Evaluation of Surgical Scrub Methods for Large Animal Surgeons

Objective— The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a 5–minute surgical scrub using either a one-brush or a two-brush technique in clean and dirty surgical procedures, and to compare the efficacy of povidone iodine with chlorhexidine as surgical scrub solutions. Study Design— Prospective clinical trial. Methods— Nine veterinarians scrubbed their hands on eight separate occasions using either povidone iodine or chlorhexidine gluconate. A 5-minute scrub and either a one-brush or two-brush technique used in both clean and dirty operations were evaluated by taking glove juice samples before scrubbing, immediately after scrubbing, and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after scrubbing. Glove juice samples were cultured and the colonies were counted. Percent reductions of bacterial forming units were calculated for all eight scrub procedures. Results— All scrub procedures provided an adequate percent reduction in colony forming units (CFU) during the 2–hour sampling period. The number of CFU immediately after scrubbing were significantly lower than prescrub. At 120 minutes, there were significantly fewer CFUs than presecrub, but there were more than immediately after scrubbing. No significant difference in reduction in CFUs were detected between one-brush and two-brush techniques. Both chlorhexidine and povidone iodine scrub solutions adequately reduced bacterial colony counts for 120 minutes after scrubbing regardless of the amount of contamination before skin preparation. Conclusions— Bacterial counts after a hand scrub procedure using a one-brush technique were not significantly different than after a procedure that used a two-brush technique. Povidone iodine and chlorhexidine are equally effectively in decreasing bacterial numbers on the skin, given a variety of contamination levels present before the scrub procedure. Clinical Relevance— Surgeons may use either chlorhexidine or povidone iodine for antiseptic preparation of their hands before surgery. A two-brush technique is not necessary.     

牛基因组DNA两种提取方法的比较研究

研究哺乳动物基因组DNA的水煮抽提法，并将传统的酚仿抽提法和水煮法进行比较，水煮法即通过对细胞的煮沸和冷却，使细胞破裂、蛋白变性，从而获得用于PCR扩增的模板DNA的方法。通过电泳分析和PCR扩增检测了所提取基因组DNA的完整性、可行性。检测时采用3对引物对2种方法提取的DNA进行了PCR扩增，同时对冷冻保存的基因组DNA也进行了扩增检测。结果表明：水煮法提取基因组DNA是一种快速、简便、经济、高效的方法。     

微生态制剂在奶牛养殖中的应用

随着畜禽养殖技术的不断提升,当代畜禽养殖业的发展方向逐渐由追求“数量”向追求“品质”发展。微生态制剂是利用正常微生物或促进微生物生长的物质制成的活的微生物制剂,具有改善动物饲料利用率,提高生长速度和机体免疫力,改善畜产品品质等作用。本文从微生态制剂的种类、作用机理以及在奶牛养殖中的应用效果和存在问题等方面进行阐述,为微生态制剂的发展提供思路。     

两种ELISA试剂盒与血清中和试验检测牛赤羽病的比较

为比较两种商品化赤羽病抗体ELISA试剂盒的敏感性和特异性,以及ELISA和微量血清中和试验(SNT)的符合率,采用两种ELISA试剂盒和血清中和试验,对690份澳大利亚纯种荷斯坦奶牛血清进行牛赤羽病检测。试验结果显示:法国某公司生产的赤羽病ELISA试剂盒敏感性为93.42%,特异性为81.23%,与SNT间的Kappa值为0.615,为高度符合;日本某公司生产的赤羽病ELISA试剂盒敏感性为39.47%,特异性为96.1%,与SNT间的Kappa值为0.427,为中度符合。比较结果表明:日本某公司生产的试剂盒敏感性较低,容易漏检,不适合用于牛赤羽病初筛;在出入境检疫中,可以采用高通量、半自动化、敏感性高的ELISA方法,对血清样本进行筛选,再采用特异性强的SNT试验进行辅助验证。     

猫鼓泡息肉两种手术治疗方法的比较

猫鼓泡息肉是起源于鼓泡的非肿瘤性炎性增生,目前临床上最常用于治疗该病的手术方法是腹侧鼓泡切开术(VBO)和内镜下经鼓泡牵引术(PTT).为了探究这两种手术方法治疗猫鼓泡息肉的临床疗效、预后以及相关并发症的差异,回顾性分析了 2018年1月至2020年4月共15例猫鼓泡息肉的医疗记录,根据采用的手术方法将其分为VBO组(...     

