离心泵叶轮内汽蚀发生的理论探讨

计算流体动力学(CFD)技术在水力机械内部流场计算中应用日益广泛,已成为优化设计的重要工具。为此,介绍了汽液两相流混合模型的基本方程,并应用离心泵叶轮内汽蚀两相流基本理论,数值模拟稳定工况下工质为清水低比速离心泵叶轮的汽蚀两相流场的分布情况,同时采用CFD软件分析汽蚀发生过程中的叶片静压分布,揭示叶轮内汽蚀两相流场的内在特性,为高抗汽蚀性能低比速离心泵的优化设计提供理论基础。     

基于伴随方法的离心泵叶轮优化设计

针对水力机械优化设计过程中存在计算量巨大、叶型的控制及修改不便等问题,提出了基于伴随方法的离心泵叶轮优化设计方法。以某低比转数离心泵叶轮为研究对象,采用泰勒展开法进行离心泵叶片形状的参数化控制。将泵内流动控制方程作为优化问题的约束条件,通过引入伴随变量将约束优化问题变为无约束优化问题,推导了目标函数的变分形式、伴随方程及伴随变量在计算域各边界上的边界条件。根据伴随方法计算目标函数对设计变量的梯度矢量,在任意给定的初始直叶片的基础上沿梯度矢量反方向不断更新叶片形状,直至目标函数达到最小值时即为最优设计。由于在目标函数的变分中不包含流场参数的变分,在一次优化迭代中只需要计算流场及伴随变量场各一次,大大减少了叶轮优化过程的计算量。算例计算结果表明所提出的离心泵叶轮伴随优化方法是可行的。     

扭曲叶片离心泵叶轮内三维湍流数值模拟

为提高离心泵的优化设计水平，介绍了计算的控制方程和叶轮通道网格划分方法，采用压强连接的隐式修正SIHPLEC算法，结合雷诺平均法的RNGκ-ε模型和壁面函数法，应用商业CFD软件FLUENT，对叶轮内部的三维湍流流动进行了计算。分析了具有扭曲叶片的离心泵叶轮叶型对流速分布、压力分布和泵性能的影响，揭示了叶轮内流动规律。     

低比速离心泵叶轮内不同叶片数流场计算及分析

根据低比速离心泵叶轮流道的几何和流场特点,简要阐述了计算的控制方程和叶轮通道网格划分方法,采用压强连接的隐式修正SIMPLEC算法,结合雷诺平均法的RNGκ?ε模型和壁面函数法对叶轮内部的三维湍流流动进行计算。依据计算结果,分析叶片数对低比速离心泵流速分布、压力分布和泵性能的影响,揭示叶轮内湍流的流动规律,提高低比速离心泵的优化设计水平。     

低比转数离心泵叶轮内流场重构与模态分析

针对传统离心泵水力性能优化设计的复杂性,提出采用本征正交分解-径向基函数（POD-RBF）混合代理模型方法对离心泵叶轮内流场进行重构分析。由三次Bezier曲线对低比转数离心泵二维叶片型线进行参数化控制,通过对叶片包角、进出口安放角等控制参数进行适量的扰动得到叶片型线的样本集。由叶片型线参数及叶轮CFD内流场数据构成样本的快照矢量集,根据几何相似及网格变形方法插值得到各相似节点的流场参数,依据本征正交分解法（POD）将快照集分解为一系列正交基的线性组合。由径向基函数（RBF）拟合目标叶型所对应的正交基系数,实现了对目标叶轮内流场的重构。采用POD-RBF方法对MH48-12.5型低比转数离心泵叶轮内流场进行了重构,其压力预测均方根误差为0.84%,速度预测误差基本在0.5m/s以内,流场预测所需时间约为CFD计算的1/240。对样本集进行POD基模态分析,得到了各阶基模态流场特征及能量分布特性。     

