深层开挖条件下自平衡试桩法上段桩承载力损失简化计算方法

针对在深层开挖条件下进行自平衡法试桩时,通过采取有效措施消除开挖段的侧摩阻力影响后,由于深层覆土开挖卸荷导致工程桩桩周土体围压减小,从而导致荷载箱上段桩抗拔承载力降低这一问题,通过借鉴目前在抗拔桩方面已有的相关分析方法、负摩阻力、基底附加应力以及相关土力学基础理论,提出了基于Mindlin解的简化分析方法以及负摩阻力-附加应力法两种简化分析方法,并以北京某地铁车站中间柱下桩为例,分别估算深层开挖土体卸荷引起的上段桩承载力的损失值。两种方法所得出的估算值存在较大差异,对其原因进行了初步分析。两种简化分析方法的合理性及准确性还有待于进一步完善和实践验证。     

Analysis of the Total Energy and Its Influencing Factors for Seismic Structures

In this paper, the total input earthquake energy and influencing effects for shear type,shear-bending type, bending type aseismic structures of the single freedom system and multiple freedom elastic-plastic system are analyzed by synthesizing various effects and employing the timehistory analysis method. Based on the analysis results, the total input earthquake energy spectrum is presented.The simplified methods for analyzing the total input energy of multiple freedom elastic-plastic systems are proposed to provide some basis for developing aseismic structure design method and Double-Failure Criteria.     

基于LVQ神经网络森林立地类型划分研究

传统方法森林立地类型划分是通过对森林立地系统的各因子之间的关系,通过用简化、依赖和间接的数学公式来反映,结果所建立的模型分类与评价效果并不理想。为了解决传统方法的瓶颈,笔者利用LVQ神经网络建模理念,尝试探讨一套新的立地分类方法。结果表明,LVQ神经网络模型对森林立地类型划分结果能较好地反映实际情况,可以为林业经营者营林规划提供参考。     

油茶简化修剪光合特性研究

为了明确油茶简化修剪后树体光合特性,为油茶合理修剪和构建高光效树体结构提供依据,通过田间试验和光合因子观测,利用相关性分析、通径分析等统计学方法,对简化修剪后的油茶成年树光合日变化及相关影响因子进行了分析研究。结果表明：简化修剪后,油茶光合能力明显增强,净光合速率较对照明显提高;净光合速率与蒸腾速率、光照强度、空气温度、气孔导度、叶面水汽压亏失均呈极显著正相关,而与相对湿度、胞间CO2浓度呈显著负相关,各影响因子影响大小顺序是：蒸腾速率>胞间CO2浓度>光照强度>气孔导度>相对湿度;净光合速率与叶绿素含量的相关性因时间而异。研究证明,简化修剪能显著改善油茶树体光合性能,是油茶成年树树体调控的有效途径。     

一种快速的油菜杂交种纯度SSR鉴定方法

SSR标记技术是农作物品种纯度鉴定主要手段之一。本研究介绍了一种适合油菜杂交种纯度鉴定的快速SSR检测方法,检测时间比目前常规的SSR检测缩短5h,且操作过程不需要研磨、离心沉淀、冷冻、晾干和溶解等操作,每人每天可完成480个单株的检测。将该方法用于2个油菜杂交品种制种样品的纯度检测,并与醇溶蛋白电泳和田间种植的鉴定结果进行比较,结果表明醇溶蛋白电泳和快速SSR检测结果差异不显著,且极显著相关(r=0.991),田间种植鉴定结果高于上述两种方法,但相关性均达到显著水平。该检测方法可以为油菜杂交种纯度鉴定提供可靠依据。     

Simplified Elasto Plastic Analytical Model for Stiffened Steel Plate Shear Wall with Slits

Based on the mechanism of steel slit wall, a simplified elasto plastic analytical model which allows for nonlinear dynamic and static analysis was proposed. The parameters of simplified model related to configuration and nonlinear behavior were defined. In order to validate the simplified model, the pushover analysis of steel slit wall and a frame with steel slit wall were conducted. The results show that the load displacement curves obtained from simplified models, experiments and FEM are similar. The proposed model can fully represent the mechanism of steel slit wall, and it can correctly predict the internal forces and deformations of each member in the model.     

Simplified Calculation Method of Steel Tube and Coupler Scaffold with X-Bracing

The calculation theory of stability capacity of steel tube and coupler scaffold is currently an urgent problem to be solved.Based on the analysis of the stability behavior of steel tube and coupler scaffold with X-bracing,a series of simplified model and calculation formulas are put forward.In order to verify the rationality of simplified calculation theory presented,two full-scale tests are carried out.Compared with results from tests,the results from simplified calculation theory is well consistent with it.Therefore,it is concluded that the simplified model and simple formula own a considerable accuracy to forecast the critical load of steel tube and coupler scaffold with X-bracing under uniform load,which offers the reference for relevant researchers and designers.     

