合评价系数分别为0．6353,0．6076,0．4539,0．3732,0．2658,0．2639;白葵杂8号综合表现最差,其综合评价系数仅为0．2184。这一结果与各杂交种在各地的生长情况基本一致。     

氮素用量对油葵氮磷钾养分吸收积累及产量的影响

为研究氮素对油葵植株氮磷钾养分积累和产量的影响,采用田间试验方法,在宁夏中部干旱带同心地区进行了油葵肥料试验。结果表明,在供试土壤条件下,氮磷钾养分积累均呈“S”型曲线,符合Logistic方程。施氮量在6～18kg/667m2之间时,均促进油葵对氮磷钾的吸收。其中,100kg籽粒所需N、P2O5、K2O范围分别是5.68～6.19kg、4.32～4.62kg、14.82～21.20kg,三要素（N:P2O5:K2O）平均比例为1:0.76:2.93。成熟期时,氮磷钾总积累量均是N2P2K2处理最高,分别达到47.99g/株、35.45g/株、152.30g/株。当施氮量为10.53kg/667m2时,产量达最高值221.02kg/667m2,最佳经济效应施氮量为9.54kg/667m2,最佳经济效益产量为220.48kg/667m2。     

油菜黑胫病研究进展

油菜黑胫病是一种世界性分布的真菌病害,由子囊菌Leptosphaeria biglobosa引起。近年来随着田间调查的深入,及其姊妹病害油菜茎基溃疡病（Leptosphaeria maculans引起）传入风险的增加,我国对油菜黑胫病的重视程度逐年增加。本文对油菜黑胫病病原菌种群、病害循环及危害症状、分布与寄主范围、分子检测技术以及综合防治等方面的研究进展进行了综述,分析了油菜茎基溃疡病菌对我国的侵入风险,同时对我国油菜黑胫病研究和防控提出了建议,并就此进行了展望。     

Occurrence of Alternaria leaf blight of sunflower caused by two closely related species Alternaria solani and A. tomatophila in Inner Mongolia

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oilseed crop in China and is grown in rotation with potato in the northern parts of China, including Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang provinces. In 2014, diseased samples of sunflower (variety 3638C) with black sunken lesions on bracts and stems of sunflower were collected in Wuchuan, Hohhot (41°05′ N, 111°27′ E) and Chahaeryouyihouqi, Wulanchabu (41°52′ N, 113°0′ E), Inner Mongolia, China. We used morphological and molecular techniques to identify the causal agent of Alternaria leaf blight. Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined phylogenetic dataset using the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) and Alternaria major allergen gene (Alt a1) was done to support the morphological identification. In addition, PCR was performed with specific primers targeted on Alt a1 and calmodulin genes of A. solani and A. tomatophila. The results showed that HaAs7 gave an amplicon of the expected size (164 bp) with A. solani-specific primers, however, no band was observed with the A. tomatophila-specific primers. The opposite pattern of PCR result (483 bp) was obtained with DNA of HaAt4 as template, indicating that HaAs7 is A. solani and HaAt4 is A. tomatophila. Furthermore, evaluation the pathogenicity of the recovered Alternaria isolates and their potential as causal agents of Alternaria leaf blight of sunflower was done. Pathogenicity tests showed that A. solani and A. tomatophila tested could be capable of causing Alternaria leaf blight of sunflower. Till now, nine species of Alternaria have been reported causing Alternaria leaf blight of sunflower, this is the first report that A. solani and A. tomatophila as causal pathogens for Alternaria leaf blight on sunflower.