低比转数离心泵叶轮内流场的重构及模态分析

针对传统离心泵水力性能优化设计的复杂性,提出了采用本征正交分解与径向基函数(POD-RBF)混合代理模型方法进行离心泵叶轮内流场的重构分析。由三次Bezier曲线对低比转数离心泵二维叶片型线进行参数化控制,通过对叶片包角、进出口安放角等控制参数进行适量的扰动得到叶片型线的样本集。由叶片型线参数及叶轮CFD内流场数据构成样本的快照矢量集,根据几何相似及网格变形方法插值得到各相似节点的流场参数,依据本征正交分解法(POD)将快照集分解为一系列正交基的线性组合。由径向基函数(RBF)拟合目标叶型所对应的正交基系数,实现了对目标叶轮内流场的重构。采用POD-RBF方法对MH48-12.5型低比转数离心泵叶轮内流场进行了重构,其压力预测均方根误差为0.84%,速度预测误差基本在0.5m/s以内,流场预测所需时间约为CFD计算的1/240,并对样本集进行POD基模态分析,得到了各阶基模态流场特征及能量分布特性。     

船用冷却泵的数值模拟与优化设计

为了适应船用泵的发展,研制开发新型高效船用冷却泵,采用了Fluent模拟泵内流场,对CB80—65—125型船用冷却泵进行优化．模拟分析了设计工况下,叶轮优化前后,叶片背面与工作面的相对速度分布及z=0平面上的静压分布．根据模拟得到的结果,通过修改叶片进口安放角和叶片形状,对泵进行了优化设计,并对叶轮优化前后的流场进行了分析比较．对泵做了性能试验,并将试验结果与模拟结果作了对比．结果表明,叶轮内部流场和相对速度分布都得到了改善,优化后的叶轮形状更符合流动特性,泵流量和扬程都能满足要求,高效区宽,设计工况点的效率提高了3．56％．因此,结合Fluent模拟泵内流场来进行优化设计的方法是可行的．     

基于FD技术改善低比速离心泵叶

简要介绍低比速离心泵特点，阐述计算的控制方程和叶轮通道网格划分方法。运用商业CFD软件FLUENT对不同叶片形式叶轮流道进行三维湍流流动计算。 计算采用压强连接的隐式修正SIMPLEC算法和雷诺平均法的RNG κ-ε湍流模型。根据计算结果分析叶片形式对流速分布、压力分布的影响，揭示叶轮内流动规律， 提高低比速离心泵优化设计的水平。     

基于三维湍流数值模拟的余热排出泵叶轮优化设计

采用多块网格技术,利用六面体结构化网格和四面体非结构化网格相结合的混合网格离散计算域,采用稳态多参考系方法求解RANS方程,对余热排出泵内部的三维湍流流动进行数值模拟.为了增强数值模型的可靠性,对4种湍流模型的适用性进行了评估,其中剪切应力输运（SST）湍流模型计算值与试验值最接近.通过分析余热排出泵叶轮子午面和叶片通道间的流动,发现由于局部结构设计不合理使叶片进口边靠近前盖板侧有回流且叶片通道内有较大的旋涡和流动分离现象,流动损失较大.在保证导叶与蜗壳结构不变的前提下,通过调整叶轮盖板的曲率形状和修改叶片进口安放角和叶片型线对叶轮进行了优化设计,使叶轮内流场分布得到了有效改善.结果表明：优化后泵的流量和扬程都满足设计要求,且设计工况点的效率提高了约7%.     

基于fluent对多级离心泵首级的数值模拟

为了解叶轮叶片数对多级离心泵水利性能的影响,基于κ-ε湍流模型,采用SIMPLEC算法,利用Navier-Stokes时均化方程,对仅改变叶轮叶片数的某多级离心泵首级进行数值模拟。通过fluent数值计算得到泵内的压力,速度流场分布,对其进行分析,得出首级叶轮叶片数为六片时,此多级离心泵的内部流场压力及速度分布最均匀。同时利用fluent的后处理结果对此泵进行性能预测,得出叶轮叶片为六片时,泵的效率达到最高值70.68%。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。