高温季节鳜及饵料鱼池塘水质调查研究

于高温多雨季节对广东省清远市鳜（Siniperca chuatsi）养殖基地的6个鳜及饵料鱼养殖池塘发病、用药情况及水质进行调查分析。结果表明,单独施用抑菌类药物,鳜出血病容易复发,而同时施用增强动物免疫力与减少应激行为药物及抑菌类药物,鳜出血病不易复发。鳜及饵料鱼塘发病期间,水中氨氮（NH4＋-N）质量浓度始终高于1.0 mg.L-1,亚硝酸盐氮（NO2--N）质量浓度高于0.18 mg.L-1,氮磷比（N/P）也有偏高的情况发生,而所调查的6个池塘硝酸盐氮（NO3--N）质量浓度均随养殖时间延长而逐渐下降。NH4＋-N与NO2--N质量浓度过高可能预示鳜的细菌性疾病即将发生。可按实际情况种植浮萍等植物吸收过量NH4＋-N;开增氧机保持水中高溶解氧（DO）以降低NO2--N质量浓度或投放减少动物应激行为的药物。N/P过高可适当释放磷肥以调节水质。     

分子氨和亚硝权盐对鱼类的危害及其对策

鱼类养殖池塘主要生态因子调查结果显示,多病池水含总氨氮、分子氨、亚硝酸盐均比少发病池高,而溶解氧较低;分子氨和亚硝酸盐对鲫和鳜毒性影响试验结果,分子氨的毒性使鲫和鳜血清碱性磷酸酶（ＡＫＰ）、溶菌酶（ＬＳＺ）的活力发生变化,经１２０小时作用,鲫ＡＫＰ由上升转为下降,鳜经９６小时作用而逐渐下降;亚硝酸盐的毒性使鲫的高铁血红蛋白（ＭＨｂ）呈指数递增。这说明养殖一溶氧低、分子氨和亚硝酸盐浓度高,三者协同作     

投喂芽孢杆菌对鳜及饵料鱼养殖池塘水质和浮游生物的影响

采用一种芽孢杆菌制剂(Bacillus)对鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)及饵料鱼池塘进行水质调控。通过测定池塘水体的氨氮、亚硝酸盐、透明度及pH值等水质指标和池塘中浮游生物量,评价芽孢杆菌制剂对鳜及饵料鱼池塘水质和浮游生物的影响。结果表明,该芽孢杆菌制剂能够提高水质透明度,降解水体中氨氮和亚硝酸盐的含量,其中,亚硝酸盐的最大降解率为77.5%。投喂芽孢杆菌后,实验池塘和对照池塘浮游生物组成均变化不大,表明该制剂对池塘的浮游生物组成没有影响。     

分子氨和亚硝酸盐对鱼类的危害及其对策↑（*）

鱼类养殖池塘主要生态因子调查结果显示,多病池水含总氨氮、分子氨、亚硝酸盐均比少发病池高,而溶解氧较低;分子氨和亚硝酸盐对鲫和鳜毒性影响试验结果,分子氨的毒性使鲫和鳜血清碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、溶菌酶（LSZ）的活力发生变化,经120h作用,鲫AKP由上升转为下降,鳜经96     

鳜鱼病害防治新技术（二）

3.应用示例 珠江所曾对广东省不同养殖区的74口发病鳜鱼池塘进行调查,发现气候变化（降水、降温）对养殖鳜鱼池塘水生态因子有明显影响,降水、降温会引起浮游生物种群的改变,进而溶氧变化,最终影响鱼的健康。将74口发病池塘水质按优劣程度、病害按严重程度分级,发现鳜鱼病害发生与浮游生物多样性之间存在着相互关系（图3）,池塘水体浮游生物多样性越低,     

鲟亲鱼培育池塘中浮游生物的组成与变化特点的研究

研究了2009年5-9月鲟亲鱼养殖池塘中浮游生物的种类组成,细胞数量、优势种组成和随季节的变化。结果显示：鲟亲鱼的活动导致养殖池塘沉积物再悬浮,水体透明度较低。浮游植物的种类组成以绿藻门（Chlorophyta）的月牙藻（Selenastrum spp．）和小球藻（Chlorella spp．）等小型个体为主,浮游植物...     

