古尔班通古特沙漠短命植物的氮素吸收策略

研究荒漠生态系统同一生活型植物对氮素的利用是否存在生态位分离,有助于深入了解荒漠植物的生存策略,更好掌握氮素对荒漠植物生存的影响.在古尔班通古特沙漠中,广泛分布着4种短命植物尖喙牻牛儿苗(Erodium oxyrrhynchum)、琉苞菊(Hyalea pulchella)、假狼紫草(Nonea caspica)和飘带...     

古尔班通古特沙漠风沙土水分垂直分布与受损植被的恢复

古尔班通古特沙漠中大规模、高强度的人类活动严重干扰和损坏了荒漠植被。在该沙漠特有的生境下 ,受损植被具有一定的自然恢复和更新能力。但要加速恢复过程 ,则需辅以积极有效的措施。本文经过跟踪监测人工种植荒漠植物的出苗、生长以及风沙土水分垂直分布特征 ,查明了植物出苗、存活率和风沙土中水分垂直分布的动态关系。     

新疆莫索湾沙区白梭梭当年生枝条生长特点及产量的初步研究

白梭梭系中亚细亚沙漠沙生植被的主要成分,在我国集中分布于准噶尔盆地古尔班通古特沙漠中。它生长于流动、半流动或半固定的沙质环境,是一种耐干旱、耐风蚀的优良固沙植物。其木质坚硬、火力强,素有“荒漠活煤”之称。当年生枝条富含营养,是羊、驴、骆驼等家畜的饲用部份。它所形成的植物群落,在古尔班通古特沙漠中也是分布最广和最重要的一个群落类型。     

阜康绿洲土壤盐渍化特征及其与肥力的相关性分析

本文以电导、可溶性总盐含量和pH作为指标,将阜康绿洲的盐渍化类型划分为9种,其中以强盐渍土和盐土为主,在纬度梯度上从南至北,即从洪积扇下部到沙漠按照中盐渍土-强盐渍土-盐土-强盐渍土-盐土-非盐渍土的顺序依次分布。而土壤含水率却是从洪积下部至扇缘溢出带逐渐升高,在细土平原地区差异较大,在沙漠中又迅速降低。通过土壤剖面中有机质、全量N、P、K和速效N、P、K的分析,结果表明阜康荒漠自然状态下土壤肥力很低,各养分含量在空间上呈现规律性的变化,在纬度梯度上逐渐升高又在沙漠中降低。通过水盐与土壤肥力的相关性分析,结果表明:有机质、全N、P和速P与含水率、电导、总盐均具有显著和极显著正相关,而与pH成负相关,但相关性不显著。由于盐生植物的多样性,在盐渍土和盐土土壤肥力并无显著降低,只是土壤溶液的高盐浓度限制了植物对养分的吸收,因此防止和治理土壤盐渍化是发挥土地生产潜力的重要手段。     

伊犁绢蒿解剖特征的初步研究

伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidium transiliense)是菊科绢蒿属的多年生半灌木植物。它广泛分布于新疆大部分干旱荒漠。生于亚高山及平原、准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地边缘的盐柴类荒漠和漫滩以及绿洲上的田边、路边、地埂和宅旁等。海拔500—1250米,在亚洲中部也有分布。     

民勤荒漠植被的形成与演替过程及其发展趋势

甘肃省民勤县是我国的典型荒漠化地区,自西汉以来生态环境逐渐退化,植被经历了一个从沼泽植被到盐生草甸植被再到荒漠植被的退化过程。水资源的变化是决定当地植被退化的主导因子,在大面积湖泊、河流背景上是沼泽植被,在干涸湖泊、河床背景上的是盐生草甸植被,在沙质荒漠背景上的是荒漠植被。目前,荒漠植被正处于进一步退化过程中。退化演替的同一阶段存在多种演替过程,现阶段存在着荒漠植被退化演替和盐生草甸植被向荒漠植被演替2种退化过程。20世纪中叶,在当地是从盐生草甸植被向荒漠植被演替的过渡时期,20世纪50年代以来,荒漠植被逐渐占据了优势。目前的天然种子植物共有22个科,72个属,127个种,其中以典型荒漠为主,共有3个植被型,7个群系组,17个群系。植物种类少,群落结构简单,群落随生境的分异性较大。目前的植被正处在进一步退化过程中,植物种类和面积减少,大面积枯梢、死亡,优势种的优势度增大。现阶段决定荒漠植被生长状况的主要是大气降水,植被盖度和密度随年际降水量变化较大,尤其是一年生草本植物。目前影响植被退化的人为因素主要是上游来水量减少,地下水严重超采、草场严重超载和造林密度过大等。在干旱内陆盆地,一旦水资源供给减少,湖盆、河道干涸,泥沙出露,形成沙漠和沙漠化则是必然结果。     

