Engineering the expression and biochemical characteristics of recombinant Candida rugosa LIP2 lipase by removing the additional N-terminal peptide and regional codon optimization

Candida rugosa lipase (CRL), an important industrial enzyme, has been established, containing several different isoforms which were encoded by the high-identity lip gene family (lip1 to lip7). In this study, we compared the expression and biochemical characterization with three different engineered lip2 constructions in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Our results showed that lip2 (lip2) has an overall improvement of 50% higher production yield (1.446 U/mL) relative to that of nflip2 (0.964 U/mL) at 7 days of cultivation time. Codon-optimized lip2 (colip2) has a 2.3-fold higher production yield (2.182 U/mL) compared to that of lip2 (noncodon-optimized; 1.446 U/mL) and nflip2 (0.964 U/mL), with a cultivation time of 5 days. This finding demonstrated that the removal of the N-terminus and the regional codon optimization of the lip2 gene fragment at the 5' end can greatly increase the expression level of recombinant LIP2 in the P. pastoris system. The distinct biochemical properties of our purified recombinant nfLIP2 and LIP2 suggested that they are potentially useful for various industrial applications.     

锰超氧化物歧化酶（Mn-SOD）基因的分子改造及在毕赤酵母中的表达

根据毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）的密码子偏好性,以不改变氨基酸序列为原则,对源于蜡样芽孢杆菌M22（Bacillus cerues M22）的Mn-SOD基因进行分子改造,设计、合成新的基因序列Mn-SOD-2。构建酵母表达载体pPICZαA/Mn-SOD-2,并整合至毕赤酵母GS115染色体。结果表明,所构建的酵母工程菌株YM103,经0.5%甲醇诱导表达后,Native-PAGE检测证实有清晰活性条带;SDS-PAGE检测证实重组蛋白的分子量为24kD,与预期大小一致。酶活分析表明,外源蛋白的活性较改造前增加了2.2倍,且表达稳定性良好。     

嗜热子囊菌光孢变种cbh1基因的cDNA克隆及在毕赤酵母的高效表达

以嗜热子囊菌光孢变种(Thermoascus aurantiacus var. levisporus)总RNA为模板，通过RT-PCR克隆出外切纤维二糖水解酶基因cbh1片段，采用RACE方法获得全长cDNA克隆，其全长为1 710 bp，编码一种由457个氨基酸组成的单肽，推导的氨基酸序列中1～19位为信号肽序列，GenBank的登录号为AY840982。将该片段克隆到毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)分泌型表达载体pPIC9K上，获得表达重组质粒pPIC9K/cbh1，转化毕赤酵母GS115，所得重组子经PCR验证后进行诱导表达，筛选出一重组子GSp-15,经144 h诱导后，外切纤维二糖水解酶表达量为1.17 mg/mL，产酶活力为20.3 U/mL。     

以增加催化结构域的基因重构方法提高里氏木霉外切型葡聚糖酶Ⅱ的活性

分别通过增加CBHⅡ和EGⅣ催化结构域的方式对里氏木霉QM9414外切型葡聚糖酶Ⅱ进行基因重构。第一种重构方式是在CBHⅡ基因的上游增加EGⅣ的催化结构域基因，第二种重构方式是在CBHⅡ基因的下游增加其自身的催化结构域基因。通过PCR和基因重构手段获得重组质粒pPICZαA -cdE –cbh2和pPICZαA- cbh2-cdC，并在毕赤酵母GS115中表达，获得重组菌株P.pastoris PEC11和P.pastoris PCC16，在经改良的摇瓶培养条件下能表达具有较高CMCNa酶活性的融合蛋白，培养液的CMC活性分别达到3.87U/ml和7.66U/ml，其中P.pastoris PCC16表达的重构酶活性是毕赤酵母表达的单一CBHⅡ酶活性的2倍。表明采用增加结构域的方式可以有效提高纤维素酶的活性。     

Altering the substrate specificity of Candida rugosa LIP4 by engineering the substrate-binding sites

