我国重点流域农村生活污水处理现状及其技术研究

摘要：针对我国农村生活污水直接排放已经严重影响我国农村水环境质量这一现状,介绍了目前国内外农村生活污水处理技术及设施,从适合我国农村的以村落或居民点为单位进行生活污水处理的思维入手,介绍了我国现今经济发达地区和重点流域的生活污水处理技术的原理、特点及其应用现状;继而提出适合我国农村生活污水处理技术的设计原则。     

Analysis of Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Infiltration System with Layered filling

In order to improve the hydraulic permeability of wastewater infiltration system, two installations were designed with two with layers of red soil and cinder. At the load of 10 cm3/(cm2·d), the average removal efficiency of COD, TP, NH+4-N were different fillers for treating domestic wastewater at laboratory.1 installation was filled with layers of red soil and sand, while 2 obtained 91.1%, 97.6%, 48.7% and 80.1%,respectively by 1 installation; and 94.9%,98.3% and 89.0%,respectively by 2. The average effluent concentrations of nitric and nitrite were 54.7mg/L and 0.09mg/L by 1 installation; and 60.3mg/L and 0.15mg/L by 2. It was found that the removal efficiency of COD,TP and NH4+-N by 2 installation were better than those of 1, whilst 1 installation was more favourable for the removal of nitric and nitrite. The results further implied that layered filling can make good use of its filling performance. The hydraulic permeability of wastewater infiltration system and the removal of pollutants can also be effectively improved.     

Study on Start-up of the Combined Variable-Velocity Bio-filter for Advanced Wastewater Treatment

A full scale experiment was conducted on the start up of bio filter for advanced wastewater treatment. Under the low or high organic loading rate condition, the lasted time of starting up, primary contamination removal efficiency and influence of following operation were contrasted in the duration of bio filter starting up. Meanwhile, the starting up characteristics of the bio film were analyzed.     

抗生素废水生物处理法的研究进展

为了更好地为抗生素废水治理提供工艺参考。笔者在分析抗生素废水特点的基础上,总结了国内外普遍使用的几种抗生素废水生物处理方法：包括好氧法、厌氧法、好氧-厌氧法以及其他组合工艺,探讨了目前存在的一些问题和解决方法,同时也对抗生素废水生物处理法的应用前景进行了展望。     

Reaction Kinetics of Three Types of Constructed Wetland for Advanced Domestic Wastewater Treatment

The removal efficiencies of different pollutants in subsurface flow constructed wetland (SSFW), surface flow constructed wetland (SFW) and combination flow constructed wetland(CFW) treating sewage plant effluent were comparatively analysed. The results were analyzed by using a reaction kinetics model. It is shown that COD, TN, TP are more effectively removed in SSFW than in other two types of wetland, and the kinetic constants are 0.29, 0.20, 0.28 m/d respectively. The SFW has higher removal rate on ammonia and the kinetic constant is 0.12 m/d. Temperature change greatly affects the kinetic constants of ammonia and total nitrogen removal reaction, whilst the influence on COD and TP are not significant. The pollutants removal efficiencies decrease greatly with the increase of hydraulic loading and areal loading. The increment of areal removal mass is reduced with the increase of areal loading in three types of wetland. It is strongly recommended that the constructed wetland be operated on low pollutants loading condition.     

应用硅藻土处理废水研究概述

水环境污染治理的问题是当前环保领域研究的热点问题。硅藻土因其比表面积大、吸附能力强等优点,近年来在废水处理领域得到了广泛应用,硅藻土的储量丰富、价格低廉等特点也使得其在废水处理领域具有比较广阔的应用前景。本文在介绍硅藻土的性质和吸附机理的基础上,综述了近年来国内外将硅藻土应用于处理含重金属离子废水、印染废水、造纸废水、含油废水、城镇污水等废水处理领域的研究进展,最后总结归纳了目前硅藻土处理废水研究的不足,并对硅藻土在废水处理领域的应用前景进行了展望。文章能够为相关领域研究的开展提供信息和研究思路。     

Research Status of Dyeing Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater of dyeing industry has complicated constituents, and usually contains many kinds of dyes. It has deep tinct and strong toxicity, and it is difficult to decompose it. Its pH value fluctuates widely, and it has high concentration and large water quantity.The development status of the dyeing wastewater treatment inside and outside China is introduced, and the physics method, chemical method, physical chemistry method and biological method are stated in detail. The applicable conditions and treating effect of the four methods are listed and the advantages and disadvantages are concluded.     

