番茄嫁接防治温室根结线虫病的研究

试验研究番茄利用抗性砧木SIS-1嫁接防治温室根结线虫病结果表明,甲基溴(MB)、威百亩(MS)、甲基溴 不透膜(MB VIF)、威百亩 不透膜(MS VIF)、太阳能 生仿制剂(SS BCA)5个处理小区嫁接番茄病情指数均为0;对照区嫁接番茄病情指数也由普通番茄的95.0降为8.4,增产率为102.01%;而甲基溴、威百亩、甲基溴 不透膜、威百亩 不透膜4个处理小区普通番茄产量间无显著差异,比对照区提高40%左右。     

甲基溴替代技术对番茄温室土壤养分及微生物量碳的影响

试验于2001~2003年研究了甲基溴替代技术对温室番茄土壤养分及微生物量碳的影响,替代技术为太阳能配合生防制剂木霉菌(SS BCA)、甲基溴及减量甲基溴(常规用量75%)覆盖不透膜(MB VIF)、威百亩(MS)及减量威百亩(常规用量75%)覆盖不透膜(MS VIF)。结果表明:2001~2002年各处理对土壤pH、有效磷、有效钾及阳离子交换量影响不显著,甲基溴熏蒸(VIF膜和PE膜)提高了土壤铵态氮的释放;4个化学处理(MB,MB VIF,MS及MS VIF)可显著降低土壤微生物量碳含量,但彼此之间差异不显著。2002~2003年增施有机肥后,4个化学处理效果与2001~2002年相同,太阳能消毒则提高了土壤铵态氮的释放,对土壤微生物碳的影响也达到化学处理的水平。两季番茄中土壤微生物量碳均季节性波动明显,施用有机肥可加速微生物的周转。     

温室番茄抗性砧木与栽培品种“毛粉”的病害发生及根围4种真菌的数量比较研究

进行了日光温室番茄抗性砧木(Beaufort SIS-1 ,Lycopersicon lycopersicum×L.hirsutum)嫁接苗(接穗为“毛粉802”)与普通栽培品种“毛粉802”(LycopersicumesculentumMill)的病害发生及其根围4种土栖真菌的数量比较研究。结果表明“毛粉”自根苗的幼苗移栽后死亡率明显高于嫁接苗(P<0.05) ,其主要的致死因子是立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani)、蕨叶病毒病(ToMV)和猝倒病(Pythium aphanidermatum)。番茄收获后期“毛粉”自根苗的根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)病情指数达到80.0 ,明显高于嫁接苗15.1的水平(P<0.05) ,且自根苗根围根结线虫2龄幼虫密度明显高于嫁接苗。在番茄收获期采用选择性培养基测定两番茄品种根围的镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)、木霉菌(Trichodermaspp.)和疫霉菌(Phytophthoraspp.)/腐霉菌(Pythiumspp.)的丰富度,结果表明,除2003年6月和7月镰刀菌数量嫁接苗高于“毛粉”外,嫁接苗根围4种真菌的数量均低于“毛粉”自根苗。因此,该抗性砧木对根结线虫病、立枯病、猝倒病等土传病害具有综合控制作用,可明显抑制根围4种土栖真菌种群数量的增长。     

熏蒸处理对土壤微生物及硝化作用的影响

在田间条件下用溴甲烷(68.1g/m2)、威百亩(7.5mL/m2)进行土壤熏蒸,调查两种药剂对土壤微生物及硝化作用的影响。结果表明:两种熏蒸剂对土壤放线菌无抑制作用,对细菌总量影响较小,但亚硝酸细菌受到强烈抑制,土壤的硝化作用受到明显影响;同时,土壤中真菌的数量及种类变化显著。熏蒸后9周,处理区土壤中的微生物基本恢复正常。     

