中国东南部丘陵红壤地区的土地可持续利用

In the present work,an integrated analysis of natural and socio-economic conditions in the hilly red soil region of southeastern China is made by means of a Geographic Information System.Particular emphasis lies on soil degradation and other adverse ecological and environmental effects of the prevalent and irrational land-use systems of mono-and valley-agriculture in the region.Moreover,taking into account the simultaneous existence of enormous potentials and serious constraints and the high diversity and complexity of the biophysical and socio-economic environments,a set of strategies and countermeasures are also proposed for appropriate management of environmental resources,in terms of maintaining harmony between utilization and coservation of the natural environment,including 1) adjustment of the agricultural structure and optimization of ecological patterns of stereo-agriculture;2) improvement and integrated exploitation of the low-yield lands and wastelands;3) ehabilitation and conservation of soil and water resources;and 4) establishment of production bases of tropical and subtropical cash crops and fruits.     

Preface: Special issue on soil ecology and sustainability for celebrating the 70th anniversary of ISSCAS

<正>The Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISSAS) was founded in 1953. The institute aims to solve the problems of agricultural development, ecological conservation, and environmental protection and to promote the development of soil science.China’s arable land is facing dual pressure of construction occupation and ecological degradation. This is because the rapid urbanization and industrialization continue to occupy high-quality arable land and the quality of complemen...     

乡镇企业废水的综合再利用计划和湿地战略: 实例研究

A waste water reuse engineering was designed and then operated in Hongshan,a small town in Zhejiang Province,China,in order to solve pollution and shortage of water resources due to the development of rural enterprises.The results showed that series-structure design and cycling model were two effective modes of saving water and decreasing pollutants into environment,and wetland strategy should be a component part of the integrated planning for waste water reuse of rural enterprises.This case study could provide a basis for the optimum utilization and pollution avoidance of water resources.     

华北地区水安全问题的研究与展望

This paper addresses the emergence of water security problems in North China with the aim of highlighting key water resources management and water security issues for the long-term development of North China. Three key problems related to water resources and security issues in North China in the 21st century are addressed, namely 1) the water cycle under environmental change, 2) agricultural water saving, and 3) water security. Development of international research related to these issues is also reviewed. The research plan developed recently by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is discussed and suggestions on research and development of water resources science in North China are presented. Thanks to focus on experimental catchments and dedicated research stations, a detailed knowledge of the water cycle on North China farmland has been compiled. A range of techniques that include isotope tracers has been used to acquire hydrologic data. Much research has been devoted to developing distributed hydrological models at different scales. In the well irrigation district, five different water saving irrigation regimes have been investigated, and these regimes have had widespread application, and reduced water use 60-150 mm while they increased water use efficiency (WUE) by 20%-30%. Furthermore, preventing water pollution is the most essential step to ensure North China's water security.     

一个用于分析土地覆被变化对径流机制影响的分布式月水量平衡模型

The Miyun Reservoir is the most important water source for Beijing Municipality, the capital of China with a population of more than 12 million. In recent decades, the inflow to the reservoir has shown a decreasing trend, which has seriously threatened water use in Beijing. In order to analyze the influents of land use and cover change （LUCC） upon inflow to Miyun Reservoir, terrain and land use information from remote sensing were utilized with a revised evapotranspiration estimation formula; a water loss model under conditions of human impacts was introduced; and a distributed monthly water balance model was established and applied to the Chaobai River Basin controlled by the Miyun Reservoir. The model simulation suggested that not only the impact of land cover change on evapotranspiration, but also the extra water loss caused by human activities, such as the water and soil conservation development projects should be considered. Although these development projects were of great benefit to human and ecological protection, they could reallocate water resources in time and space, and in a sense thereby influence the stream flow.     