西藏牛和三江牛大脑组织中低氧适应相关circRNAs的比较分析

旨在从circRNA层面加深哺乳动物对高原低氧环境适应性的认识,探索西藏牛和三江牛大脑组织中差异表达的circRNA及相关调控网络,为研究circRNA在西藏牛低氧适应性方面的分子调控机制奠定理论基础。本研究分别采集3头4.5岁健康、雌性西藏牛和三江牛的大脑组织作为试验样本,构建cDNA文库进行高通量测序,利用生物信息学方法对宿主基因进行GO和KEGG分析,预测差异表达circRNA下游靶向基因,构建circRNA-miRNA和circRNA-miRNA-mRNA可视化调控网络,辅以RNaseR酶抗性检测和实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）验证测序数据的可靠性。结果,在西藏牛和三江牛的6个样本中,共筛选获得858个显著差异的circRNAs,其中上调表达394个,下调表达464个。其宿主基因共参与49个功能亚类,注释到31条显著富集的信号通路（P<0.05）,主要涉及MAPK信号通路、谷氨酸能突触、Rap1信号通路、磷脂酶D信号通路及cGMP-PKG信号通路等生物学过程。靶基因预测结果显示,350个上调和364个下调差异表达circRNAs分别靶向结合492和508个miRNAs。其中,miRNA靶点数最多的是novel_circ_017825和novel_circ_046762,说明这两个circRNAs可能在西藏牛脑功能调控方面发挥重要作用。circRNA-bta-miR-2284z-mRNA调控网络展示了bta-miR-2284z与circRNA、mRNA间的靶向关系,推测上述circRNAs可能通过充当bta-miR-2284z海绵的方式,间接影响西藏牛脑组织中相关靶向mRNA的表达水平。随机挑选6个circRNA进行RNaseR酶抗性试验和qRT-PCR验证,表达趋势与测序结果一致,说明所获得的circRNA为环状转录本。本研究利用高通量测序技术获得了西藏牛和三江牛大脑组织中circRNA的表达谱及信号通路,并初步构建了circRNA-miRNA-mRNA网络互作模型,为后续进一步探索circRNA参与西藏牛低氧适应性的生物学过程和分子功能,研究circRNA在大型哺乳动物低氧适应性方面的调控机制提供了可靠的数据支持。     

加拿大奶牛品种遗传评定体系及指标

加拿大的奶牛品种质量和牛群遗传基因质量,一直处于国际一流水平和领先地位,已成为世界优质奶牛的育种基地之一,为加拿大本国,同时也为世界奶牛业品种改良做出了巨大贡献。近年来,加拿大的纯种活牛和牛胚胎的出口约占世界出口市场的41％,奶牛冷冻精液现已出口到世界84个国家和地区,品种和数量位居世界第一。     

加拿大奶牛遗传评定方法

加拿大是世界上奶业发达的国家之一,其对奶牛的遗传评定有自己的方法。1989年加拿大就已利用动物模型法对其奶牛群进行遗传评定,评定的主要性状是生产性能和体型外貌;而后动物模型法又应用于乳流速度、难产性、在群寿命和体细胞评分。到1999年,加     

奶牛公犊与秦川牛公犊饲喂比较试验

[目的]相同饲养条件下,比较奶牛公犊与秦川牛公犊增重效果.[方法]将20头荷斯坦公犊牛与20头秦川牛公犊分为试验组和对照组,进行饲养试验,日粮组成和饲喂方法相同,青贮饲料和干草自由采食.[结果]奶牛公犊比秦川牛公犊生长速度快,饲料报酬高,奶牛公牛的初生重、6月龄平均体重、12月龄平均体重、18月龄平均体重、24月龄平均体重比秦川牛公牛高.[结论]饲养奶牛公犊比饲养秦川牛公犊的经济效益更好.     

2种营养水平下不同遗传基础肉牛对日粮养分消化率的比较研究

The experiment aimed to study the difference on the dietary nutrient digestibility of different genetic basis beef cattle during two nutrient levels.Forty-eight heads of different genetic basis beef cattle （Charolais×Simmental-crossbred cattle,Gelbvieh×Simmental-crossbred cattle,Angus×Simmental-crossbred cattle and Limousin×Simmental-crossbred cattle) were introduced,feeding two different nutritional level of diets,adopting 4×2 two factor design,and carrying on the seven days of digestion experiment using endogeny indicator method.The results showed as follows：①From genetic basis,crude protein digestibility in Gelbvieh×Simmental-crossbred cattle was significantly higher than that in Angus×Simmental-crossbred cattle (P＜0.05),and extremely significantly higher than that in Limousin×Simmental-crossbred cattle（P<0.01）, crude fat digestibility in Gelbvieh×Simmental-crossbred cattle was extremely significantly higher than that in Charolais×Simmental-crossbred cattle and Angus×Simmental-crossbred cattle (P＜0.01).②From nutritional level,the nutrient digestibility of beef cattle in feeding a high nutrition diet were extremely significantly higher than that in feeding a low nutrition diet (P＜0.01).③From the interaction of genetic basis and nutritional level,nutrient digestibility decreased with the increase of nutritional level of diet in Charolais×Simmental-crossbred cattle,Angus×Simmental-crossbred cattle and Limousin×Simmental-crossbred cattle,while Gelbvieh×Simmental-crossbred cattle were on the contrary.The results indicated that genetic basis had significant influences on crude protein digestibility and crude fat digestibility （P＜0.05）,nutritional level of diet had significant influences on the digestibility of dry matter,organic matter,crude protein,crude fiber,crude ash and crude fat （P＜0.05）,crude protein digestibility were influenced significantly by genetic basis and nutritional level of diet at the same time （P＜0.05）.     