番茄抗性砧木对温室根结线虫和土壤自由生活线虫群落结构动态的影响

抗性砧木嫁接是一种有效防治蔬菜根结线虫病的生物方法。研究番茄抗性砧木Beaufort(Lycopersicon ly-copersicum×L.hirsutum)对其靶标生物——根结线虫和非靶标生物——土壤自由生活线虫的种群动态和群落结构影响的结果表明:抗性砧木小区根结线虫2龄幼虫密度显著低于对照小区,根结线虫2龄幼虫取样时间之间变动显著;根据营养来源可将线虫分为4大营养类群,即食细菌、食真菌、食植物、杂食/捕食性,食真菌、食植物线虫密度变动显著,抗性砧木小区食细菌线虫密度高于对照小区,食真菌线虫密度低于对照小区;应用食真菌线虫数量/食细菌线虫数量指数F/B、修改后的F/B指数、多样性指数H′、丰富度指数D、均匀度指数J、优势度指数λ分析比较抗性砧木小区和对照区土壤线虫生物多样性变化规律,F/B、修改后的F/B、丰富度指数H′和均匀度指数J取样时间之间变动显著,F/B、修改后的F/B、优势度指数λ和均匀度J指数能较好地反映抗性砧木嫁接对线虫群落结构的影响。     

番茄根际土尚未培养细菌的分离培养方法探究

为探究获得土壤中尚未培养细菌资源的方法,以MS无机盐为基础养分,设置1/100×TSB、1/50×R2A和土壤浸提液(SE)3种低有机营养类型,凝固剂用琼脂(A)或结冷胶(G),得到一组培养基MS+TSG、MS+TSA、MS+R2A和MS+SE,以及在此基础上添加1.5 g/L丙酮酸钠作为抗氧化剂的第二组培养基。用上述8种培养基分离培养健康番茄根际土壤中的细菌,并对各种培养基平板上代表性菌落进行16S rRNA基因分析。结果表明,在MS无机盐和低有机营养组合的培养基平板上,在28℃下培养28 d后可检测到菌落数达1×107 CFU/g土,4种培养基平板上检测到的菌落数量由多到少顺序为MS+SE>MS+TSG>MS+R2A>MS+TSA;在相同的低有机营养条件下,用结冷胶作为凝固剂可获得更多菌落,添加丙酮酸钠为抗氧化剂会显著降低菌落的多样性。鉴定的84个代表性菌落属于34个属的52个种,其中7个(占检测菌株数的8.33%)为可能新种,不同培养基上种丰富度表现为MS+TSA>MS+R2A>MS+TSG>MS+SE。结果说明,采用低有机营养的MS无机盐培养基有利于分离获得土壤中的一些尚未培养细菌。     

番茄高效再生体系的优化

本文以自交高纯和番茄的子叶和下胚轴为材料,通过对其离体培养研究,筛选出诱导不定芽分化的最佳培养基:MS 6-BA1.0mg/L IAA0.1mg/L 3%蔗糖(子叶);MS 6-BA0.8mg/L IAA0.1mg/L 3%蔗糖(下胚轴);生根壮苗的最佳培养基为MS(无琼脂) IAA0.5mg/L 3%蔗糖。卡那霉素的敏感性实验确定了番茄在遗传转化中Kan的抗性筛选浓度:子叶为60mg/L,下胚轴为70mg/L。     