阿特拉津在土壤, 矿物质及堆肥中的吸附, 运输和转化

Atrazine is a widely used herbicide for controlling weeds on both agricultural and nonagricultural land,which is equally detected in water supplies beyond safe concentrations.Although the presence of atrazine metabolites is an indication of herbicide degradation,some of them still exhibit toxicity,greater water solubility and weaker interaction with soil components than atrazine.Hence,studies with atrazine in the environment are of interest because of its potential to contaminate drinking water sources.Data on atrazine availability for transport,plant uptake,and microbial degradation and mineralization are therefore required to perform more comprehensive and realistic environmental risk assessments of its environmental fate.This review presents an account of the sorption-desorption phenomenon of atrazine on soil and other sorbents by revisiting the several mechanisms of atrazine-sorbent binding reported in the literature.The retention and transport of atrazine in soils;the influence of organic matter on atrazine sorption;the interactions of atrazine with humic substances,atrazine uptake by plants,atrazine bioccumulation and microbial degradation;atrazine transformation in composting environments;and finally atrazine removal by biosorption are discussed.     

厦门市土地利用变化的时空格局及驱动力

Using Landsat TM data of 1988, 1998 and 2001, the dynamic process of the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use changes during 13 years from 1988 to 2001 in the special economic zone of Xiamen, China was analyzed to improve understanding and to find the driving forces of land use change so that sustainable land utilization could be practiced. During the 13 years cropland decreased remarkably by nearly 11 304.95 ha. The areas of rural-urban construction and water body increased by 10 152.24 ha and 848.94 ha, respectively. From 1988 to 2001, 52.5% of the lost cropland was converted into rural-urban industrial land. Rapid urbanization contributed to a great change in the rate of cropland land use during these years. Land-reclamation also contributed to a decrease in water body area as well as marine ecological and environmental destruction. In the study area 1） urbanization and industrialization, 2） infrastructure and agricultural intensification, 3） increased affluence of the farming community, and 4） policy factors have driven the land use changes. Possible sustainable land use measures included construction of a land management system, land planning, development of potential land resources, new technology applications, and marine ecological and environmental protection.     

Water Security Problem in North China： Research and Perspective

This paper addresses the emergence of water security problems in North China with the aim of highlighting key water resources management and water security issues for the long-term development of North China. Three key problems related to water resources and security issues in North China in the 21st century are addressed, namely 1） the water cycle under environmental change, 2） agricultural water saving, and 3） water security. Development of international research related to these issues is also reviewed. The research plan developed recently by the Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） is discussed and suggestions on research and development of water resources science in North China are presented. Thanks to focus on experimental catchments and dedicated research stations, a detailed knowledge of the water cycle on North China farmland has been compiled. A range of techniques that include isotope tracers has been used to acquire hydrologic data. Much research has been devoted to developing distributed hydrological models at different scales. In the well irrigation district, five different water saving irrigation regimes have been investigated, and these regimes have had widespread application, and reduced water use 60-150 mm while they increased water use efficiency （WUE） by 20%-30%. Furthermore, preventing water pollution is the most essential step to ensure North China＇s water security.     

控制中国非点源污染的生物经济学战略

While non-point pollution from agriculture has become an increasingly serious problem in China, some progress has been made in studying the causal biophysical processes. However, few studies have assessed the economic consequences of non-point pollution in China or the policy options that could be employed to combat it. In this work a sustainable strategy to control non-point pollution from crop production, which involved taxing excessive inputs of irrigation water and fertilizer, was proposed. The approach taken to assess these measures combined biophysical and economic models,having a trade-off between economic returns and an improved environment. A proven and practical spatially referenced water and nutrient management model was used to determine the quantities of excessive irrigation water and fertilizer for specific soil and land use. Also, a set of indicators were proposed for evaluating the effects of agricultural economic output and agricultural practices on the environment.     

