一种高效收集蜜蜂血淋巴的新方法

<正>昆虫血淋巴是血细胞、间质液和血浆的混合物,为昆虫新陈代谢中物质交换与储存的场所,在免疫、创伤愈合、防御等方面有着重要作用。血淋巴已成为昆虫免疫学研究中较为关键的生物材料之一。目前,蜜蜂血淋巴收集方法主要包括背血管取血法、压榨或离心法、穿刺法、切割法、剪开法等,但这些方法往往操作复杂、耗时长、容易收集获得受到污染或带有杂质的血淋巴。     

一种快捷安全的动物病理组织石蜡切片制作技术

为探索一种快捷、安全、实用的病理切片制作技术,本试验在传统石蜡切片制作技术的基础上,通过技术改良与创新,发现了一种快捷安全的病理切片制作方法。试验结果表明,运用这种方法制作病理切片不仅简单快捷,而且制得的病理切片质量高,H.E.染色细胞着色良好,镜下观察细胞结构清晰,胞质与胞核对比鲜明;本方法兼具冰冻切片和石蜡切片二者的优点。     

A graphic method for the statistical evaluation of metabolic tests]

A graphical method was developed for the statistical evaluation of the results of metabolic tests; this method affords evaluation with due respect to the variance of characters in selected sets and the size of the tested group of animals. In principle, the method is based on the determination of the arithmetical mean and a 95% confidence interval of the selective mean of the values for each parameter of biochemism in each group of animals; these values are then expressed as per cent with regard to a mean reference value. Graphical comparison is enabled for both score and interval estimation of the distribution of a character in the studied group of animals, with a reference interval and reference mean.     

Clearing and staining small vertebrates for demonstrating ossification of the skeletal system using the KOH and glycerine clearing method

Preparing articulated skeletons of small vertebrates is extremely difficult due to the presence of vast amounts of cartilage and/or the extremely small size of skeletal components. Clearing the tissues surrounding small skeletons and staining the bones in toto reveals the skeletal system without the risk of displacing the bony components. The specimens are first fixed and bleached which renders the tissues preserved and transparent. These specimens may then be exposed to alizarin red S which stains bone a pink to red colour making them visible through the transparent soft tissues. Toluidine blue may also be used to stain cartilage a blue colour. The Spalteholz staining method is cited, though the focus will be on the KOH and glycerine clearing method for macroscopic observation.     

饲料中粗脂肪的快速测定

脂肪是饲料产品、饲料原料中的重要质量指标之一，是畜禽的主要营养成分。脂肪含量的多少也是衡量产品质量合格与否的指标。因此，快速、准确测定出饲料中脂肪含量，对于鉴别饲料产品的质量，合理调配饲料组分具有重要作用。饲料中的脂肪含量一般以粗脂肪表示。目前粗脂肪的测定主要有索氏提取法、酸水解法、碱水解法、残余法等，但国内外对于饲料中脂肪的测定主要采用索氏提取法，此法是经典的粗脂肪测定方法，测定结果准确、可靠，但此方法的测定时间较长，一般完成一个样品的测定至少需２d才能完成。本文介绍一种以索氏提取法为原理设计…     

Treatment of vertebrates according to Section 4 of the Animal Welfare Act]

Relating to Section 4 of the Animal Protection Act "Operations on animals", general principles and arguments of the animal protection law are demonstrated; questions about painfulness and necessity of operations on vertebrates are discussed considering the recent states of knowledge and practice. Problems mainly relate to the sensation of pain in juvenile animals during operations without anaesthesia, and to castration and amputation (tails, horns, beaks, combs/wattles, teeth) as well as to destruction or removal of tissues (notching or perforation of ears) in various animal species. Finally, it is recommended to question the indispensability of operations both continuously and more frequently, and to anaesthetize young animals for specified operations despite the legal possibility to dispense from anaesthesia.     

A new method of therapy for branchiobdellosis in crayfish]

Crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis Fabricius, 1793) were treated three times with a bath of diluted ammonia water and proflavine for four and six minutes at a temperature of 18 degrees C to get rid of the ectoparasitic worms of Branchiobdella parasita Henle, 1835; the hatching ability of the Branchiobdella parasita eggs was stopped after the treatment. No lethal effect of the bath on the crayfish of 5 to 14 cm was observed, the lethal effect on the young crayfish borne on the uropods of the female crayfish cannot be eliminated: during the baths the young crayfish died (the death rate was approximately 6% of the average fertility of crayfish); the young crayfish may have been damaged during the treatment operations with the crayfish. The bath of diluted ammonia water and proflavine may be recommended for the treatment of branchiobdellosis in crayfish to be planted, or after several-hour storage of crayfish supplied to the market. One replication of the above cycle is sufficient according to the results obtained. The ammonia content in the ammonia water depends also on the duration of storage and on the storage temperature--it can drop during the storage. Therefore the ammonia water should be used as soon as possible after the despatchment from the place of production; the ammonia content should be determined by means of titration before preparing the bath, and according to this content the dilution ratio should be adjusted.     

A simple epidemiological method for animal trypanosomiasis to provide relevant data for effective financial decision-making

The epidemiology of bovine trypanosomiasis on Galana Ranch, Kenya was studied for one year (July 1980–June 1981), using measurements from an experimental population of 3 types of Boran cattle. The results were applied to the estimated ranch population at risk, and an attempt was made to measure the potential economic loss due to trypanosomiasis.