Candida rugosa (formerly Candida cylindracea) lipase (CRL) is an important industrial enzyme that is widely used in biotechnological applications such as the production of fatty acids and the synthesis of various esters. CRL comprises at least seven isozymes (LIP1-LIP7), which share a similar amino acid sequence but with different specificities for substrates. Previously, LIP4 was reported to have higher esterase activity toward long acyl-chain ester and lower lipase activity toward triglycerides. A296 and V344 of LIP4 were predicted to play decisive roles in its substrate specificity. In this study, site-specific saturation mutagenesis has been employed to study the substrate specificity of LIP4. Point mutations were separately introduced into A296 and V344 positions using degenerate primer sets containing 32 codons to generate two libraries of variants. LIP4 variants were heterologously expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. A specific plate assay was used to identify lipase-producing P. pastoris clones in a medium containing tributyrin. LIP4 variants with high activity toward short fatty acyl-chain triglyceride (tributyrin) were screened. Specificity analysis and biochemical characterization indicated that the recombinant variants A296I, V344Q, and V344H had properties remarkably different from those of wild-type LIP4. All three variant enzymes had significantly higher specific activities toward tributyrin than LIP4. In addition to short-chain triglyceride, A296I and V344Q also improved hydrolytic activities of triglycerides toward medium- and long-chain triglycerides tested. The results suggested that A296 played an important role in lipase activity and high-temperature dependence of LIP4, whereas it had no effect on the chain-length specificity in lipolytic reaction. The V344 residue had a significant effect on the substrate chain-length specificity of LIP4.     

里氏木霉RUT-C30内切β-甘露聚糖酶基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

摘要：以里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei）RNA为模板，采用RT-PCR扩增的方法获得不带自身信号肽man1基因的cDNA片段。构建了重组表达载体pPIC9K-man1，重组质粒SacⅠ线性化后用PEG（聚乙二醇）法导入毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris菌株GS115中，通过PCR和表型鉴定表明man1基因已经整合到毕赤酵母染色体上。经大量筛选，获得高效分泌表达甘露聚糖酶的毕赤酵母工程菌株RMAN23。将此菌株在5L发酵罐中进行高密度发酵，测定酶活最高达470IU /mL，同时对重组甘露聚糖酶的性质进行了初步研究。     

疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌糖化酶基因（gla）的克隆及在毕赤酵母中的表达

本研究以疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌(Thermomyces laltltginosus)cDNA为模板,克隆了糖化酶基因(gla),序列分析表明gla的开放阅读框由1854个核苷酸组成,编码617个氨基酸.根据氨基酸序列推算该酶的分子量为64 kD,属于糖苷水解酶第15家族,具有该家族催化保守区的典型特征.PCR扩增gla的成熟蛋白编码基因,构建表达载体,经线性化后电击转化导入巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris GS115),并成功进行了表达.重组酶经摇瓶发酵后酶活可达11.6 U/mL,经硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换等步骤纯化了该重组蛋白,SDS-PAGE显示该重组蛋白大小约为67kD,比推测的蛋白分子量稍大,可能与该蛋白的糖基化有关.该重组酶的最适反应温度和最适pH值分别为60℃和5.0,该酶具有较高的热稳定性,70℃保温20 min后剩余酶活为54%.     

生长抑素噬菌体展示鼠源单链抗体库的构建与鉴定

应用噬菌体表面展示技术,从生长抑素免疫的小鼠脾脏中提取总RNA,用RT-PCR技术反转录成cDNA,通过PCR扩增出抗体重链可变区VH基因和轻链可变区VL基因,再用编码(G1y4Ser)3的Linker在体外将VH和VL连接成单链抗体(ScFv)基因,克降到噬菌粒载体pCANTAB5E中,电转化至感受态的大肠杆菌TG1,经辅助噬菌体M13K07超感染,形成噬菌体单链抗体库,有效库容为9.3×107。为利用亲和富集筛选技术,获得具有与SS结合活性的完整重组噬菌粒克隆奠定了基础。     