土壤中氯苯类化合物的归趋过程及潜在修复策略研究进展

Chlorobenzenes (CBs) are a group of organic pollutants that pose a high environmental risk due to their toxicity,persistence and possible transfer in the food chain.Available data in literature show that CBs are detected in different environmental compartments such as soil,water,air and sediment.The widespread presence of CBs in the environment is related to their former extensive use in agriculture and industry.Some CBs are ranked in the list of priority pollutants by the Stockholm Convention,and their reduction or elimination from the environment is therefore of high importance.Environmental risk assessment of CBs requires knowledge on the role and importance of the main environmental fate processes,especially in soil.Furthermore,development of remediation strategies for reduction or elimination of CBs from the environment is related to the enhancement of fate processes that increase their dissipation in various environmental compartments.The main objectives of the current review were to present up-to-date data on fate processes of CBs in the soil environment and to explore possible remediation strategies for soils contaminated with CBs.Dechlorination of highly-chlorinated benzenes is the main degradation pathway under anaerobic conditions,leading to the formation of lower-chlorinated benzenes.Biodegradation of lower-chlorinated benzenes is well documented,especially by strains of adapted or specialized microorganisms.Development of techniques that combine dechlorination of highly-chlorinated benzenes with biodegradation or biomineralization of lower-chlorinated benzenes can result in useful tools for remediation of soils contaminated with CBs.In addition,immobilization of CBs in soil by use of different amendments is a useful method for reducing the environmental risk of CBs.     

西南岩溶地区地下水污染及防治途径

岩溶地下水资源是西南岩溶山区最重要的生活生产用水来源,也是西南岩溶地区实现社会经济与生态建设全面可持续发展的重要保障。在分析西南岩溶山区地下水资源开发利用状况的基础上,对西南岩溶地区地下水污染现状及特点进行了调查分析。结果显示,西南岩溶地区地下水污染源主要来自城市经济活动、工矿开采及"三废"排放、农业生产面源污染、农村生活垃圾污染4个方面。提出了加强岩溶地区地下水调查及定位监测;加强水环境保护的宣传教育,提高村民水环境保护意识;调整产业结构,推进农村垃圾集中处理;发展有机生态农业;推进农村生态环境综合治理及地下水污染治理技术攻关等相应的防治与调控对策,认为防治岩溶地下水污染的关键在于预防。     

洞庭湖区堤垸耕地资源可持续性及其保护对策

从洞庭湖区堤垸人口、耕地资源时空特点入手,分析了堤垸耕地资源形成、发展变化趋势,耕地利用现状。洞庭湖区堤垸在“平垸行洪、退田还湖”的生态恢复建设和经济发展中,面临着人口不断增加,人均耕地减少;土地污染严重,耕地质量下降等问题。针对湖区社会、生态协调持续发展的原则,提出了6条堤垸耕地资源可持续性及其保护对策。(1)调整农业布局与种植制度,使耕地利用制度逐渐和耕地资源变化特点相吻合,保持耕地生态环境及其持续性。(2)据堤垸生态环境条件,采用避灾农业。(3)将水利基础设施建设列为国家保护农业生态环境重要内容之一。(4)加强对农业建设占用耕地的审批与管理。(5)加强环保意识,提高耕地质量。(6)积极推广节水灌溉技术。     

基于MODIS遥感数据和GIS的山东省生态环境状况评价

本文利用山东省MODIS遥感影像,以监督分类方法进行了土地利用／覆被分类,通过GIS的空间分析功能提取出生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、水网密度指数、土地退化指数、环境质量指数等评价信息,利用构建的生态环境状况指数（EI）模型,进行了山东省生态环境状况的评价。研究结果表明,山东省生态环境状况整体较好,优、良面积占总面积的61．1％,但同时存在环境污染、土地退化、水资源短缺等问题,生态环境较差、差的面积占16．2％。该研究探索了MODIS数据和GIS技术相结合的生态环境状况评价方法,对区域生态环境的保护和改善具有积极意义。     