西北地区骆驼蓬属根系的研究

骆驼蓬属是荒漠、半荒漠地区的优势植物之一，具有药用价值。根系研究表明，该属为根蘖型植物，生长期垂直根发达，分蘖期水平根发达。根系分布与生境有密切关系。     

荒漠河岸林建群植物的水分利用过程分析

荒漠河岸林植物是干旱区生态系统的重要组成部分,研究干旱区荒漠河岸林建群植物水分利用过程,对制定生态保育恢复对策具有重要意义。通过对西北干旱区塔里木河和黑河下游荒漠河岸林植物水分来源、根系水力提升过程的观察和对比分析,解析了不同胁迫环境下胡杨、柽柳等荒漠河岸林主要建群种的水分利用过程。研究结果显示：在塔里木河和黑河下游不同地下水埋深和干旱胁迫环境下,荒漠河岸林植物的水分利用方式和生存策略有较大差别。在水分来源上,胡杨和柽柳主要利用深层土壤水和地下水,但塔里木河下游的植物根系对水资源的利用较黑河下游更加多元化;在水分分配方面,塔里木河下游的胡杨表现出更强的水力提升能力和更显著的水分再分配效应,地下水埋深是造成植物水分利用策略差异的主要原因,地下水位越深（7 m以内）,胡杨受干旱胁迫越大,胡杨根系的水力提升能力亦越强。目前黑河下游的生态已处于平衡维持和发展阶段,而塔里木河下游广大地区的荒漠河岸林植物仍处于严重的干旱胁迫中。     

准噶尔盆地南缘盐生植被的类型和组成

新疆准噶尔盆地南缘的盐生植物群落,有盐生荒漠、盐化草甸、盐化沼泽、盐化灌丛、盐化吐加依疏树林和一年生盐生植物群落等类型。据29个调查样地统计,盐生植被的区系组成中,共有高等植物58种,隶属于14科、39属。其中,藜科植物15属,占属总数的38.5%,29种,占全部植物种的一半。区系植物组成虽然贫乏,但生活型仍有10类,干旱区植物生活型中的绝大多数都有代表。木本和半木本种类22种,占38%。特别是荒漠灌木和半灌木很多,且多为盆地南缘盐生植物群落的建群种或优势种,反映了准噶尔盆地盐生植被的荒漠性质,而与滨海盐生植被相异。根据盐生植物对水、盐的适应关系,可划分为强盐超旱生、盐旱生、盐旱中生、盐中生和盐湿生等生态类群。另外,群落组成中具有很多古老成分,短命和类短命植物贫乏并缺少典型的草原成分等,也是盆地南缘盐生植物群落的特点。     

塔里木河干流荒漠河岸林植物群落多元分析及其土壤环境解释

应用对应分析(CA)与典范对应分析(CCA)排序方法,对塔里木河干流荒漠河岸林植物群落进行了多元统计分析,并给出各群落类型的土壤环境定量解释。结果表明:塔里木河干流荒漠河岸林地区多数物种出现频次不高,物种丰富度低;CCA排序结果显示出土壤含水率、总盐、HCO3-是决定植物群落分异的主导土壤环境因子,得到CCA第一轴、第二轴与环境因子之间的多元回归方程,并将样地划分为4种群落类型,定量地揭示研究区植物群落类型的分布与土壤环境之间的关系。     

民勤沙区主要植物群落退化特征及其演替趋势分析

优势种植物密度和优势种盖度以及全部植物密度和盖度在样方间均存在不同程度的差异,表明民勤的植物生长在受干旱荒漠环境影响的同时,局部小环境对植物的分布和生长有显著影响。沙蒿当年幼苗密度最大,但幼苗的成活率很低,群落的投影盖度越小,则当年幼苗密度越大;梭梭不能实现自然更新;沙拐枣的生态位宽度较大,各年龄小苗均存在,自然更新能力强。在民勤沙区人工梭梭林普遍退化,尤其在西沙窝一带,梭梭人工林退化更为严重,有被沙拐枣取代的趋势。由于梭梭群落均为人工林,群落内地表异质性较大,因此,草本植物种类较多。     

中麻黄的适应性及其抗逆性栽培

中麻黄具有较强的旱生性和耐盐性 ,在逆境盐碱地栽培其经济效益、缓解天然麻黄资源破坏、减缓土地沙化的生态效益比较显著 ,是干旱区盐碱地农村调整种植结构、退耕还林的优良植物种。     