Cloning and functional expression of an acidophilic β-mannanase gene (Anman5A) from Aspergillus niger LW-1 in Pichia pastoris

A cDNA fragment of the Anman5A, a gene that encodes an acidophilic β-mannanase of Aspergillus niger LW-1 (abbreviated as AnMan5A), was cloned and functionally expressed in Pichia pastoris . Homology alignment of amino acid sequences verified that the AnMan5A belongs to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 5. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) assay demonstrated that the recombinant AnMan5A (reAnMan5A), a N-glycosylated protein with an apparent molecular weight of 52.0 kDa, was secreted into the medium. The highest reAnMan5A activity expressed by one P. pastoris transformant, labeled as GSAnMan4-12, reached 29.0 units/mL. The purified reAnMan5A displayed the highest activity at pH 3.5 and 70 °C. It was stable at a pH range of 3.0-7.0 and at a temperature of 60 °C or below. Its activity was not significantly affected by an array of metal ions and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The K(m) and V(max) of the reAnMan5A, toward locust bean gum, were 1.10 mg/mL and 266.7 units/mg, respectively.     

经改造的猪IGF-I基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

采用酵母偏爱密码子合成五条编码猪IGF-I基因的引物，利用重叠PCR技术拼接获得长度为210bp的猪IGF-I成熟蛋白基因。将该基因插入分泌表达载体pPIC9K中，转化巴斯德毕赤酵母菌。经表型鉴定、PCR分析及G418筛选得到Muts型多拷贝整合菌，以1.5%甲醇诱导培养后，经SDS-PAGE检测表达产物，在7.5 kDa处出现一特异蛋白条带，目的蛋白表达量达410mg/L。Dot blot检测表明，重组蛋白可与抗IGF-I多克隆抗体反应。     

犬白细胞介素2在毕赤酵母中的诱导表达及生物活性的测定

以ConA刺激的犬外周血淋巴细胞总RNA为模板，通过RT-PCR方法扩增出犬IL-2成熟蛋白基因，将目的片段连接到pMD18-T载体，测序结果显示，扩增片段与GenBank上发表的序列一致。然后将目的片段连接到酵母表达载体pPICZa-A上，得到重组酵母犬IL-2表达载体pPICZaA-CaIL-2，经SacⅠ酶切线性化后电转化导入毕赤酵母菌株X-33。PCR方法筛选重组酵母菌，甲醇诱导表达，SDS-PAGE结果显示表达上清中有大小约20kDa的目的条带，比实际分子量略大，推测蛋白可能发生糖基化。MTT法测定生物学活性结果表明，重组犬IL-2能够极显著促进犬外周血淋巴细胞增殖。证明酵母表达的犬重组IL-2具有良好的生物学活性。     

玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶基因zlhy-6在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达

玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)是具有雌激素作用的次生代谢产物,可以被来源于Gliocladium roseum的内酯水解酶降解为无毒物质。为了实现玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶基因zlhy-6在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达,获得不含抗生素抗性基因的食品级重组枯草芽孢杆菌,本研究采用一步克隆及重叠延伸PCR的方法构建了单启动子和包含Hpa Ⅱ和P43双启动子的表达质粒,将质粒转化到枯草芽孢杆菌中,获得重组菌株168/pMA5-zlhy-6和168/pMA5-P43-zlhy。然后构建了重组整合载体amy-p43-zlhy,将zlhy-6基因整合到枯草芽孢杆菌168的基因组中。通过Cre/lox系统敲除抗生素抗性基因,获得整合了P43-zlhy表达盒的食品级重组枯草芽孢杆菌BZ-zlhy。将构建的3个重组菌株在37℃、pH值7.5条件下培养36 h,结果显示,双启动子表达载体重组菌株的最高酶活性为2.2 U·mL^-1,是单启动子菌株的1.2倍。双启动子重组菌株表达的降解酶对ZEN(4 μg·mL ^-1,30 min)的降解率为65.1%。重组菌株枯草芽孢杆菌BZ-zlhy表达水平最低(0.4 U·mL^-1)。本研究实现了玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中表达,同时构建了不含抗生素抗性基因的食品级重组枯草芽孢杆菌,为玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶的工业化生产奠定了基础,也为解决粮食储藏和饲料生产中的ZEN污染提供了思路。     