鳜鱼高产池塘水质复合调控技术研究

采用生物膜净水栅、复合微生物水质调节剂混合而成的复合调控的方法对鳜及饵料鱼池塘进行水质调控。通过测定池塘水体的氨氮、亚硝酸盐、透明度及p H值等水质指标和池塘中浮游生物量,评价复合技术对鳜及饵料鱼池塘水质和浮游生物的影响。结果表明:该水质调节方法能够提高水体透明度,降解水体中氨氮和亚硝酸盐的含量,其中,亚硝酸盐的最大降解率为68.6%。采用此方法后,试验池塘中浮游植物的优势种群及生物密度发生变化,且蓝藻生物密度在下降,而对照池塘中蓝藻的生物密度明显增加。表明该调节方法对池塘的浮游生物组成有一定的影响。     

池塘立体生态养殖技术

<正>池塘立体生态养殖是一种新型养殖模式。在同一池塘中进行海蜇、鱼、虾、贝混养,通过施肥繁殖浮游生物,为海蜇和贝类提供饵料,鱼、虾的残饵及养殖生物排泄物促进了浮游生物的繁殖,贝类在滤食浮游植物的同时,也滤食水中的细菌和有机碎屑,有效净化了水质,改善了池塘的生态环境,在养殖环境内形成了良性循环。     

净水复合菌在海蜇池塘生态养殖中的应用

将光合细菌、芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌和硝化细菌等组成的复合菌,应用于海蜇池塘养殖中。结果显示:水中复合菌密度为16×10~6个菌体/ml以上时,能分解海蜇和刺参的粪便;在养殖池塘中,按2kg/1000m~3的用量、施加密度为10×10~8个菌体/ml的复合菌液,可降低养殖水体中的氨氮含量,增加池塘中的单胞藻、桡足类和多毛类幼体等浮游生物的数量。表明净水复合菌能有效地改善养殖生态环境,从而促进海蜇的生长。     

鲟亲鱼培育池塘中浮游生物的组成与变化特点的研究

研究了2009年5-9月鲟亲鱼养殖池塘中浮游生物的种类组成,细胞数量、优势种组成和随季节的变化。结果显示：鲟亲鱼的活动导致养殖池塘沉积物再悬浮,水体透明度较低。浮游植物的种类组成以绿藻门（Chlorophyta）的月牙藻（Selenastrum spp．）和小球藻（Chlorella spp．）等小型个体为主,浮游植物密度1．0883×lO^7ind．／L—1．5662×lO^7ind．／L,生物量14．6438～19．2535mg/L。浮游动物以轮虫（Rotifera）和桡足类（Copepoda）为优势种群,浮游动物密度162．0000ind／L～560．0000ind／L,生物量0．3795～1．5482mg／L。研究显示,鲟亲鱼的活动是决定池塘浮游生物的群落结构变化的重要过程之一。     

Effect of Golden Shiners on Plankton and Water Quality in Ponds Managed for Intensive Production

Water quality variables and plankton were monitored and compared between ponds that were stocked or not stocked with golden shiners in order to determine what changes occur in the plankton community and water quality of ponds managed for intensive production. Ponds with shiners had significantly lower phosphate and carbon dioxide concentrations and lower carbonate alkalinity than ponds without shiners. No significant difference in nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, temperature, secchi disk readings, or turbidity levels was found between the treatments. The standing crop of phytoplankton was nearly twice as great in ponds with fish. Ponds with fish had significantly fewer copepods but more rotifers than fishless ponds. Although the fish were offered a commercial feed with 29.5% protein and 1.5% crude fat at 3% of their biomass daily, they apparently continued to feed on crustacean zooplankton.     

光合细菌强化对精养鱼塘藻类群落结构的影响

通过定期向池塘投加光合细菌,研究了有益微生物强化对精养鱼塘浮游藻类群落结构的影响。结果显示:光合细菌强化塘(试验塘)藻类组成以绿藻、硅藻为主,养殖前期(5—6月初),以针杆藻、直链藻等占优势,中后期(7—9月)则以绿球藻、栅藻、盘星藻、小环藻、菱形藻等为优势种,水色呈淡绿、黄褐色等良好状态;而对照塘藻类组成在前期与试验塘没有明显差异,但在中后期出现明显变化,以微囊藻、颤藻、鱼腥藻、席藻等蓝藻占优势。试验塘藻类生物量显著低于对照塘(P<0.05),且对照塘生物量波动变化大,蓝藻数量所占比例可高达77.6%,远高于试验塘蓝藻比例(均值低于25.0%);此外,藻类Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数试验塘均大于对照塘。结果表明:光合细菌的定期添加有效控制了蓝藻增值,保持了藻类多样性,使精养鱼塘藻相趋于稳定,有利池塘养殖。     

