Water Supply Sources and Mode of Water Supply System for Small Towns in China

A number of problems exist in water supply to Chinese small towns. Among them, the most significant problems are the scarcity of water source and irregularity of water supply system construction. Criteria for routine water sources are established based on the analysis of present characteristics and problems of water supplying in different areas in China, recommending that water source with onsite characteristics and non-traditional features act as water supply sources or backup sources. Karst water, rainwater catchment utilization, and municipal wastewater reuse are singled out as promising ways for water supply in the future. Then different water supply systems are classified for various types of towns to employ. Finally, framework for regional water supply is advised strongly for the three types of small towns with the consideration of respective economic level. Thus, feasible, stable, effective and cost-saving water supply systems are setting up for decision making.     

Discussion on Some Problems Concerning the Building Hot Water Supply System

The problems concerning the patterns of hot water supply and heating equipment, hot water storage equipment volume, water quality and pipe material were studied in this paper. Then, on this basis, the solution for optimizing building hot water supply system was proposed.     

Problems and Countermeasures of Water Supply System in Small Towns

Water supply in small towns is one of the important components of the small towns' economy and society development.Based on the actual condition of water supply system,this paper analyzes the problems existed in water supply system of small towns,such as gradually polluted sources,imperfect water supply facilities,smaller scales,unreasonable quantity and so on.In addition,the corresponding measures are put forward to guarantee water supply system develop speed in small towns.Those countermeasures are launching sources protection work to guarantee the drinking water safety according to the character of the small town,then adopts reasonable water supply style,chooses economy water processing method,optimizes water network system construction;selects reasonable quantity consumption quota,and carries out gradually the regional water supply mode in conditional small towns.     

Design of Information Terminal in the Water Supply Industry

A information terminal is designed , which is applied to administration and service management in the water supply industry of city. The situation of administration, service management and demand of reform about tradition technology are researched. Combining the advantages of information-processing and movable operation of the pocket PC, a communication model of terminal which can collect data in the field and a processing software are developed . It has the characteristics such as acquisitioning data , service , management, movable operation to traditional water meters, smart card water meters and remote water meters. It has been applied to housing estate and water supply industry at present ,with the widely used ,it improves the situation of management in the water supply .     

The Energy Saving Design of Domestic Water Supply for a Residential Quarter of High-rise Buildings

The schemes of domestic water supply for a residential quarter of high-rise building are introduced.The energy consumptions of water supply schemes selected are compared and analyzed.The energy saving of the water supply schemes with water tank and variable velocity variable frequency pump are obtained.And demonstrated the domestic water supply system of combination the roof water tank and variable velocity variable frequency pump is good at energy saving.Furthermore,by the comparison of the investment and cost of these schemes in their lives,the best choice of domestic water supply system is gained.     

Investigation on Ecological Design of Water Supply and Drainage of Residential Zone in Chongqing

In this paper, the correlative factor of ecological sub-zone, especially the correlative requirement of water use is studied. The role of the specialty of water supply and drainage in an ecological sub-zone is defined. In the light of the knowledge of water supply and drainage specialty, a new design idea for design of outside drainage network in living sub-zone is introduced. There are a lot of suitable conditions of such design to meet the water demands of ecological sub-zone in Chongqing.     

Design of Information System for City Water Supply Pipeline Net

As information base of city water supply pipeline net inspection system, this paper gives the data composition of the system, discusses the basic composition and its setup way, as well as the application of GIS in this information system. It gives the connection function and analyzes the data gathering and data interface. Then, the proposition of system application and some key technology for development of this system are presented.     

An Elementary Introduction to Development of Water Supply Networks Technical Administration Files

Through analyzing the present conditions of technical administration files for water supply networks, this paper points out the significance and urgency for exploiting advanced information system for water supply networks. It also gives some suggestions for the exploitation of the system.     

Recent Problems and Countermeasures of UrbanWater Supply in China

A brief introduction to the urban water supply in China is given and it is compared with that in developed countries in the field of water quality, water quantity and water treatment process. Some suggestions, which are helpful to improve the water quality and protect water resource, are presented.     