植酸酶根特异表达载体的构建及大豆转化

应用PCR方法分别从胡萝卜基因组中扩增出96bp的外展蛋白信号肽编码序列片段,从拟南芥基因组中扩增出1454bp的pyk10启动子片段,用RT-PCR方法从无花果曲霉（Aspergillus ficuum3.4322）中扩增出phyA基因,长1347bp。然后,分别克隆到pMD18-T载体。应用已设计的限制酶切位点,通...     

Gene cloning, expression, and biochemical characterization of a recombinant trehalose synthase from Picrophilus torridus in Escherichia coli

A trehalose synthase (TSase) gene from a hyperacidophilic, thermophilic archaea, Picrophilus torridus, was synthesized using overlap extension PCR and transformed into Escherichia coli for expression. The purified recombinant P. torridus TSase (PTTS) showed an optimum pH and temperature of 6.0 and 45 degrees C, respectively, and the enzyme maintained high activity at pH 5.0 and 60 degrees C. Kinetic analysis showed that the enzyme has a 2.5-fold higher catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(M)) for maltose than for trehalose, indicating maltose as the preferred substrate. The maximum conversion rate of maltose into trehalose by the enzyme was independent of the substrate concentration, tended to increase at lower temperatures, and reached approximately 71% at 20 degrees C. Enzyme activity was inhibited by Hg2+, Al3+, and SDS. Five amino acid residues that are important for alpha-amylase family enzyme catalysis were shown to be conserved in PTTS (Asp203, Glu245, Asp311, His106, and His310) and required for its activity, suggesting this enzyme might employ a similar hydrolysis mechanism.     

在毕赤酵母中利用口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)2A实现dTomato和串联MagaininⅡ基因的共表达

抗菌肽(antibacterial peptides)是生物体内经诱导产生的一种具有生物活性的多肽,是天然免疫的重要组成部分.为了提高抗菌肽的表达量以及很方便地检测抗菌肽的表达情况,本研究利用口蹄疫病毒(Foot-and-mouth disease virus,FMDV) 2A将荧光蛋白dTomato基因和3个串联的MagaininⅡ基因融合到一个开放阅读框中(open reading frame,ORE),融合的基因被置于pPIC9K载体醇氧化酶基因(AOX1)启动子的下游,构建分泌型重组酵母表达载体pPIC9K-dTomato -2A-3M,将线性化的重组酵母表达载体通过电击法转入毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris )GS115中,经G418筛选和PCR鉴定得到阳性转化子,然后将其转至摇瓶,在30℃、0.5％甲醇的条件下进行诱导表达,连续诱导3d.SDS-PAGE电泳图谱显示,在31 kD(dTomato)和9.5kD(3M)处有蛋白条带出现,在荧光显微镜下观察酵母表达上清发出红色荧光,对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)抑菌试验结果表明,重组抗菌肽串联的MagaininⅡ具有明显的抑菌效果.结果表明,由2A连接的融合基因(荧光蛋白dTomato和串联的MagaininⅡ)在毕赤酵母中成功的进行了表达,FMDV 2A在其C端剪切多聚蛋白,得到dTomato和串联的MagaininⅡ两个独立而有活性的蛋白,为小分子抗菌肽的表达提供一个高效的检测方法.     