生猪养殖格局变化中的环境风险与防范

养殖业是中国农业农村经济的支柱产业,也是最重要的农业污染源。在环保政策高压和产业政策引导下,中国南方传统养猪大省生猪出栏减量较大,北方逐步承接,形成“南猪北养”之势。“南猪北养”是中国农业整体北移的一个缩影,同时在饲料供给、资源环境禀赋等方面有其合理性。但同时也必须认识到,“南猪北养”格局形成的同时也存在着巨大的环境风险。本研究基于此,分析了现有生猪养殖布局调整可能会带来的潜在环境风险以及由此导致的环境不公正。一是北方地区的气候条件和耕作制度不利于养殖粪便的资源化;二是对北方水资源供给和水环境质量带来较大的潜在风险;三是养殖转移后有可能导致部分区域养殖密度过大,超出土地承载,对局部生态环境造成威胁。因此,为了避免以牺牲东北的冰天雪地为代价保护南方的绿水青山,应当建立和完善跨区域的生态补偿机制,降低南北资源环境的不公平程度;合理利用养殖区域空间,科学布局,避免局部养殖过密;落实和创设种养结合的约束和激励政策;严格落实对承接区养殖场的环保要求,并在此基础上创新污染减排方式。     

北方土石山区生态修复与水源涵养研究进展与展望

生态文明建设与生态环境保护是人与自然和谐相处与和谐共生的必然要求,是实现经济社会可持续发展和人民群众对美好生态环境的现实需要、建设美丽中国的实际需要。针对太行山区生态系统严重退化、环境容量与承载力低下、基础设施薄弱、自然条件与资源禀赋较差、贫困程度较深等问题,中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心从20世纪80年代开始在太行山中段东坡的低山丘陵区进行生态修复与可持续发展的研究,通过30年的研究实践,提出并建立了较为完整的北方土石山区生态修复治理体系,为山区生态文明建设和生态环境保护,以及扶贫攻坚和社会经济可持续发展提供了经验与示范。本文通过30年研究历程回顾、研究与展望,总结了土石山区生态修复与水源涵养的进展与展望。太行山林业生态工程建设主要经历了3个阶段:一是研究初始阶段(1986—1996年),确定了退化山地生态系统恢复的途径与技术理论,建立了以水土富集为中心的林业生态工程。二是提升发展阶段(1997—2007年),这一阶段主要是研究了影响退化山地生态系统恢复与重建的关键因子与影响机制,并提出了有效的技术措施与解决方案。具体说来,在径流林业研究方面,研制出了太行山水土富集工程带间距计算公式;在降水资源转化与水分运移规律研究方面,明晰了岩土二元结构体的降水-土壤水-裂隙水的基本补给路径,揭示了岩土界面"优先流"与裂隙网络"优先流"的运行转化规律,阐明了浅层风化裂隙岩体渗流的动态变化特征及对植被耗水过程的响应关系;在降水资源调控利用研究方面,研制出了生物集雨新材料、营养调理剂和生物集雨面建造施工工艺。三是全面创新阶段(2008年—),重点探讨了山区生态产业开发与区域可持续发展问题,研发了经济林土壤扩蓄增容技术、石质山地困难立地造林技术、经济林生态隔离带调控技术、京津风沙源治理工程区沙产业开发技术,以及林下经济、循环经济、生态旅游等生态产业化技术体系。下一步将在目前研究的基础上,向人口密度较大、人类活动频繁的雄安新区上游山区扩展,重点开展以国土绿化、景观建设、水源涵养、水土流失治理、污染防治为主要内容的山水林田湖草一体化生态环境与气候变化监测,研究现代干扰条件下山地灌丛生态系统向森林生态系统的演替过程及主要驱动因素,山地水旱灾害形成机制、降水资源调控与水源涵养,以及以产业生态化和生态产业化为主体的山地生态经济体系,为构建结构稳定、功能完善的京津冀生态环境支撑体系与水源涵养功能体系提供科学依据和技术支撑,为山地生态系统经营管理,实现其生产、生态功能和系统稳定性提供科学参考。     