Supplying the City of Shenzhen, P. R. China with Water of Differing Quality

The pattern of supplying water of differing quality using sewage recycling,and its implementation as a strategy,are discussed through an analysis of the water shortage situation in the city of Shenzhen,P.R.China. Supplying Shenzhen with water of varying quality is proposed as a concept.The necessity and feasibility of such a water supply pattern are expounded.The pattern of water supply in Shenzhen city consists of a main water supply system and non-potable water supply system with sewage recycling.In addition,the proposal also includes using seawater and rainwater.The non-potable water supply system with sewage recycling would be used primarily in large industrial parks outside the special economic zone and in other areas around the parks.Supplying Shenzhen with water of differing qualities embodies the concepts of sewage reused as a resource and of the recycling economy.This proposal also satisfies the requirement for urban sustainable development.     

乌兰布和沙区不同供水量下杨树林地土壤水分和温度效应研究

为了提高干旱区水资源利用率,确定沙区杨树人工速生林的合理供水量,实现杨树人工林的科学化管控目标,通过4年定位观测试验,研究了乌兰布和沙区‘小美旱杨’林地不同年供水量(1500、3000、4500、6000、7500 m3/hm2)下的土壤水分和温度效应。结果表明,不同供水量对土壤的增湿效应存在差异。各土层、各月土壤含水量均随供水量的增加而增加;最大年供水量的土壤含水量峰值出现在7月,而其他的出现在6月;‘小美旱杨’速生丰产的年供水量阈值为7500 m3/hm2,它能使剖面土壤水分补给层达70 cm以上,且补给层以及6-9月高温时期的土壤含水量均保持在20%以上;供水量越大,土壤含水量随树龄增加而降幅越大。年供水量每增加1500 m3/hm2可提高土壤贮水量4.69%~7.43%,增加土壤有效含水量1.42%~15.5%;供水量对田间持水量影响不明显;随供水量的增加,土壤水分亏缺明显趋于平缓,土壤温度递减,在同一土层内下降1.66~3.26℃,沿剖面向下降低8.64~9.66℃。最小和最大供水量应分别在4月低温期和7月高温期进行,以满足林木生长的水分和温度之需。     

Discussion on Interactive Method for CAD Drawing andCalculation in Building Water Supply and Drainage Design

According to the features of CAD for building water supply and drainage design,the interactive method for CAD calculation and drawing in building water supply and drainage engineering are discussed . A practical example of ADS for hydraulic calculation has been given in this paper .     

不同供肥条件下水分分配对旱地玉米产量的影响

以盆栽试验和田间试验研究了不同供肥条件下不同生育期水分状况对玉米产量的影响。结果表明，任何生育期的土壤干旱胁迫均会导致玉米减产，肥料供应充足时减产幅度较小；干旱胁迫越严重，肥料的这一作用越显著。无论正常供肥还是低肥，玉米对抽雄期土壤水分最敏感，防止这一时期干旱胁迫对保证玉米产量具有重要意义。拔节期是旱地玉米有限灌溉的另一个关键时期，水分的增产潜力很大，低肥时增加拔节期土壤水分供应效果更显著。玉米苗期并不耐旱，尤其是低肥时苗期干旱显著影响玉米的籽粒产量。在相对含水量45%~90%范围内，玉米产量随土壤含水量的增加而增加，但增加幅度与肥料供应和生育期有关。玉米获得最高产量的土壤水分条件与肥料供应密切相关，与正常供肥相比，低肥时所需土壤含水量较低。玉米增产的肥效大于水效，产量随肥料投入的增加显著提高，水分胁迫条件下增加肥料供应同样具有增产作用。肥料供应不足时水分的增产作用会受到限制。在现有的水资源条件下，提高肥料供应水平是旱地玉米增产的主要途径。     

玉米根系分区交替供应水氮的效应与高效利用机理

用营养液培养进行玉米根系分区交替供应水氮的模拟实验,在不同时间测定了玉米各1/2根系的根系活力和根分泌物、根系和地上部干重及其含氮量。结果表明,处理1 d、3 d、5 d时,半边根系充分供应水分和（或）氮素,供应边根系活力显著大于胁迫边和对照;处理6 d时,半边供氮的根系分泌草酸显著增多,半边根系供水和半边根系供     

Water Supply and Drainage Design of Residential Building

This paper sums up the current situation of water supply and drainage designs of residential building. In accordance with the owner's demands, the problems related to the installation of water meter and water heater, the layout of pipeline, selection of pipe material and engineering measures are discussed respectively. It also points out some problems existed and inquires into the water system design for residential houses in the future.     