Functional expression in pichia pastoris of an acidic pectin methylesterase from jelly fig (Ficus awkeotsang)

A cDNA fragment encoding an acidic pectin methylesterase (PME) of jelly fig achene was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris under the control of the glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter. The recombinant PME was produced as a secretory protein by N-terminal fusion of a cleavable prepropeptide for signal trafficking, and thus easily harvested from the culture medium. Compared with native N-glycosylated PME (38 kDa) purified from jelly fig achenes, this recombinant PME (45 kDa) appeared to be hyperglycosylated. Activity staining indicated that the recombinant PME was functionally active. Yet the hyperglycosylated recombinant PME possessed thermostability and enzymatic capability over a broad pH range equivalent to those of the native PME. The success of functional production of this acidic jelly fig PME in P. pastoris has significantly broadened its applications in industry.     

弹性蛋白酶基因的克隆及在毕赤酵母中的表达

本研究以一株产弹性蛋白酶的铜绿假单胞菌基因组DNA为模板,经PCR扩增得到的弹性蛋白基因,与GenBank中的序列对比发现同源性为99%。将弹性蛋白酶基因连入到表达载体pPIC3.5K中,经过酶切和测序鉴定证实弹性蛋白酶基因已插入到载体启动子下游,成功构建了质粒pPIC3.5K/PAE。将pPIC3.5K/PAE线性化,通过电转化将目的基因转入毕赤酵母KM71中,利用MD培养基筛选到近400个转化子,再经G418抗性的筛选,获得48株含高拷贝的重组毕赤酵母转化子并用PCR和弹性蛋白平板验证。经过甲醇诱导表达得到高表达的重组酵母菌株,酶活为1060U/mL是出发菌株的26倍。本研究成功克隆到铜绿假单胞菌弹性蛋白酶基因,为实现活性弹性蛋白酶的高效表达奠定了基础。     

口蹄疫病毒3D蛋白在T4噬菌体衣壳表面的展示

本文通过PCR技术获得3D基因,使用拼接重叠延伸聚合酶链反应对3D基因内部的EcoRⅠ位点进行定点突变,将突变后的3D基因克隆至原核表达质粒pSOC和T4噬菌体的穿梭质粒pR中,通过PCR及质粒酶切鉴定,分别获得阳性重组子pSOC-3D和pR-3D。将含有3D基因的重组质粒pSOC-3D质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21进行表达,SDS-PAGE检测表达产物。将含有3D基因的重组质粒pR-3D转化T4噬菌体的宿主菌E2,通过同源重组获得重组噬菌体T4-3D,经SDS-PAGE及Western- blot检测,证明展示在T4噬菌体表面的3D融合蛋白能与FMDV感染血清发生特异性反应。     

Cloning and characterization of an antifungal class III chitinase from suspension-cultured bamboo ( Bambusa oldhamii ) cells

A class III chitinase cDNA (BoChi3-1) was cloned using a cDNA library from suspension-cultured bamboo ( Bambusa oldhamii ) cells and then transformed into yeast ( Pichia pastoris X-33) for expression. Two recombinant chitinases with molecular masses of 28.3 and 35.7 kDa, respectively, were purified from the yeast's culture broth to electrophoretic homogeneity using sequential ammonium sulfate fractionation, Phenyl-Sepharose hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and Con A-Sepharose chromatography steps. N-Terminal sequencing and immunoblotting revealed that both recombinant chitinases were encoded by BoChi3-1, whereas SDS-PAGE and glycoprotein staining showed that the 35.7 kDa isoform (35.7 kDa BoCHI3-1) was glycosylated and the 28.3 kDa isoform (28.3 kDa BoCHI3-1) was not. For hydrolysis of ethylene glycol chitin (EGC), the optimal pH values were 3 and 4 for 35.7 and 28.3 kDa BoCHI3-1, respectively; the optimal temperatures were 80 and 70 degrees C, and the K(m) values were 1.35 and 0.65 mg/mL. The purified 35.7 kDa BoCHI3-1 hydrolyzed EGC more efficiently than the 28.3 kDa isoform, as compared with their specific activity and activation energy. Both recombinant BoCHI3-1 isoforms showed antifungal activity against Scolecobasidium longiphorum and displayed remarkable thermal (up to 70 degrees C) and storage (up to a year at 4 degrees C) stabilities.