两种方法治疗黄牛不孕症的比较研究

选择30头两个情期不孕的黄牛，随机分成两组，第一组用传统中药进行治疗，第二组用激素、维生素进行治疗。结果表明，第一组受胎率为53．3％，每二组受胎率为73．3％，第二组比第一组高20％（P＜0．05）。     

Genetic Evaluation of Reproductive Traits in Sanhe Cattle

This study was conducted on 20 949 reproductive records from 1998 to 2012 of 5 257 Sanhe cattle in Xiertala cattle farm,Inner Mongolia,which was a synthetic breed formed in China in 1986.Age at first pregnancy in heifer (AFPH),age at first calving in heifer (AFCH),gestation length in cow (GLC),days open in cow (DOC),and calving interval in cow (CIC) were considered for genetic evaluation.SAS 9.13 and DMU software were used for data processing,and AI-REML combined EM algorithm based on multiple traits animal model was employed for estimating variance components.The heritability for each trait were then calculated,and breeding value was used to analyze the genetic trends.The results showed that the estimated heritabilities of age at first pregnancy in heifer,age at first calving in heifer,gestation length in cow,days open in cow,calving interval in cow were 0.0552,0.0638,0.0527,0.1096 and 0.0844,respectively.The heritabilities were all less than 0.1 except days open (0.1096),indicating these were low inheritable traits.In general,trends of EBVs for each trait didn't show any defined progresses and indicating good reproductive performance maintained in Sanhe cattle.These results lay a theoretical foundation for optimizing breeding programs and improving the accuracy of selection in Sanhe cattle.     

肉牛EPD评价及其应用

EPD值是估计种值的一半，它是基因BLUP理论的一个容易理解和应用的，种畜遗传传递力的值，很直观的反映种畜价值在其后代中的体现。EPD在肉用种公牛价值评定上应用广泛，它地同一品种内个体间的比较，钭从出生到胴体的所有重要经济性状的EPD估计后，以出版和（或）上计算机网的方式发布，肉牛生产者根据自己的不同需要选用种牛，我国肉牛育种的资料，数据收集的相对难度可能是制约EPD应用的主要因素。     

三河牛繁殖性状遗传参数的评估

本研究以1986年中国自主培育兼用牛新品种--三河牛,在内蒙古海拉尔谢尔塔拉种牛场核心群5 257头1998-2012年20 949条繁殖记录为研究材料,以青年牛首次妊娠日龄、青年牛首次产犊日龄、成母牛妊娠期、成母牛空怀期、产犊间隔为研究对象,用SAS 9.13、DMU软件对数据进行处理,采用AI-REML结合EM算法并配合多性状动物模型对各性状影响因素方差组分进行估计,估算出各性状遗传力,并利用各性状育种值分析其遗传趋势.结果显示,青年牛首次妊娠日龄、青年牛首次产犊日龄、成母牛妊娠期、成母牛空怀期、产犊间隔遗传力分别为0.0552、0.0638、0.0527、0.1096、0.0844,繁殖性状除成母牛空怀期遗传力为0.1096外,其余均小于0.1,属于低遗传力性状.青年牛首次妊娠日龄、青年牛首次产犊日龄、成母牛妊娠期、成母牛空怀期、产犊间隔育种值遗传趋势总体上无明显下降趋势,三河牛繁殖性能保持良好.该试验结果为三河牛优化育种方案、提高选种准确性提供重要理论依据.     

手术取出误落奶牛胃内取铁器的体会

奶牛创伤性网胃心包炎是由于尖锐异物随采食进入网胃,穿过网胃壁、膈肌刺人心包而引起的网胃及心包的炎症.此病是牛的一个常见病,致死率高,1岁以上及怀孕后期的牛发病率较高,对养牛业危害很大.为了预防奶牛创伤性网胃心包炎的发生,在生产上人们采取了许多措施,定期或不定期用瘤胃取铁器从奶牛瘤胃中吸取铁钉、钢丝等金属异物是预防此病较常见的方法之一.在用瘤胃取铁器取铁过程中,为了保证较好的取铁效果.