Strategies for Development of Rotifers as Larval Fish Food in Ponds

Strategies to sustain rotifer peak biomass, distribution of rotifer resting eggs in the sediment, and relationship between rotifers and larval fish growth were studied in a series of pond experiments. After the ponds were filled with water, herbivorous rotifers (e.g., Brachionus calyciflorus ) developed first, but were gradually replaced by predatory rotifers (e.g., Asplanchna ). Subsequently, herbivorous cladocerans (e.g., Moina sp) eventually replaced rotifers and dominated the zooplankton community. The occurrence of Asplanchna and Moina indicated the decline of B. calyciflorus . Peak rotifer biomass developed 8–10 d after the ponds were filled with water at 20–25 C, 10–15 d at 17–20 C, 15–20 d at 15–17 C, 20–30 d at 10–15 C, and >30 d at < 10 C. The abundance of resting eggs in the top 5-cm sediment varied from 6 to 83/cm². About 25% of resting eggs were buried in the top 5-cm sediment but the number of resting eggs decreased with increased sediment depth. Optimum rotifer biomass for silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix larvae stocked at 1,500,000/ha was 20–40 m/gL. High rotifer biomass (>20 mg/L) usually lasted 3–5 d, but could be prolonged by pond fertilization or cladoceran controls. A weekly application of dipterex at 0.05 mg/L reduced cladoceran biomass but enhanced rotifer biomass. Our results indicate with a careful management plan it is possible to synchronize the rotifer development with larval fish stocking.     

鱼蚌混养对池塘水质、藻相结构及三角帆蚌生长的影响

2012年4月26日—2012年12月12日通过在鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中放养不同密度的三角帆蚌,研究不同三角帆蚌放养比例对鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中水质、藻相结构及三角帆蚌生长的影响。实验中,鲢鳙放养比例统一为3∶7,总密度为1.5尾/m3。三角帆蚌放养密度则设置4个水平,分别为单养鲢鳙鱼池塘(0只/m3),低密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(0.8只/m3),中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(1.0只/m3)和高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(1.2只/m3)。结果显示,混养三角帆蚌池塘的水化指标(TP、PO4-P、NH3-N、NO2-N和NO3-N)均显著低于单养鱼池塘。中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘除NH3-N和化学需氧量(COD)与低密度三角帆蚌混养池塘无显著差异外,其他各项水化指标均显著低于其他3个池塘,并且极显著低于单养鲢鳙鱼池塘。单养鲢鳙鱼池塘藻类平均密度均极显著高于鱼蚌混养池塘,其中在鱼蚌混养池塘中浮游植物密度与三角帆蚌密度成负相关关系。单养鲢鳙鱼池塘的浮游植物生物量均极显著低于中、高密度鱼蚌混养池塘,并且显著低于低密度混养池塘。浮游植物生物量与三角帆蚌密度成正相关关系,鱼蚌池塘中绿藻和裸藻的生物量在养殖过程中上升显著。低、中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘三角帆蚌存活率均显著高于高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘;低密度混养池塘中蚌湿重、壳长及壳宽相对增长率均为最大,显著高于中、高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘。研究表明,养鱼池塘混养三角帆蚌不仅能改善养殖池塘的水质,还能控制藻类数量,促使绿藻和裸藻等大型藻类的生长,提高养殖水体浮游植物的生物量总量,最终还能有效提高三角帆蚌的存活率及生长率。从改善水质,藻相结构,蚌成活率及生长等指标角度考虑,在鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中,三角帆蚌最佳放养密度为1.0只/m3。     

Impact of Copper Sulfate on Plankton in Channel Catfish Nursery Ponds

Many fish culturists are interested in applying copper sulfate pentahydrate (CSP) to channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, nursery ponds as a prophylactic treatment for trematode infection and proliferative gill disease by killing snails and Dero sp., respectively, before stocking fry. However, copper is an algaecide and may adversely affect phytoplankton and zooplankton populations. We evaluated the effects of prophylactic use of copper sulfate in catfish nursery ponds on water quality and phytoplankton and zooplankton populations. In 2006, treatments of 0 mg/L CSP, 3 mg/L CSP (0.77 mg/L Cu), and 6 mg/L CSP (1.54 mg/L Cu) were randomly assigned to 0.04‐ha ponds. In 2007, only treatments of 0 and 3 mg/L CSP were randomly assigned to the 16 ponds. Ponds treated with CSP had significantly higher pH and significantly lower total ammonia concentrations. Treatment of both CSP rates increased total algal concentrations but reduced desirable zooplankton groups for catfish culture. CSP has been shown to be effective in reducing snail populations at the rate used in this study. CSP treatment also appears to be beneficial to the algal bloom, shifting the algal population to green algae and increasing total algal biomass within 1 wk after CSP treatment. Although zooplankton populations were adversely affected, populations of important zooplankton to catfish fry began rebounding 6–12 d after CSP treatment. Therefore, if CSP is used to treat catfish fry ponds of similar water composition used in this study, fry should not be stocked for about 2 wk after CSP application to allow time for the desirable zooplankton densities to begin increasing.     

