Effect of a Barley Breakfast Cereal on Blood Glucose and Insulin Response in Normal and Diabetic Patients

Prowashonupana (Prowash) is a shrunken-endosperm, short awn, waxy starch, hulless barley with low starch, high fiber, high protein, and a relatively high concentration of free sugars. The study was designed to compare equivalent breakfast meals (w/w) of Prowash and oatmeal for glycemic response in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. A commercial liquid meal replacer (LMR) was included as a reference standard. A substantial reduction of the post-prandial glycemic peak following ingestion of Prowash was observed as compared to LMR or oatmeal. In the non-diabetic subjects, the maximal rise in glucose from baseline was 26.3± 3.9 mg/dL after LMR, 41.3± 3.9 mg/dL after oatmeal and 6.4± 2.7 mg/dL after Prowash (p < 0.01). The maximal increase in glucose in the diabetic patients was 69.9± 4.5 mg/dL after LMR, 80.8± 8.8,mg/dL after oatmeal and 28.4± 3.5 mg/dL after Prowash (p < 0.01). The maximal increase in insulin post-LMR was 33.9± 3.6 mIU/ml in the diabetic patients and 54.0± 9.8,mIU/ml in the non-diabetic controls. Oatmeal elicited a maximal insulin increase of 29.9± 4.2, mIU/ml in the control subjects and 21.4± 2.5 mIU/ml in the diabetic patients. In contrast, the maximal insulin increase after Prowash was 8.6± 1.5 mIU/ml in the non-diabetic controls and 6.8± 1.2 mIU/ml in the diabetic patients (p < 0.01).     

Effect of Lactic Acid Supplementation on the Growth and Reproduction of Bombyx mori (Lepidopteria: Bombycidae)

Lactic acid is widely used in the food, drugs, cosmetics, and other industries to maintain the microbial stability of low-pH products. However, it is unclear whether lactic acid can affect silkworm (Bombyx mori) growth and reproduction. This study investigated the effects of lactic acid on the growth and reproduction of the silkworm. We analyzed the growth, cocoon quality, and reproductive performance of fifth instar larvae fed on mulberry leaves saturated with different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10%) of lactic acid and the control. Results showed that 0.01, 0.1, and 1% lactic acid supplementation positively affects growth and female cocoon quality, with increased larval weight and female cocoon shell weight compared to the control group. In contrast, 10% lactic acid was toxic to the larvae and significantly decreased growth, leading to larval death. Our study provides a basic reference for the optimal amount of preservatives. In addition, this study can be a desirable intervention for sericulturists and can play an important role in getting high return from silkworm-rearing activities.     

OsPHR2对小麦酸性磷酸化酶活性和根系土壤有机酸含量的影响

为了明确水稻低磷胁迫转录因子OsPHR2对小麦酸性磷酸化酶活性、根系土壤有机酸含量和根系活力的影响,以转OsPHR2小麦纯合株系和受体对照为试验材料,在不施磷（低磷）、施易溶性磷（0.200 g·kg^-1,KH₂PO₄为磷源）和施难溶性磷（0.200 g·kg^-1,以AlPO₄为磷源）3个处理下开展转OsPHR2小麦酸性磷酸化酶活性、根际土壤有机酸含量和根系活力的研究。结果表明,拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期,在低磷和施AlPO₄处理下2个转OsPHR2小麦株系旗叶和根部酸性磷酸化酶活性均显著高于受体对照;施KH₂PO₄处理下,2个转基因株系旗叶酸性磷酸化酶活性在抽穗期和灌浆期均显著高于对照,根部在抽穗期显著高于对照,其他时期差异均不显著。随着小麦生育进程,小麦根际土壤草酰乙酸、草酸、乙酸、丙二酸和柠檬酸等有机酸含量逐渐增加。拔节期和抽穗期,在低磷、施AlPO₄和施KH₂PO₄处理下转基因系OsT5-28根际土壤五种有机酸含量均显著高于对照。转基因小麦根际土壤有机酸含量较对照的提高幅度在拔节期或抽穗期较大。三种处理下转基因系OsT5-28根系TTC还原力在三个时期均显著高于对照。这说明低磷胁迫下OsPHR2可提高小麦酸性磷酸化酶活性和根系活力,促进根系有机酸的分泌,增加分泌量,从而提高小麦磷素吸收效率。     