Nonlinear Analysis Technique of Refined Plastic-hinge Method for Steel Frame Structures

The refined plastic-hinge method is one of the simplified advanced analysis methods. The second order effects of the whole structure and its members, geometric imperfections and residual stress as well as the feature of semi-rigid connections can be taken into account in this method. The refined plastic-hinge method can be used in advanced analysis and design of planar steel frames, while its use in the advanced analysis of space frames needs to be developed. The technique associated with the dealing of different inelastic factors in advanced analysis of both the planar and space steel frames with practical refined plastic-hinge method and the available way to extend planar frame analysis to space frame analysis are reviewed in detail. The problems of the refined plastic-hinge method for advanced analysis are discussed in this paper.     

COUPLING ANALYSIS METHOD FOR INTERACTION BETWEEN FOUNDATION WITH CAVERN AND FRAME STRUCTURE

In this paper,the interaction between foundation withcavern and frame structure is studied by the coupling methods of BEMand FEM.On the interface between the foundation and structure,thecoupling analysis needs to satisfy both the condition of displacementcompatibility and force equilibrum.A calculating program for two-dim-ensional problem is worked out in the computer,SIEMENS 7570C.Twoengineering examples are calculated and the results are compared withthose obtained by the comventional simplified method and with the observedresults from the engieering structures.It indicates that it is necessaryfor the weak rock foundation with shallow cavern,in the buried depth,to take the interaction into account.     

论烟草集约化轻简育苗及其发展方向

中国烟草育苗已初步实现集约化、规范化,但总体程度不高。育苗成本高,技术环节多,剪叶、消毒等苗期管理工作费时费工,进一步限制了烟叶生产的可持续发展,现有的集约化育苗理念和技术体系已难以适应新形势的发展。为降低育苗成本、提高成苗素质,对烟草集约化轻简育苗的内涵进行阐述,综述了烟草育苗现状中的优缺点,形成了包括轻简育苗方式、生态化绿色育苗基质、机械数字化作业技术等轻简育苗技术,并对烟草集约化轻简育苗进行了展望。     

Breeding caraway for non-shattering seed

The present varieties of caraway have shattering seeds which may lead to considerable yield losses. If through breeding the character non-shattering seed could be added to the existing favourable properties, the harvesting methods could be simplified essentially. This would be of real advantage in the areas of cultivation.In the literature efforts to reach this objective have been described in detail. However, the material developed appeared not to be good enough in practice. Therefore the project has been tackled once more, since through the present shortage of labour in the areas of cultivation the growing of caraway might present difficulties.Studies concerning its flower biology confirmed that caraway can be easily inbred so that a breeding programme can be simplified considerably. Seed setting can be greatly furthered by using flies for pollination. Genetic research showed that the character non-shattering seed is governed by one gene which is dominant.     

On the Comparison of Calculation Models of Scaffold for High-rise and Long-span Structrues

In the construction of high-rise and long-span reinforced concrete structures, many safety accidents result from the defect of the analysis and erection of scaffold. To solve the problem, an accurate FEM model is adopted to analyze the scaffold and is compared with the common simplified models in practice. The comparison shows that the simplified models may do give unsafe results and so several suggestions for improvement are put forward.     

一种获得叶片表皮观察气孔的简易方法及其应用

为方便对植物气孔进行发育和生理学研究,我们报道了一种用普通塑料透明胶带粘贴植物叶片下表皮,再刮去叶肉细胞保留叶片表皮观察气孔的方法,此方法与撕取法、粘取法等方法相比具有操作简单、制片效率高、适用面广等特点。在大豆,小麦,玉米等农作物上应用效果很好,适宜对不同发育阶段和时期的气孔分布、气孔变化动态和形态学指标的研究。     

芝麻DNA高效提取及PAGE快速银染方法

为了快速、低成本获得高质量的芝麻基因组DNA,本实验在借鉴其他作物DNA常规提取方法基础上,简化了提取步骤,减少了试剂用量,DNA经琼脂糖电泳检测无拖尾,且OD260 /OD280在1.8～2.0之间,表明质量、纯度均较高,摸索了一套芝麻DNA高效提取方法;在常规变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶（PAGE）银染程序基础上进行改良,减少了固定环节和试剂用量,缩短了染色和显影时间等,优化建立了芝麻PAGE快速银染方法。     