Pressure-Dependent Analysis of Water Supply Network Damaged by Earthquake Based on Emitter Model

When the water supply network suffered earthquake damages, pipeline leaks and bursts may occur. In the period in post-earthquake emergency rescue and repair, the network is supplying water with additional outflow of damages (leaks and breaks), which result in pressure deficient. According to the frictional head loss along the break pipeline, a model with additional emitter at the endpoint of the disconnect pipeline was proposed to simulate the break, which simplifies the modeling of breaks. The pressure-dependent demand relationship was adopted in the process of pressure-deficient hydraulic simulation to avoid node negative pressure. Meanwhile a backtracking and line search procedure was utilized to control the iteration step of pipeline network nonlinear equations, which ensure the global convergence of the hydraulic simulation. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by a case study.     

郑州市水资源承载力评价研究

为计算郑州市水资源承载力,分析水资源开发利用中存在的问题,为水资源可持续利用提出建议,选取水资源可利用量和水资源需求量作为评价指标,构建评价模型,确定评价等级体系;分析现状年（2011年）并预测目标年（2020、2030年）水资源可利用量和水资源需求量,计算郑州市各行政辖区水资源承载力。结果表明：2011年郑州市水资源均呈超载状态,水资源供需缺口达到11.33亿m³。随着水资源保护及节水措施的加强,2020—2030年郑州市水资源供需矛盾整体有所缓解。受经济社会快速发展及山地地形影响,巩义市、新密市、登封市水资源供不应求,供需矛盾近期内相对较大。     

Investigation of Cold Water System in Dry Fan-coil Unit

A study was carried out for the appropriate pattern of cold water system and the problems with which should be concerned in dry fan-coil unit air conditioning system. The methods of how to determine the supply water temperature of fan-coil unit and the cold water flow rate were also discussed.     

分层供水施磷对冬小麦产量和氮、磷、钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配的影响

研究分层供水条件下施磷对冬小麦产量和氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配的影响, 为指导旱地施磷提供一定理论和实践依据。以土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤, 进行土柱模拟试验, 研究分层供水施磷对冬小麦产量和氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配的影响。试验设不施磷和施磷于0~30 cm和 30~60 cm土层 3种处理, 每个施磷水平下设整体湿润和上干下湿 （0~30 cm土层干旱胁迫, 30~60 cm土层湿润） 2种水分处理。不同土层水磷处理显著影响冬小麦产量和磷、 氮、 钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配。结果表明, 与整体湿润处理相比, 上干下湿水分处理下冬小麦产量和籽粒氮、 磷、 钾累积量及分配率均显著增加(P＜0.05), 其他营养器官养分累积量及分配率则差异不显著。磷肥施用深度对冬小麦产量和不同器官氮、 磷、 钾养分累积量和分配率的影响与不同土层的土壤水分状况有关。整体湿润条件下, 与磷肥表施处理相比, 磷肥深施处理产量显著降低(P＜0.05), 减产 7.49%, 上干下湿水分条件下, 则相反, 增产 11.2%(P＜0.05); 整体湿润条件下, 与磷肥表施处理处理相比, 磷肥深施处理显著降低叶片+茎鞘氮、 磷、 钾累积量(P＜0.05), 对分配率的影响差异均不显著, 上干下湿水分处理下, 与磷肥表施处理相比, 磷肥深施处理籽粒氮、 磷、 钾累积量及分配率均显著增加(P＜0.05)。本模拟试验结果表明, 土壤水分供应不足时, 磷肥深施提高冬小麦籽粒氮、 磷、 钾养分累积量及分配率, 促进光合产物向穗部转移,从而有利于形成高产。     

Discussion on Water Supply Installation with One Household One Water Meter

Along with the development of commodity economy, the charge way as to record water meters in turns is no more received by the people. It is an important reform in tap water charge system to introduce "one household one water meter" supported by the people. In this paper, several methods of "one household one water meter" installation and water meter level position installation form in details are introduced.A detailed analysis on its development trends and direction is carried out and it is pointed out that the "one household one water meter" installation will develop toward exposed wall and water meter room type level position installation. Finally, the charge way of IC card (TM Card) type and tele-metering water meter computer metering will be applied. This paper analyzes the hydraulic computation of "one household one water meter" and provides the hydraulic condition of "one household one water meter" installation.