The potential losses in beef production due to trypanosomiasis in the ranch population at risk at Galana were estimated at around K.Shs. 8900/km², when the stocking rate was 14.2 Tropical Livestock Units per km². The estimated potential loss in the total population at risk was approximately K.Shs. 5 million (arround US$ 700 000 at 1981 values). These losses can be minimised by good management techniques based on accurate epidemiological information.

Results indicate that Orma-type Boran steers are more resistant to trypanosomiasis than Galana-type Boran steers. Although both types showed similar mortality rates, untreated Orma animals which survived showed a similar growth performance to animals maintained under 3-month Samorin prophylaxis. Untreated Galana Borans lost 14% of their body weight when compared with animals maintained under 3-month Samorin. Also, 305 of the untreated Orma Borans never showed typpanosomes in their blood over the study period, while all corresponding Galana Borans showed parasites; this resulted in a lower measured attact rate in Orma cattle.

In 1982, a combination of treating only those animals under trypanosome attack, relating the timing of chemotherapy to measured increased trypanosome attack, and the increased utilisation of the trypano-tolerant Orma Borans resulted in an annual saving of aroung US$ 110 000 in control costs and an increased land usage of approximately 5%.     

蜂胶总黄酮含量快速测定方法

利用微波技术加速蜂胶中黄酮类物质的浸出速度,从而达到快速检测的目的。实验表明,这种方法操作简便,稳定性好,重复性高。可以作为对蜂胶原料及其产品质量的检测方法。     

A screening method for simultaneous immunochemical detection of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in cereals and feed]

An immunochemical method was proposed for simultaneous determination of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A with the use of mixed solutions of the following reagents: standards of both mycotoxins, antiserums against the mycotoxins, and radioligands of 125I-aflatoxin B1 and 125I-ochratoxin A. The result of the analytical procedure is the value of concentration of the aflatoxin + ochratoxin A sum in the sample. The procedure needs half the amount of reagents as separate determination of each of the two mycotoxin, and is far less laborious. The proposed simultaneous immunoanalysis is suitable for large-are inspection of grain and feed safety from the viewpoint of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A levels.     

Fetal maceration and retention of fetal bones in a mare

A 19-year-old Quarter Horse mare was evaluated because of bloody vaginal discharge that was apparent immediately following breeding. On transrectal ultrasonography, it was evident that the uterus was filled with fluid containing echogenic particles; linear hyperechoic structures were also visible. Endoscopy was performed, which revealed a number of bones adhered to the cranial wall and floor of the right uterine horn as well as purulent fluid in both uterine horns. Bacterial endometritis and fetal maceration were diagnosed. The mare was treated with antibiotics, and the fetal bones were manually removed from the uterus. Fetal maceration with intrauterine retention of bones is rare in mares. Use of hysteroscopy supplements ultrasonography in the diagnosis of uncommon conditions of the uterus. Macerated bones may be adhered to the endometrium, thereby requiring manual removal.     

Evolutionary innovations of the vertebrates

This review concentrates on the greatest anatomical and morphological evolutionary innovations of the vertebrates. During evolution, many new species of vertebrates evolved and underwent modifications by developing new forms, structures and functions of tissues and organ systems. Evolutionary development of the chordates and vertebrates is herein examined in terms of innovations in their organ systems and organismal complexity. Phases during chordate and vertebrate evolutionary history with unusually high rates of increase in morphological complexity are discussed. These increases in complexity in particular chordates and vertebrates coincided with a likely genome duplication event, which resulted in a large increase in genome size and gene number in early vertebrates, and might indicate an increase in complexity. The Hox and Pax gene families are also discussed because both illustrate the relationships between organismal and molecular complexity. Most unique innovations of vertebrates caused major changes in their organismal complexity, and these changes provided new options for future evolutionary development.     

Determination of the effective concentration of Jodonal a for the disinfection of the skin and teats after milking]

The bactericidal effectivity of Jodonal A in 1:10, 1:5, and 1:3 solutions was tested on human skin and on the teats of cow mammary glands. The 1:3 dilution ratio proved best for three-minute exposure. Jodonal A used in this concentration in 522 cows for the post-milking disinfection of teats for 10 months exerted no harmful effect on the skin of the mammary glands.     

A simple, rapid, and effective method for the extraction of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis DNA from fecal samples for polymerase chain reaction.

Diagnosis of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is stymied by the lack of 1 diagnostic tool that can be used to detect both subclinically and clinically infected animals. At present, fecal culture remains the single diagnostic test that can detect infection in both disease states provided the animals actively shed Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in their feces. Yet, fecal culture has a disadvantage associated with the protracted incubation period of 8-16 weeks before results are available. Detection of nucleic acids specific to M. paratuberculosis in fecal samples is a technique that can circumvent the culture method. This study describes a rapid, simple, and effective method to extract DNA from fecal samples and modification of a polymerase chain reaction assay for optimal sensitivity of detection. An evaluation of 1,000 well-characterized fecal samples was performed by the Colorado Department of Agriculture (Denver, CO) and the National Animal Disease Center (Ames, IA) to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the new method. Results from this study show that the sensitivity of detection was highly dependent on the load of bacteria in the fecal sample with 81% detection of samples containing >70 colony-forming units (cfu)/g of feces and a 45% detection rate for samples containing less than 1 cfu/g. Similarly, reproducibility of the technique between the 2 laboratories (n = 250 samples) was much higher (75%) for the fecal samples containing high levels of M. paratuberculosis and reduced to 25% for samples with less than 1 cfu/g. An overall specificity of 83% was obtained for known negative samples. The method described here is rapid, simple, and inexpensive compared with other techniques. In addition, this method can detect animals that are shedding less than 1 cfu/g.