Effects of a Fish Oil Rich in Docosahexaenoic Acid on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Oxidative Stress in Healthy Rats

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with a lower risk of cardiometabolic diseases. However, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is easily oxidized, leading to cellular damage. The present study examined the effects of an increased concentration of DHA in fish oil (80% of total fatty acids) on cardiometabolic risk factors and oxidative stress compared to coconut oil, soybean oil, and fish oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA in a balanced ratio. Forty healthy male Sprague–Dawley rats were supplemented with corresponding oil for 10 weeks. Supplementation with the fish oil containing 80% DHA decreased plasma fat, plasma total cholesterol and muscle fat compared to the coconut oil and the soybean oil. Increasing concentrations of DHA induced incorporation of DHA and EPA in cell membranes and tissues along with a decrease in ω-6 arachidonic acid. The increase in DHA promoted lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and antioxidant response. Taken together, the increased concentration of DHA in fish oil reduced fat accumulation compared to the coconut oil and the soybean oil. This benefit was accompanied by high lipid peroxidation and subsequent protein carbonylation in plasma and in liver. In our healthy framework, the slightly higher carbonylation found after receiving fish oil containing 80% DHA might be a protecting mechanism, which fit with the general improvement of antioxidant defense observed in those rats.     

茶桑混合袋泡茶降血糖作用的实验研究

对茶桑混合袋泡茶的降血糖作用进行了研究。以低、中、高三个剂量(0.5、1、3g/kg·bw)的袋泡茶饲喂正常小鼠模型、高血糖小鼠模型14d后,给予葡萄糖2.5g/kg·bw灌胃,于0、0.5h和2.0h时相分别测定其空腹血糖(FBG)和耐糖量(GT)。结果表明,在由四氧嘧啶引起的高血糖模型动物糖耐量试验中,中、高剂量组显著降低了0.5h和2h时相血糖含量和0.5~0h时相血糖差值,且不影响正常对照组的血糖、糖耐量、糖耐量差值,表明茶桑混合袋泡茶具有降低血糖的作用。     

Effect of protease treatment on the baking quality of brown rice bread: From textural and rheological properties to biochemistry and microstructure

In this study, protease treatment of brown rice (BR) batters was investigated in order to evaluate its impact on the textural and baking properties of BR bread. The enzymatic treatment improved bread quality by significantly increasing specific volume (p < 0.05), while decreasing crumb hardness and chewiness (p < 0.05). Fundamental rheology and viscometry of batters revealed that protein hydrolysis induced lower complex modulus and initial viscosity, while phase angle was unaffected. Flour pasting properties were also affected, with a significant decrease in paste viscosity and breakdown (p < 0.05). Protein analysis of batters revealed that the enzymatic treatment induced the release of low molecular weight proteins from macromolecular protein complexes. In conclusion, a lower resistance to deformation of batters during proofing and in the early stages of baking as well as the preserved batter elasticity and the increased paste stability positively affected the breadmaking performance.     

Oleoresin yield of Pinus elliottii in a subtropical climate: Seasonal variation and effect of auxin and salicylic acid-based stimulant paste

The extraction of induced oleoresin from Pinus elliottii through bark streaking supplies products to the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Resin flow is a typical defense response in conifers and is controled by various environmental factors. Although many studies have focused on oleoresin production in temperate forests, particularly in response to bark beetle attacks, relatively little is known about the physiological regulation of sustainable resin exudation in subtropical planted forests, in which commercial exploitation of this product is favored by the absence of significant pest insect populations. Therefore, the annual oleoresin yield of approximately 2660, 28-year-old trees from different sites was monitored for two consecutive years in southern Brazil. Plain wounding and wounding followed by application of a commercial resin stimulant paste containing the ethylene precursor 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) were used as reference treatments. Different concentrations of auxin, paraquat, yeast extract, and salicylic acid (isolated or in combination with CEPA) were also tested. Higher resin yields were associated with spring and summer, whereas winter had lower but significant yields. Auxin and salicylic acid stimulated the production of oleoresin relative to commercial paste in at least one concentration. Replacement of CEPA with auxin or salicylic acid yielded equivalent oleoresin production, indicating a comparable or complementary effect of these molecules in the process, as well as having implications for new stimulant paste formulations.     