露地简约化栽培甜瓜的不同留果方式对产量及品质影响

为探讨露地简约化栽培甜瓜不同留瓜方式对甜瓜干物质量、产量及品质的影响,在露地简约化栽培条件下,以‘黄皮9818’为供试品种,分别设置单株留2果、留3果和任意结果3种留果处理,比较分析成熟期不同留果方式下干物质量、果实特性及产量品质的差异。研究表明,3种留果方式下植株的干物质、果实特性及产量品质间存在一定差异,各处理干物质积累量表现为T（3887.1g/株）＞T2（860.2g/株）＞T（1771.2g/株）,且T2、T3处理与T1处理达显著差异,2次采收期T1处理折光糖含量均高于T2、T3处理。综合丰产性和经济效益,任意结瓜(T3)处理可获得较高的产量31200kg/hm²,其经济收益为62400元/hm²。     

肉苁蓉种子生活力快速测定方法研究

采用单因素、多因素交互及正交试验设计等方法,对肉苁蓉种子生活力测定过程中的预处理方法四唑染色液浓度及pH值进行优化,初步建立了肉苁蓉种子生活力的快速测定技术,使测定程序简化、时间缩短,并确定38℃下去皮直接染色18 h的最适宜染色液pH值为6.4,TTC浓度为0.3%～1.0%.     

DNA指纹用于杂交水稻种子纯度和真伪鉴定的研究进展

本文简要阐述了RAPD、RFLP、AFLP、SSR等几种主要的建立DNA指纹图谱的分子标记技术及其在杂交水稻种子纯度和真伪鉴定中的研究和应用情况,同时评述了这几种分子标记技术各自的优缺点,并就水稻DNA提取方法的改进、PCR扩增反应程序和反应体系的优化、扩增产物的检测以及DNA指纹在杂交稻种子纯度和真伪鉴定中的准确性等问题进行了讨论。DNA指纹在杂交水稻种子纯度和真伪鉴定中具有广阔的应用前景,关键是要建立一套完善的、标准化的技术体系,进一步简化实验操作程序,降低成本,真正做到简单快速、准确可靠,使DNA指纹能用于规模化、商业化的种子质量鉴定之中。     

温室地上环境因子模型研究综述

为了完善温室环境模型，实现生产过程最优控制，本研究从温室地上环境模型类型入手，以环境因子、静动态模型为划分依据，分析总结了单因子环境模型、多因子综合模型、静、动态模型的研究进展和存在问题，归纳了温室模型的简化方法。指出温室环境控制的主要问题仍是缺乏精确的环境模型。最后在以能量、质量和物质等平衡关系基础上，考虑作物品质、产量及经济成本，提出了运用现代优化控制理论，建立精准的温室环境模型，将成为今后的研究方向。     

简化施肥对免耕冬水田不同杂交中稻/再生稻产量的影响

为探明免耕冬水田条件下简化施肥对不同杂交稻品种头季、再生季以及两季产量的影响,以及筛选出两季高产品种应用于生产。2016—2017年,以18个杂交中稻品种为材料,在免耕冬水田施纯氮120 kg/hm²条件下,设置简化施肥（一次基施N）和常规施肥（基肥：蘖肥：穗肥=5:3:2比例平衡施N）2种氮肥管理方式,研究其对中稻-再生稻产量的影响。结果表明,2种氮肥管理方式对头季产量、再生季产量和两季总产的影响均未达到显著水平,简化施肥处理的头季稻产量、再生季产量和两季总产分别为9.46 t/hm²、1.50 t/hm²和10.96 t/hm²,较常规施肥处理的产量分别增加1.40%,-6.77%和0.20%。18个品种间头季产量、再生季产量和两季总产差异均达极显著水平,18个品种头季、再生季和两季总产的产量变幅分别为8.70~10.19 t/hm²,0.59~2.29 t/hm²和10.21~11.57 t/hm²。头季产量和再生季产量呈极显著负相关(r=0.61)。两季总产与头季有效穗、每穗颖花数、结实率、千粒重和再生季有效穗偏相关系数均达极显著水平,并建立回归方程。因此,采用一次基施的简化施肥方式是免耕冬水田水稻实现高产、省工的有效途径,选择穗粒兼顾型品种有利于实现中稻/再生稻两季高产,并筛选出两季高产和高氮肥偏生产力品种‘旌优727’、‘旌3优177’、‘内6优103’和‘内6优107’,可在试验所在生态区中稻-再生稻种植中推广应用。     

畜禽粪便基质化利用典型技术模式研究进展

为了解决畜禽粪便特性不清、基质化利用研究存在片面性等问题,提高畜禽粪便基质化利用的创新支撑和产业化发展,分析了全国范围内畜禽粪便的养分特征及理化特性,归纳了通过好氧堆肥、轻简化发酵、厌氧发酵及过腹转化等方式制备无土栽培和育苗基质的典型模式和应用效果,提出基质化是畜禽粪便高值化利用的重要方式,建议尽快制定农业废弃物基质化...