Primary productivity and related fish yield in intensely manured fishponds

Studies of various parameters associated with productivity were conducted in experimental manured ponds with the object of estimating the effects that organic manure produce on fish yield.Photosynthesis—depth profiles showed autoshading by the plankton resulting in compensation depths of approximately 70 cm. Net photosynthetic rates were found to be only slightly higher than those obtained under chemical fertilization. Their variation seemed to be somewhat independent of the total standing crop of plankton but was more directly related to the composition of the plankton.Several fish yield prediction models based on primary productivity were applied to the experimental data. In every case the results show that the actual yields considerably exceeded the predicted yields.This work gives support to the notion that primary productivity is not sufficient to account for the high fish yields attained in a manured system. Thus it is concluded that manuring of fishponds may not only be a practice of fertilization but also a means of promoting the growth of fish through some other alternative pathway.     

Application of Azotobacter enhances pond productivity and fish biomass in still water ponds

Two strains (derepressed-nitrogen fixing, Mac-27 and phosphate solubilizing, PS-21) of Azotobacter chroococcum were inoculated in fish culture ponds, singly and in combination with inorganic fertilizers (urea, single superphosphate–SSP). Physico-chemical parameters of pond waters, plankton production and fish biomass were studied. Inoculation of A. chroococcum (Mac-27) enhanced nitrogenase activity and rate of nitrogen fixation. A slight reduction in nitrogen fixation and nitrogenase activity was noticed when urea at 96 kg ha–1 y–1 was mixed with the biofertilizer (Mac-27). Inoculation of PS-21 enhanced phosphate solubilization, but Kjeldahl-nitrogen concentration values remained low in comparison with controls. On the other hand, inoculation of Azotobacter (either strain) enhanced the accumulation of ammonium-N, nitrite-N and nitrate-N. A significant (p < 0.05) reduction in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration also took place when Azotobacter (both Mac-27 and PS-21) was inoculated in fish ponds. However, when used along with inorganic fertilizers, the reduction was not significant. The pH values were only slightly lowered when the phosphate-solubilizing strain (PS-21) of Azotobacter was inoculated. Inoculation of biofertilizer enhanced plankton production, net primary productivity and fish biomass. However, highest values in most of these parameters were noticed only in ponds that were treated with the higher doses of inorganic fertilizers (urea 192 kg and SSP 1500 kg ha–1 y–1). © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Effect of varying closes of organic and inorganic fertilizers on plankton production and fish biomass in brackish water fish ponds

The effects of four different doses of organic (cowdung) and inorganic fertilizers (single super phosphate: SSP) in combination were studied on plankton production, species diversity and fish biomass in saline and freshwater fish ponds. Physico-chemical factors of pond waters were also monitored. Alkalinity and nutrients increased with increase in the dose of fertilizers. Dissolved oxygen (DO) also remained sufficiently high up to the third treatment; however, levels declined significantly in the ponds receiving the fourth treatment (20 000 kg ha^-1 year^-1 of cowdung and 3000 kg ha^-1 year^-1 of SSP). The highest plankton population, species diversity and higher fish biomass was also observed in ponds which received the third dose of fertilizers (10 000 kg ha^-1 year^-1 of cowdung and 1500 kg ha^-1 year^-1 of SSP). However, a decline in these parameters was observed in ponds which received the highest (fourth treatment) dose of fertilizers. Nutrients remained slightly lower in brackish-water fish ponds. When species diversity values were compared, it was observed that, although values werte higher in freshwater ponds, their abundance (no. 1¹) remained lower than in brackish-water fish ponds. Similarly, fish biomass also remained significantly higher in brackish-water ponds than in freshwater ponds. From these studies, it can be concluded that a combination of 10 000 kg of cowdung + 1500 kg ha^-1 year^-1 of SSP appears to be the optimum dose.