玉米品质基因聚合对子粒氨基酸组分及醇溶蛋白的影响

以玉米o2、sh2、su1、wx这4个品质基因聚合的单基因、双基因、三基因近等基因系为研究对象,对子粒氨基酸组分与醇溶蛋白SDS-PAGE带谱进行检测分析。结果表明,与郑58相比较,su1、wx、su1wx氨基酸组分变化较小,o2、sh2单基因以及含有o2、sh2的双基因、三基因近等基因系中氨基酸组分变化较大,o2sh2、o2su1、o2sh2su1赖氨酸含量较高。SDS-PAGE显示,o2与sh2、su1聚合导致19 kD和22 kDα-醇溶蛋白合成受到显著抑制。     

Responses of the alien leaf miners Liriomyza trifolii and Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) to some pesticides scheduled for their control in the UK

Baseline responses to a range of pesticides scheduled for the statutory eradication of outbreaks of Liriomyza trifolii, a leaf miner alien to the UK, were established using a topical application bioassay against a susceptible laboratory population. Using the same technique the responses of outbreak populations of L. trifolii, and also the related species L. huidobrensis, have been investigated. Field populations of L. trifolii showed resistance to the pyrethroids tested but no evidence of resistance to organophosphates was found. There was some evidence of resistance to gamma-HCH. L. huidobrensis showed a response to pyrethroids similar to that of resistant L. trifolii, and levels of tolerance to organophosphates approximately eight times that of susceptible L. trifolii. The response to gamma-HCH was similar to that of susceptible L. trifolii.     

外源甘草根系分泌物对春小麦产量及品质的影响

为了研究不同甘草根系分泌物对后茬春小麦产量和品质的影响,以宁春55号、宁春50号和农麦4号三个春小麦品种为供试材料,于灌浆期分别喷施甘草根系分泌物草酸、乳酸、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)和蒸馏水(对照组),采用随机裂区设计,分析喷施不同外源甘草根系分泌物对小麦株高、穗长、穗粒数和千粒重等产量性状及籽粒中蛋白质和7种人体必需氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明,3个春小麦品种在DIBP处理下的株高、穗长均显著增高,在草酸处理下的穗粒数和穗粒重均显著增高。在籽粒品质方面,3种外源甘草根系分泌物处理显著降低了宁春55号和宁春50号的籽粒蛋白质含量,乳酸和DIBP处理提高了农麦4号的籽粒蛋白质含量。12种氨基酸含量与蛋白质含量呈正相关关系;不同春小麦品种在相同处理下蛋白质和氨基酸含量的变化规律不同,其中,农麦4号在草酸、乳酸、DIBP处理下赖氨酸和苏氨酸含量均提高,在DIBP和乳酸处理下必需氨基酸占比显著提高。本试验结果对研究甘草根系分泌物对春小麦的影响以及甘草种植地后茬春小麦品种的选择具有积极意义。     

饮用金花香橼茶3个月对小样本高脂血症人群糖脂代谢的改善效果研究

探讨一款用黑茶工艺、经冠突散囊菌发花的乌龙茶——金花香橼茶饮用3个月对小样本高脂血症人群糖脂代谢的临床改善效果。招募38名志愿者,试饮金花香橼茶3个月,通过检测和对比试饮前后的体成分（体重、体脂百分比等）、血液生化指标（空腹血糖、血尿酸、血脂四项）、肝脏超声、肠道菌群等,探讨金花香橼茶的健康功效。结果表明,试饮金花香橼茶3个月后,志愿者体重、体质指数、体脂百分比、内脏脂肪等级、血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖显著降低（P<0.05）,脂肪肝严重程度减轻,肠道菌群均匀性和多样性增加,考拉杆菌属（Phascolarctobacterium）、瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcus）、嗜血杆菌属（Haemophilus）、韦荣球菌属（Veillonella）等丰度升高,戴阿利斯特杆菌属（Dialister）、丁酸蓖麻单胞菌属（Butyricimonas）丰度降低。提示金花香橼茶具有辅助降血糖、降血脂、改善非酒精性脂肪肝的作用,可能通过增加产短链脂肪酸菌属的丰度,增加短链脂肪酸,改善胰岛素抵抗,进而改善糖脂代谢。本研究所得结果仍需更加严谨的长期试验进一步加以确证。     

