蜜蜂孢子虫病的检测与防治研究进展

孢子虫病是西方蜜蜂的主要病害之一,其病原包括蜜蜂微孢子虫(Nosema apis)和东方蜜蜂微孢子虫(Nosema ceranae)。本文主要介绍蜜蜂孢子虫病的检测和防治方法的研究进展。     

蜜蜂微孢子虫提取与纯化方法

蜜蜂微孢子虫是一种真核微生物,可引起蜜蜂患蜜蜂微粒子病。患蜜蜂微粒子病的中肠严重受损,出现爬蜂、下痢等症状,最终导致蜜蜂群势减弱,产蜜量降低,对养蜂业造成巨大经济损失。目前微粒子病在蜂群中的传播已经非常广泛,对蜜蜂微孢子虫的防治研究是蜜蜂病虫害研究的重点之一。但是从事蜜蜂微孢子虫研究的前提就是获得大量纯化的蜜蜂微孢子虫作为研究材料,因此寻找有效的蜜蜂微孢子虫提取纯化方法显得尤为重要。     

综述蜜蜂孢子虫病的防治方法

蜜蜂微孢子虫可感染蜜蜂,引起蜜蜂孢子虫病,严重影响蜜蜂的生长繁殖,对养蜂业造成巨大损失,是感染蜜蜂的主要病原微生物之一。结合实验室经验,主要从感染前预防和感染后治疗两方面出发,介绍了蜜蜂孢子虫病的防治方法,为防治蜜蜂孢子虫病提供一个系统而全面的参考。     

中国部分主要养蜂区侵染西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)群微孢子虫种质分布调查

为了探明中国主要养蜂地区蜜蜂微孢子虫的种类及分布,采用多重PCR的方法对采自中国部分主要养蜂地区的68份蜜蜂样品中含有的微孢子虫进行种类鉴定。结果发现所有样本中仅采自山东寿光的样品中检测出蜜蜂微孢子虫(Nosema apis),其他所有样品均只检测出东方蜜蜂微孢子虫(Nosema ceranae)的存在。初步推断在中国主要养蜂地区寄生危害西方蜜蜂的微孢子虫种类主要是东方蜜蜂微孢子虫,该结果为微孢子虫病在中国的流行规律及防治研究奠定了一定的基础。     

防治蜜蜂微孢子虫病的药剂

北美惟一登记防治蜜蜂微孢子虫病的药剂是烟曲霉素,是从烟曲霉菌（Aspergillus fumigatus）提取制造的一种抗生素。长期以来,证明它成功地应用于防治蜜蜂微孢子虫病,它不杀死微孢子虫孢子,但能巨大减少孢子的产生,降低蜂群中蜜蜂总的感染率。欧盟法规禁止在防治蜂病上使用抗生素,因为病原可能产生抗药性,并且抗生素残留可能存在于蜂产品中。     

山东省东方蜜蜂微孢子虫病流行状况及防控建议

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫病作为一种慢性传染病,严重影响蜂群的生存,阻碍养蜂产业的发展,进而制约了农业经济的发展。为了解东方蜜蜂微孢子虫病在山东省的流行状况,调研了山东省17个地(市) 73个蜂场,通过检测、实地考察等方式掌握了山东省东方蜜蜂微孢子虫病的流行规律,在此基础上提出了东方蜜蜂微孢子虫病的防治措施。此次调研为山东省东方蜜蜂微孢子虫病防治体系的建立提供了实际依据,为山东省养蜂产业的健康发展奠定了基础。     

蜜蜂微孢子虫病研究进展

本文叙述了国内外学者研究蜜蜂微孢子虫病的成果，包括：蜜蜂微孢子虫（Nosema apis)的生物学，发育周期，孢子虫病的流行规律及影响发病的因素，患病蜜的病理及孢子虫病的诊断防治。     

同生境下两种蜜蜂微孢子虫对东、西方蜜蜂蜂群的感染状况调查

蜜蜂微孢子虫已被确认为是导致世界性蜜蜂损失的重要病原之一。因商业目的导致不同地区蜂种栖息地扩张与重叠,使两种原寄主分别为东、西方蜜蜂的微孢子虫(东方蜜蜂微孢子虫和西方蜜蜂微孢子虫)得以在不同蜂种间传播。新病原的入侵在对当地蜜蜂资源造成威胁的同时,外来蜂种成为地区性病害传播的媒介。而迁徙性的蜜蜂饲养模式进一步将这种不利影响放大,进而威胁整个养蜂业的持续发展。研究数据显示,东方蜜蜂微孢子虫在人工饲养蜂群中已取代西方蜜蜂微孢子虫成为优势寄种群,但在自然条件下这两种蜜蜂微孢子虫如何作用饲养蜂群的相关数据缺乏。对东、西方蜜蜂混合饲养蜂场和山区东方蜜蜂隔离蜂场的蜜蜂样本进行两种蜜蜂微孢子虫PCR特异性检测,仅检出东方蜜蜂微孢子虫,且西方蜜蜂蜂群微孢子虫感染率高于东方蜜蜂,混合饲养蜂场东方蜜蜂蜂群微孢子虫感染率高于山区东方蜜蜂隔离蜂场感染率。     