资源型城市土地利用变化及生态环境效应研究——以白银市区为例

资源型城市因“矿竭城衰”实施的产业转型可影响土地利用变化和生态环境状况,协调土地利用与生态环境的发展关系对改变传统的城市土地利用模式,促进人与自然和谐发展具有重要意义。基于ENVI软件,选取资源型城市白银市区1990年、2000年和2011年3期Landsat TM影像为主要数据源,运用土地利用动态度模型、动态转移矩阵、区域生态环境质量指数模型和区域生态环境质量贡献指数模型,定量分析了研究区域的土地利用变化特征及其生态环境效应。结果表明,21 a期间,白银市区建设用地面积一直增长趋势,耕地面积先增后减,未利用地面积一直呈减少趋势,林地、草地、水体基数小,面积变化总量不大;从整体来看,白银市区生态环境质量指数从1990年的0.087上升到2011年的0.126,生态环境质量朝着健康方向发展;耕地和未利用地对白银市区生态环境质量改善的贡献率最高,林地和水体对白银市区生态环境质量退化的贡献率最高;耕地、未利用地、林地、水体是影响区域生态环境变化的重要因素,其中耕地是主导因素。     

亚热带典型地区土地退化对生态环境的影响——以江西兴国县为例

土地退化不仅是当前全球重大的环境问题之一,而且是重大经济和社会问题之一。以兴国县的实地调研为依据,简述了兴国县的土地退化状况,分析了土地退化的原因和过程,论述土地退化对生态环境的影响,提出了土地退化调控对策。     

塔里木河流域的环境治理与水土保持生态建设

分析塔里木河流域生态环境的演变过程 ,可以看出在历史时期 ,特别是近 5 0年来的水土资源开发 ,使流域上、下游维护生态环境的水分条件失调 ,植被退化和沙漠化急剧发展 ,已威胁到塔里木盆地社会、经济的可持续发展。为此 ,实施塔里木河流域环境综合治理既迫切又及时 ,采取“治理上游、改造中游、拯救下游”的工程措施 ,可起到调控流域水资源分配 ,改善河流沿岸荒漠林 ,保障输送一定水量恢复下游生态的控制作用 ;但还必需采取整个流域为单元的水土保持的一系列根本措施 ,进行生态建设 ,使流域上下游协调发展 ,才能有效遏制住环境退化。根据塔河实际 ,还提出了近期做好水土保持工作的几点建议     

农用地土壤重金属超标评价与安全利用分区

土地资源是大自然馈赠给人类的独特珍品,承载万物。开展区域农用地土壤重金属超标评价与安全利用分区、分类利用管控,促进区域土地资源合理、高效利用是新常态下耕地保护的基本要求。该文分不同p H值区间、8种不同地类,基于现行土壤环境质量评价和食品安全评价的众多标准集成土壤环境质量现状评价标准,以江苏省某市为例,运用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和潜在生态危害指数法开展土壤重金属超标评价,进而提出了安全利用等级划分方案和分区、分类利用与管理的管控策略。结果表明:将研究区农用地分为安全、基本安全、低风险、中风险和高风险5种综合分区,分别采取优先保护、综合监控、预警防控和限制利用等措施,以精细化管理思想为出发点,从源头控制、农艺措施调控、种植作物调整、地类转换以及土壤修复、综合整治等方面提出了各综合分区的安全利用管控策略。因此,开展区域农用地土壤重金属超标评价与安全利用分区研究为确保土地资源合理利用保护耕地提供了重要思路。     

河西走廊生态环境治理与保护

针对河西走廊地区目前存在的生态环境恶化现象,重点阐述并分析了土壤盐渍化、土地沙化、荒漠化以及沙尘暴等问题,并在此基础上提出了合理利用水资源、提高生态工程质量、加强自然环境保护及协调人与环境的关系等几项保护与改善措施。