猪粪和秸秆替代部分化肥提高番茄营养品质及挥发性风味物质种类和数量

  【目的】  研究猪粪和秸秆替代部分化肥对番茄果实营养品质和挥发性风味物质的影响,为番茄优质栽培提供参考。  【方法】  在等氮磷钾条件下,将猪粪 (M)、秸秆 (S) 单独或配合替代化肥中1/4和1/2的氮素。在日光温室进行9年定位试验后,于2018年取番茄果实样品,分析不同施肥处理对果实营养品质、果实中挥发性物质种类和含量的影响。  【结果】  单独施用猪粪或者秸秆替化肥的处理不同程度地降低了番茄果实中果糖、葡萄糖和番茄红素含量,但是对果实中硝酸盐、Vc和可滴定酸含量没有显著影响;秸秆和猪粪配合替代1/2的化肥氮,不会降低果实的营养品质,而且可改善果实的风味。配合猪粪处理的果实中水果香味和花香味的挥发性物质的种类和含量增加,如2-异丁基噻唑、β-紫罗兰酮、3-甲基-丁醇和3-甲基-丁醛、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮;部分风味物质3-甲基-丁醇、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、3-甲基-丁醛、2-异丁基噻唑、β-紫罗兰酮和E-2-己烯醛含量随着猪粪替代比例的提高呈逐渐增加趋势。  【结论】  在长期等氮磷钾施肥条件下,猪粪和秸秆配合替代1/2的化肥氮素,不会降低番茄的营养品质,还可提高番茄风味品质。猪粪有助于具有水果香味和花香味的挥发性物质在果实内的积累,如2-异丁基噻唑、β-紫罗兰酮、3-甲基丁醇和3-甲基丁醛、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮,且积累量以化肥、猪粪和秸秆配施效果最佳。在30余种挥发性物质中,有12种挥发性物质受不同处理的影响超过预期平均贡献,以E, E-6,10,14-三甲基-5,9,13-十五碳三烯-2-酮和2-甲基-4-戊烯醛最为显著。     

草莓茎尖组织培养技术研究

为建立完善的草莓组培快繁体系,解决种苗退化问题,以当地草莓主栽品种红颜茎尖为试材,设置0.1%升汞和0.1%升汞+2%吐温-80溶液2种外植体消毒处理,以MS为基本培养基,分别添加不同浓度6-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA)和萘乙酸(NAA)的6个诱导和继代增殖培养基、5个生根培养基,研究草莓茎尖外植体消毒最佳方式与时间, 筛选诱导、继代增殖及生根培养的最佳培养基。结果表明,0.1%升汞+2%吐温-80溶液处理8 min时草莓茎尖污染率及褐化率较低,萌发率最高,可达82.3%,为最佳的消毒方式。外植体在MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA培养基中,可诱导出更多的健壮不定芽,萌发率为83.3%,为最佳诱导培养基;适宜的继代增殖培养基为 MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA +0.02 mg/LNAA,增殖系数为4.5%;1/2MS+0.01 mg/L NAA为最佳生根培养基,生根率高达100％。     

土壤熏蒸剂对土壤硝化、反硝化作用的影响

采用化学分析和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术,以大田威百亩、棉隆、溴甲烷、硫酰氟熏蒸100 d土壤为研究对象,探究土壤熏蒸对土壤硝化活性、反硝化活性及amoA基因型硝化型细菌、nirS基因型反硝化细菌群落结构影响。研究表明,威百亩、棉隆、硫酰氟熏蒸剂处理下,土壤硝化活性与对照无显著差异;而溴甲烷处理的硝化活性比对照降低13.19%,差异显著(P0.05);熏蒸剂之间土壤硝化活性无显著差异。4种熏蒸剂之间以及与对照之间土壤反硝化活性无显著差异。4种熏蒸剂中溴甲烷处理土样amoA型硝化细菌多样性指数、均匀度显著低于对照土样和其他3种熏蒸剂处理土样;而丰富度指数无显著差异。威百亩、棉隆和硫酰氟熏蒸土样之间及与对照之间amoA型硝化细菌3种生态指数无明显差异。4种熏蒸剂处理土壤nirS型反硝化细菌多样性指数、均匀度与对照无显著差异(P0.05);熏蒸剂之间存在显著差异(P0.05)。研究表明,溴甲烷对土壤硝化活性的抑制是通过抑制amoA型硝化细菌的多样性而实现,其他3种熏蒸剂对土壤硝化活性无显著影响。4种熏蒸剂对土壤反硝化活性无显著影响。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.