蜜蜂孢子虫病的防治方法

蜜蜂孢子虫病的防治方法浙江·黄坚蜜蜂孢子虫病是我国近年来发病率较高的急性传染病。它具有传染快，来势猛的特点。蜂群一旦患上了孢子虫病，群势很快衰弱，如不及时对症治疗，蔓延很快，甚至会使全场覆没，造成严重损失。蜜蜂孢子虫病是由蜜蜂微孢子虫引起的。它繁殖快...     

蜜蜂微孢子虫对蜜蜂越冬的影响

蜜蜂微孢子虫病(microsporidian disease)病原为蜜蜂微孢子虫(Nosema p.),是一种分布广泛的成年蜂病,为重要的检疫性病害。对感染蜜蜂微孢子虫病的越冬蜂进行研究发现,蜜蜂微孢子虫感染率与蜜蜂越冬安全关系密切,各组合实验蜂群蜜蜂越冬死亡率均为差异极显著(U检验,P0.01),即感染蜜蜂微孢子虫的蜂群,蜜蜂死亡率和饲料消耗量都明显高于对照组,且不同程度发生下痢症状。为蜜蜂微孢子虫的侵染机制研究提供理论数据,为进一步筛选功能基因奠定基础,从而推动我国特色蜜蜂产业健康快速发展。     

Disease and destiny-mystery and mastery

When early people made their appearance, zoonotic infectious diseases were already waiting, but epidemic diseases did not appear in human history until people began to live in large numbers under conditions of close contact, mainly during the last 10,000 years. Disease has decimated urban populations, conquered armies, and disrupted society. The focus here is on (1) the plague of Athens and the Black Death; (2) smallpox, influenza, and rabies; (3) avian influenza prion diseases, and foot & mouth disease; and (4) emerging and re-emerging diseases. All have veterinary public health associations. In Athens, Greece, in 430 BC, when the Spartans ravaged the countryside, hordes crowded into Athens so that orderly movements, space in which to live, and adequate supplies of food became impossible. Crowding of any population fosters disease transmission; chaos and disorder enhance it all the more. Out of northern Egypt came a terrible plague from across the Mediterranean Sea. The identity of the plague of Athens remains unsure, but the well-considered conclusion is Rift Valley Fever, a mosquito borne, viral zoonosis. The Black Death, also called the Plague, raged in Asia for centuries. In 1347, the Black Death was brought by a ship out of Asia to Sicily. The scenes of devastation were repeated throughout Europe, with 90% or more of the people dying in city after city. Influenza, too, has been a cause of periodic human epidemics, but the great pandemic of influenza occurred in the last months of World War I. In the years of highest occurrence, more than half the world's population became clinically infected. If veterinary public health had been born earlier, it could have led to elucidating the epidemiology of influenza and the plagues of Athens, Europe, and Asia. In turn, smallpox had also caused continual tragedy. In 1796, Edward Jenner began to harvest pustules of cowpox from children or infected cows and inject them into susceptible children. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eliminated from the world. Rabies, though, still strikes terror. A number of animal diseases, broadly termed emerging and re-emerging diseases, need surveillance because they have the potential to impact human health. From late in 2003 to 2007, the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in poultry infected at least 121 people and caused 62 deaths in four countries. The prion diseases, too, all have very high numbers in concentrated contacts. To control these diseases, veterinary public health is essential, with diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, clinical manifestations, and prevention as primary measures.     

奶牛肢蹄病及其防治

简介常见奶牛肢蹄病种类及其症状,从日粮营养、运动场地面结构、环境卫生、饲养管理、遗传育种、疾病管理等方面简析奶牛肢蹄病的病因,并提出相应的预防措施。     

Foot and mouth disease and bluetongue: differences and similarities

On 26th of july 2007 a new case of bluetongue was notified in the Netherlands and on 2nd of august 2007 foot-and-mouth disease was diagnosed in Surrey, England, which raised the threat of having both infections simultaniously in one area. Bluetongue and foot-and-mouth disease have a different pathogenesis, but symptoms may resemble each other at a later stage of infection. The pathogenesis and possible clinical symptoms of both infections are discussed and illustrated with pictures.     