Intra-annual stem diameter growth of Tamarix ramosissima and association with hydroclimatic factors in the lower reaches of China’s Heihe River

High-resolution observations of cambial phenology and intra-annual growth dynamics are useful approaches for understanding the response of tree growth to climate and environmental change. During the past two decades, rapid socioeconomic development has increased the demand for water resources in the oases of the middle reaches of the Heihe River in northwestern China, and the lower reaches of the Heihe River have changed from a perennial river to an ephemeral stream with a decreased and degraded riparian zone. Tamarisk（Tamarix ramosissima） is the dominant shrub species of the desert riparian forest. In this study, the daily and seasonal patterns of tamarisk stem diameter growth, including the main period of tree ring formation, were examined. Observations concerning the driving forces of growth changes, along with implications for the ecology of the dendrohydrological area and management of desert riparian forests in similar arid regions, are also presented. The diurnal-seasonal activity of stem diameter and the dynamics of growth ring formation were studied using a point dendrometer and micro-coring methods during the 2012 growing season in shrub tamarisk in a desert riparian forest stand in the lower reaches of the Heihe River in Ejin Banner, Inner Mongolia of northwestern China. Generally, the variation in diurnal diameter of tamarisk was characterized by an unstable multi-peak pattern, with the cumulative stem diameter growth over the growing season following an S-shaped curve. The period from late May to early August was the main period of stem diameter growth and growth-ring formation. Among all of the hydroclimatic factors considered in this study, only groundwater depth was significantly correlated with stem diameter increment during this period. Therefore, for the dendrochronological study, the annual rings of the tamarisk can be used to reconstruct processes that determine the regional water regime, such as river runoff and fluctuations in groundwater depth. For the management of desert riparian for     

Desert vegetation distribution and species-environment relationships in an oasis-desert ecotone of northwestern China

Environmental heterogeneity significantly affects the structure of ecological communities. Exploring vegetation distribution and its relationship with environmental factors is essential to understanding the abiotic mechanism(s) driving vegetation succession, especially in the ecologically fragile areas. In this study, based on the quantitative analysis of plant community and environmental factors in 68 plots at 10 different transects in the Minqin oasis-desert ecotone(ODE) of northwestern China, we investigated desert vegetation distribution and species-environment relationships using multivariate analysis. Two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN), detrended correspondence analysis(DCA), and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) methods were used. A total of 28 species, belonging to 27 genera in 8 families, were identified. Chenopodiaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Gramineae, and Leguminosae were the largest families. Annual and perennial herbs accounted for 28.60% of the total number of plants, while shrubs(42.90%) were the most dominant. Nitraria tangutorum was the constructive species of the desert plant community. We divided the 68 plots surveyed in this study into 7 community types, according to the results of TWINSPAN. The distribution of these 7 communities in the DCA ordination graph showed that species with a similar ecotype were clustered together. Results of CCA indicated that groundwater was the dominant factor influencing vegetation distribution, while distance between plot and oasis(Dis) and soil electrical conductivity(EC) were the local second-order factors. Our study suggests that optimizing the utilization of groundwater in oases is key to controlling the degradation of desert vegetation. The favorable topographic conditions of sand dunes should be fully utilized for vegetal dune stabilization, and the influence of soil salinity on the selection of afforestation tree species should be considered.     

Stable oxygen-hydrogen isotopes reveal water use strategies of Tamarix taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert,China

Tamarix taklamakanensis,a dominant species in the Taklimakan Desert of China,plays a crucial role in stabilizing sand dunes and maintaining regional ecosystem stability.This study aimed to determine the water use strategies of T.taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert under a falling groundwater depth.Four typical T.taklamakanensis nabkha habitats(sandy desert of Tazhong site,saline desert-alluvial plain of Qiemo site,desert-oasis ecotone of Qira site and desert-oasis ecotone of Aral site)were selected with different climate,soil,groundwater and plant cover conditions.Stable isotope values of hydrogen and oxygen were measured for plant xylem water,soil water(soil depths within 0–500 cm),snowmelt water and groundwater in the different habitats.Four potential water sources for T.taklamakanensis,defined as shallow,middle and deep soil water,as well as groundwater,were investigated using a Bayesian isotope mixing model.It was found that groundwater in the Taklimakan Desert was not completely recharged by precipitation,but through the river runoff from snowmelt water in the nearby mountain ranges.The surface soil water content was quickly depleted by strong evaporation,groundwater depth was relatively shallow and the height of T.taklamakanensis nabkha was relatively low,thus T.taklamakanensis primarily utilized the middle(23%±1%)and deep(31%±5%)soil water and groundwater(36%±2%)within the sandy desert habitat.T.taklamakanensis mainly used the deep soil water(55%±4%)and a small amount of groundwater(25%±2%)within the saline desert-alluvial plain habitat,where the soil water content was relatively high and the groundwater depth was shallow.In contrast,within the desert-oasis ecotone in the Qira and Aral sites,T.taklamakanensis primarily utilized the deep soil water(35%±1%and 38%±2%,respectively)and may also use groundwater because the height of T.taklamakanensis nabkha was relatively high in these habitats and the soil water content was relatively low,which is associated with the reduced groundwater depth due to excessive water resource exploitation and utilization by surrounding cities.Consequently,T.taklamakanensis showed distinct water use strategies among the different habitats and primarily depended on the relatively stable water sources(deep soil water and groundwater),reflecting its adaptations to the different habitats in the arid desert environment.These findings improve our understanding on determining the water sources and water use strategies of T.taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert.     