水杨酸对小麦愈伤组织CAT和POD同工酶的影响

分别用浓度为 5或 1 0 mg/ L的水杨酸处理河农 859小麦愈伤组织 ,发现它具有抑制 POD和 CAT活性以及小麦愈伤组织胚性细胞形成的作用 ,但 5mg/ L的水杨酸也诱导一种 POD出现     

银合欢豆象生物学特性及其防治

银合欢豆象[Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus(Schaeffer,1907)]是银合欢属Leucae植物种子上的重要害虫,除银合欢外,也可蛀食南洋楹(Falcataria moluccana)种子。在75%RH及20~35℃的条件下,卵期为4～12 d。幼虫期为18～37 d,蛹期为5～11 d。成虫寿命17~31 d,雌雄性别比约为1∶1。在75%RH及26℃条件下,银合欢豆象完成1个世代需要44～48 d。在野外,银合欢豆象在幼龄阶段常被一种姬小蜂科(Eulophidae)的柄腹姬小蜂属(Pediobius Walker)寄生。在75%~80%RH及25～30℃条件下,使用56%磷化铝片剂对银合欢豆象进行熏蒸,用药量7~9 g/m3,熏蒸时间48~72 h,成虫、幼虫及蛹死亡率100%。     

Effect of Dominant Semi-Dwarf Gene on Plant Height and Its Related Traits and Sensitivity to Gibberellic Acid in Rice

The semi-dwarfness is one of the basiccharacteristic deployed in rice breeding due to itsadvantageous effects on plant fertilizer response,lodging resistance and yield potential [1-2]. Althoughmany new semidwarfing genes have been identified,sd-1 still remained the predominant semidwarfinggene presented in current rice cultivars [3-4]. Manystudies have been done on genetics of recessive dwarfand semi-dwarf rice genes and lots of new sd1non-allelic recessive dwarfing genes was discoveredas the …     

Influence of citric acid and water on thermoplastic wheat flour/poly(lactic acid) blends. I: Thermal, mechanical and morphological properties

Wheat flour was plasticized with glycerol and compounded with poly(lactic acid) in a one-step twin-screw extrusion process in the presence of citric acid with or without extra water. The influence of these additives on process parameters and thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of injected samples from the prepared blends, was then studied.Citric acid acted as a compatibilizer by promoting depolymerization of both starch and PLA. For an extrusion without extra water, the amount of citric acid (2 parts for 75 parts of flour, 25 parts of PLA and 15 parts of glycerol) has to be limited to avoid mechanical properties degradation. Water, added during the extrusion, improved the whole process, minimizing PLA depolymerization, favoring starch plasticization by citric acid and thus improving phases repartition.     

Seasonal abundance of the mirids, Lygus lucorum and Adelphocoris spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) on Bt cotton in northern China

Lygus lucorum Meyer-Dür, Adelphocoris fasciaticollis Reuter and Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) (Hemiptera: Miridae) are important secondary insect pests in cotton fields in northern China. The seasonal dynamics of their mixed populations on a transgenic variety expressing the insecticidal Bt protein Cry1A, and a cotton line expressing proteins of Cry1A and CpTI (cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene) were compared to seasonal dynamics on similar but non-transgenic varieties from 1998 to 2001. No significant differences were detected between population densities of these bugs on unsprayed normal cotton and unsprayed transgenic cotton. However, mirid damage on unsprayed transgenic cotton was significantly higher due to a reduced number of insecticide sprays against Helicoverpa armigera compared with the number of sprays in the normal cotton. This suggests that the mirids have become key insect pests in transgenic cotton fields, and that their damage to cotton could increase further with the expansion of the area planted to transgenic cotton if no additional control measures are adopted.     