Progress of Respirometry in Wastewater Biological Treatment

The consumption of oxygen is the most significant biological response in wastewater biological treatment,and the OUR(Oxygen Uptake Rate) of microorganism can be obtained by respirometry.So the respirometry becomes a valuable means for the theoretical research and process operation administration of wastewater biological treatment.The(progress) of respirometry is reviewed and the advantage and disadvantage of each are evaluated.The basic principle and difficulty in implementation of "ultimate" hybrid respirometer are emphasized and also the drawbacks of simpler hybrid respirometer being used presently are discussed.Finally the implementary approach for the development of hybrid respirometer with higher precision by designing novel systems of reactors and temperature control is put forward and the initial result is shown.     

Optimizing Analysis of Microbial Flocculants Using in Wastewater Treatment

Limits about the traditional flocculants and the superiorities about the microbial flocculants in the water treatment have been reviewed from the effect of wastewater treatment,poisonous to the biology,with or without the second pollution and other aspects. It is analyzed that microbial flocculants will probably replace all or partly the traditional inorganic and organic compound macromolecule flocculants. Lots of optimizing projects were brought forward about how to low the wastewater treatment running cost and how to improve the treatment efficiency. At the same time, lots of examples of the wastewater treatment have been listed to show the microbial flocculants' superiority and the development trends in the future.     

Discussion on Water Supply Installation with One Household One Water Meter

Along with the development of commodity economy, the charge way as to record water meters in turns is no more received by the people. It is an important reform in tap water charge system to introduce "one household one water meter" supported by the people. In this paper, several methods of "one household one water meter" installation and water meter level position installation form in details are introduced.A detailed analysis on its development trends and direction is carried out and it is pointed out that the "one household one water meter" installation will develop toward exposed wall and water meter room type level position installation. Finally, the charge way of IC card (TM Card) type and tele-metering water meter computer metering will be applied. This paper analyzes the hydraulic computation of "one household one water meter" and provides the hydraulic condition of "one household one water meter" installation.     

Advances in Immobilized Microorganism and Its Applications of Wastewater Treatment

By in troducing the way of the immobilized cell and conparing the carriers, this paper presented the advances in immobilized microorganism and its applications of wastewater treatment are presented. It is believed that immobilized microorganism treatment is a more effective mediod than general biological method. The paper discusses its application in treating heavy metal wastewater, organic wastewater, hydroxybenzen wastewate, and nitrogen wastewater,et ac. And the research indicates the advances and the problems of immobilized microorganism.     

Design of Distributed Monitoring System of Wastewater Treatment Process

Based on introducing fieldbus and fieldbus control system, in this paper, a distributed monitoring system for city wastewater treatment network based on LonWorks is given, the construction, function and character of this network are analyzed.     

Analysis on the Feasibility of Desulfurization Wastewater Evaporation Treatment in Flue Gas Duct Without Pollution Discharge

A mathematical model of droplet motion and evaporation in flue gas has been established to analysis the feasibility of desulfurization wastewater evaporation treatment in flue gas duct. The parameters such as the duct structure, the flue gas temperature and the diameter liquid droplet are analyzed; the states of evaporation of liquid droplets are obtained under various working conditions. Moreover, a further comprehensive optimization and quantitative analysis have been carried out on unevaporated liquid quantity with various flue gas temperature and droplet diameters. The results show that this approach of evaporating desulfurization wastewater by flue gas in duct is feasible. The study provides support in further practical application for engineering.     