马的咽气癖及其防制措施研究进展

在动物的异常行为中以刻板行为最为常见,而咽气癖又是马最常见的口部刻板行为之一。作者就咽气癖在生理方面和心智方面对马体产生的影响、行为基础、诱因的研究进展及常见的防治措施进行综述。     

广西芒果主要病虫害及其防治

广西是我国主要的芒果生产基地。随着基地建设的发展,芒果病虫害已成为目前栽培管理的主要问题。为此,在调查、研究的基础了介绍了当前芒果生产中常见的病虫害,并提出了防治措施,以期为生产上提供技术参考。     

微卫星标记及其在羊遗传育种中的应用

微卫星DNA (Microsatellite DNA)与其他DNA分子标记相比较,具有数量多、分布广且均匀、多态性丰 富、呈孟德尔共显性遗传、易于检测、分析快速方便等一系列优点,并在动植物遗传多样性评估、遗传连锁图谱构建、 绘制系统发生树、QTL定位、标记辅助选择、疾病诊断及血缘关系鉴定等研究领域中得到广泛应用。本文就微卫星标记 及其在羊品种遗传育种中的应用作一综述。     

Local and general anesthetic effects on behavior and performance of two- and seven-week-old castrated and uncastrated piglets

Four experiments were conducted to examine the effects of general and local anesthetics given prior to castration on piglet behavior and weight gain. The first experiment showed that use of general anesthesia by xylazine, ketamine hydrochloride and glyceryl guaiacolate for 2-wk-old piglets resulted in the death of 28% of the piglets and, for those that survived, suppressed nursing behavior. In the second experiment, using 2-wk-old piglets, local anesthesia by lidocaine hydrochloride prevented the slight (30 min) castration-induced nursing behavior suppression. In the third and fourth studies, using 7-wk-old pigs, local or general anesthetic did not overcome castration-induced changes in behavior. Castration affected behavior of 7-wk-old pigs for 6 to 8 h. None of the treatments in any of the studies influenced weight gain. We conclude that castration is painful for 2-wk-old and 7-wk-old pigs. The 2-wk-old pig seems behaviorally less affected by castration than does the 7-wk-old pig. Local anesthetic prevented pain-induced behavior changes for 2-wk-old, but not for 7-wk-old, pigs. At present, the FDA does not permit use of these anesthetics in meat-producing animals.     

鸡禽霍乱疾病流行病学特点及防控措施

鸡养殖中禽霍乱疾病的出现主要是由于多杀性巴氏杆菌感染的一种传染性疾病,主要会导致鸡只出现急性败血症和机体炎症反应等,慢性型感染会导致鸡只出现皮下及机体内脏器官、关节等的化脓性炎症反应。禽霍乱疾病在鸡养殖全年均会出现,尤其是在气温变化较大的时期疾病爆发的可能性更高。禽霍乱疾病在急性爆发的情况下病死率相对较高,同时短期内即会出现死亡的情况,难以进行有效的治疗,易导致鸡养殖户出现严重的经济损失。该文主要对鸡禽霍乱疾病的流行病学特点、临床症状及相关的防治措施进行论述。     

RFLP和PCR-RFLP标记与牦牛遗传育种研究

在归纳总结RFLP和PCR-RFLP标记技术的原理、优缺点的基础上,系统论述了其在牦牛遗传育种研究中的应用现状,并提出了个人的建议和看法。     

Diagnosis and management of food allergy and intolerance in dogs and cats

SUMMARY This paper reviews food allergy and intolerance in dogs and cats. Adverse reactions to ingested food components can affect many systems and can produce signs involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and central nervous system, and these clinical signs are reviewed. Most basic food ingredients have the potential to induce an allergic response, although most reactions are caused by proteins. In particular, dogs and cats can become sensitive to cow's milk, beef, fish or cereal. Food allergy and intolerance is rare in dogs and cats, although the incidence in practice is difficult to establish. Clinical signs are quite variable, depending on the individual response, although the major clinical sign is pruritus. Diagnosis can be difficult, as there is no single test available to help the clinician to confirm or refute the presence of food sensitivity. Diagnosis is based on dietary investigation in the form of elimination diets and test meals. Elimination diets for dogs include lamb, chicken, rabbit, horse meat and fish as sources of protein, with rice or potatoes. Successful elimination diets for cats include lamb, chicken, rabbit or venison, with rice. Improvement in clinical signs while on the elimination diet is suggestive of food allergy. The diagnosis should be confirmed by feeding the original diet, with the development of clinical signs within 7 to 14 days of feeding.