橡胶树cystatin基因HbCYS1的克隆及割胶应答

在植物中,半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(Cystatin)广泛参与逆境胁迫应答和发育调控。在已建立的胶乳EST序列数据库中,鉴定了一个注释为cystatin的序列重叠群(Contig)。利用RACE和RT-PCR进一步获得1个长度为947 bp、包含完整读码框(741 bp)的cDNA,命名为HbCYS1;去除N端27个aa的信号肽后,HbCYS1蛋白生成1个包含219个aa的成熟蛋白(24.2 ku),具有cystatin反应位点的保守序列基序GG、QXVXG和A/PW,同时具有植物cystatin所特有的LARFAV基序;推测HbCYS1是一种分泌性蛋白,与同样来自大戟科的1个蓖麻cystatin蛋白(CAA89697)的亲缘关系最近,氨基酸序列的一致性达79%;在胶乳中,割胶明显促进HbCYS1基因的上调表达。割胶是一种典型的非生物胁迫,橡胶树对割胶胁迫的适应能力是决定其持续生产力的一个重要因素,推测HbCYS1基因可能参与橡胶树的胁迫应答与胶乳再生。     

不同光质对杉木组培苗叶绿素含量及荧光参数的影响

研究不同单、复色LED光源对杉木组培苗叶绿素含量及荧光参数的影响。结果表明:单色LED处理下,杉木组培苗叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及叶绿素总量均以30μmol/(m~2·s)蓝光处理的最大,而F_V/F_m和F_V/F_0值均以70μmol/(m~2·s)蓝光处理的最大。不同复色LED光源对杉木组培苗叶绿素a、叶绿素总量以及F_V/F_0值作用大小顺序均为:RBG;对叶绿素b含量和F_V/F_m值作用大小顺序均为:RG=B。促进杉木叶绿素积累的最优光色光强组合为70μmol/(m~2·s)R+60μmol/(m~2·s)G+30μmol/(m~2·s)B,而有效提高F_V/F_m和FV/F0值的最优光色光强组合为60μmol/(m~2·s)R+50μmol/(m~2·s)G+40μmol/(m~2·s)B。     

Responses of SUB1 rice introgression lines to submergence in the field: Yield and grain quality

Prolonged submergence is a major constraint to rice production, affecting over 15 million ha in South and Southeast Asia and causing an annual yield loss of over US$ 600 million. This is because all the modern high-yielding rice varieties are sensitive to complete submergence. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), SUB1, associated with submergence tolerance, was mapped on chromosome 9 and recently bred into popular rainfed lowland rice varieties sensitive of complete submergence, using marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC). Here, we assessed the impact of introgressing SUB1 into three rice varieties popular in farmers’ fields of South and Southeast Asia, Swarna, Sambha Mahsuri, and IR64, under control conditions as well as following submergence in the field. Under control conditions, no differences were observed between Sub1 introgression lines and their recurrent parents in grain yield or quality aspects. Submergence substantially delayed flowering and maturity, and reduced grain yield, shoot biomass, harvest index, and yield components across cultivars. The reduction in yield was more drastic in the sensitive varieties, particularly when submerged for longer duration (17 d). The significant decline in grain yield was mainly attributed to reductions in grain filling, number of grains per panicle, and grain weight. The SUB1 QTL is effective in conferring tolerance of submergence for about 12–17 d, depending on floodwater conditions. Sub1 introgression lines showed a yield advantage of up to 3.8 t ha⁻¹ and slightly better grain quality after submergence compared with their parents. Apparently, the introgression of SUB1 into popular varieties did not have any negative impact on their performance under control conditions but considerably enhanced their yield and grain quality following short-term submergence.     

杨桃与荔枝根区土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）特征分析

采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)方法,分析同一果园台湾软枝杨桃(20年树龄)和荔枝乌叶品种(15年树龄)根区土壤微生物群落结构.结果表明,从杨桃根区不同样品检测到25 ～32种微生物PLFAs,特有PLFAs为:i13:0,11:0 3OH,14:0 2OH;荔枝根区检测到23～40种微生物PLFAs,特有PLFAs为:16:0 3OH,i18:0,i12:0,12:1 AT11-12,a14:0.杨桃根区由PLFAs指示的土壤微生物多样性指数(Simpson)和特征脂肪酸16:0(细菌)、18:1w9c(真菌)、10Me16:0(硫酸盐还原细菌)含量大小:距植株1.0m土壤≈1.5m土壤＞0.5m土壤;而荔枝根区Simpson指数和以上各种菌特征脂肪酸含量大小为:距植株1.0m土壤＞0.5m土壤≈1.5m土壤.脂肪酸10Me17:0(放线菌)和16:1w5c(甲烷氧化菌)含量在杨桃根区无水平分布上的显著差异,而在荔枝根区则存在显著差异.