Influence of groundwater depth on species composition and community structure in the transition zone of Cele oasis

The paper analyzes the hypothesis that the distribution of dominant plant species and characteristics of plant communities are related to groundwater depth. The results showed that variations of groundwater depth impacted distributions and characteristics of dominant plant communities. However, besides groundwater depth, the community composition and species diversity were also influenced by physiognomy of the habitat. Based on the similarity coefficient, the differences between dominant plant communities were significant at different groundwater depths. Compared with other results relating to desert vegetation and groundwater depth, variations of community distribution were similar at the large spatial scale. However, in this extremely arid region, there were significant differences in community type and community succession when compared with other arid regions, especially in relationship to deep groundwater depth. With groundwater depth from deep to shallow, communities transformed with the sequence of Alhagi communities, Tamarix spp. communities, Populus communities, Phragmites communities, and Sophora communities. At groundwater depth of less than 6.0 m, the community type and composition changed, and the species diversity increased. Among these dominant species, Tamarix exhibited the biggest efficiency in resource utilization according to niche breadth, which means it possessed the best adaptability to environmental conditions at the oasis margins.     

2001—2010年策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带的变化及其成因

通过分析多年的NDVI,探讨策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带的空间结构变化,并结合同期自然环境和人为活动情况进行讨论。结果表明：① 过渡带植被变化总体上受地下水位控制,植被由绿洲向沙漠梯度递减;其内部植被覆盖区域与裸沙地并存,植被分布呈斑块状。根据过渡带NDVI的变化,将过渡带分为单向渐变型、双向渐变型和突变型过渡带。② 2001—2010年策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带边界变化剧烈,过渡带内边界主要受控于人为活动;过渡带外边界主要受控于自然因素。③ 虽然绿洲地下水受到持续过度开采,绿洲-沙漠过渡带不断被开垦成为耕地,但是由于封育保护,2001—2010年过渡带植被略有改善,基本上保持其自身的稳定。④ 策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带NDVI变化趋势与年降水量的变化趋势相一致,但变化幅度相差较大。     

石羊河中下游河岸带植被对地下水位变化的响应

通过对石羊河中下游河岸带的地下水位定位观测及植被和土壤水盐含量调查发现：河岸带地下水位与河床横向间距呈正相关;在长流水河段的河岸带,以植被类型、物种丰富度和植被盖度与河床间距的关系,判断河流影响地下水位距河床的范围约为130 m,但对于河岸带植被作用距河床横向间距可达500 m。在断流河段,距古河床0~200 m区间内分布河岸植物种。虽然石羊河下游断流,但河流地貌影响地下水位,有利于植物生长。调查区域内有5个植被型,12个群系和29个群丛,河岸带发育隐域植被类型。当地下水位≤2 m时,沼泽草甸发育;当地下水位3~6 m时,以芦苇、赖草和骆驼蓬为建群种的盐化草甸发育;地下水位≤14 m时,则柽柳灌丛繁茂。石羊河的径流量丰欠影响河岸带地下水位变化,河岸带植被组成、结构和分布响应地下水位埋深。
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鄂尔多斯高原西部阿拉巴斯山地区第三纪残遗植物避难所的自然保护问题

阿拉巴斯山地区为干旱区第三纪残遗植物的避难所,是内蒙古地区植物特有现象最明显的地区。共有维管植物251种。地带性植被为草原化荒漠,主要群落类型为四合木荒漠、半日花荒漠、绵刺荒漠、沙冬青荒漠等荒漠群系。以戈壁种和东阿拉善种为主的荒漠成分构成了本地区植物区系的主体。古老残遗种及特有种在植物区系和植被组成中均起主导作用。但是这块宝地目前面临严重破坏,应该尽快成立阿拉巴斯第三纪残遗植物保护区。