Analysis on Polymeric Aluminum Ferric Sulfate (PFAS) in Printing and Dyeing Wastewater Treatment

Polymeric aluminum ferric sulfate (PFAS) was developed by Industrial Grade ferrous sulfate heptahydrate and industrial aluminum sulphate（16% Al2O3）. PFAS was used for printing and dyeing wastewater treatment. The new synthetic Polymeric aluminum ferric sulfate (PFAS) with a unique spatial fold-like structure was discovered by scanning electron microscopy analysis(SEM). The treatment efficiency was evaluated by investigated sludge volume and the reduction of removal rate of COD and turbidity of printing and dyeing wastewater by using single factor. The results show that the removal rate of COD is achieved 83.0%, the removal rate of turbidity is achieved 95.0% and the sludge volume is 52.8 mL when the coagulant dosage is 0.3 g/L and pH is 8.5. Meanwhile, compared with the common coagulant (PFS, PAC and CPAM) in application of printing and dyeing wastewater treatment, the performance on the removal of COD and turbidity of self-make PFAS is better than those of PFS, PAC and CPAM.     

The Study and Prospect of the Secondary Clarifier Models in Wastewater Treatment

The paper reviews the research status of the secondary clarifier model from one-dimensional model to three-dimensional model. The one-dimensional model based on solid flux theory was outlined by discussing how to choose model parameters such as settling velocity function and the number of layers. Based on the achievement of actived sludge model and the development of wastewater treatment technology, it is suggested that the development of the secondary clarifier model should focus on the establishment of some clarifier model including biological processes and the enrichment of hydraulics phenomena modeling.     

Treatment of Highly Concentrated Phenols Wastewater with a GAC BAF Combined Process

Wastewater with high phenol concentration was treated by uniting granular active carbon (GAC) adsorption and biological aerated filters (BAF). And the operation parameters of GAC adsorption, GAC regeneration, BAF degradation and GAC BAF combined process were studied with tests. It was shown that the combined process can efficiently degrade the wastewater with high phenol concentration. And the GAC adsorption capacity had nothing with influent flux. Moreover, the optimal adsorption effect could be achieved with the condition of influent with the condition that pH was 3 and temperature was 20±2 ℃. The alkaline condition was benefit for GAC regeneration and the influent flux. The BAF’s tolerance to phenol was approximate 1 100 mg/L and the effluent of regeneration should be diluted to appropriate pH value and phenol concentration before entering into the BAF. And the flux chosen for adsorption of combined process should ensure the BAF have enough time to regenerate the other saturated GAC column. The GAC BAF process which combines adsorption and biodegradation was a continuous operation mode and the GAC regeneration had no impacts on the wastewater treatment,with which the technology could overcome the defects on treating wastewater with high concentration of phenols in traditional GAC adsorption and biological technology.     

Research Advances on Energy Consumption and Energy Efficiency in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Process

Municipal wastewater treatment process could be attributed to energy-intensity integrated technology. Research advance is summarized across from energy comsuption analysis, energy audit and management to development on energy saving processes or performance modes. The author think that due to theory frame of energy consumption and energy efficiency not being established, analytical approaches and evaluation means lag behind practical application. So consequent trend of intercrossing and syncretizing between biothermodynamics, chemical thermodynamics, energy engineering and basic knowledge in wastewater treatment domain would emerge. The trend will promote systematism and diversification occur in study on processes energy consumption and energy efficiency, and promote all kinds of research productions to be integrated and popularized.     

Applications and Development of Expert System in Wastewater Treatment Systems

This paper introduces the structure and characteristic of an expert system based on characteristics of wastewater treatment such as time-variation,nonlinearity,complexity and uncertainty.The paper then analyzes the status of wastewater treatment systems studies and existing disadvantages of expert systems.It shows that expert systems have been applied in nearly all aspects of wastewater treatment systems in other countries,but only initial work has been done in the People's Republic of China.The authors introduce the prospects for and trends in the application and study of expert systems in wastewater treatment.