夏季肉鸭的饲养管理

养殖肉鸭具有投资少、收益快、利润高的特点。山东省属于暖温带气候,夏季的气候特点是炎热多雨。由于鸭全身被覆羽毛、皮下脂肪厚,没有汗腺,身体的散热受到很大限制。夏季高温情况下，受制于肉鸭养殖的密度较大，肉鸭体温上升，在防暑降温措施不到位的情况下，肉鸭很容易发生急性热应激甚至热昏厥的现象。夏季雨后的高温、高湿环境还使鸭舍粪便更易分解，造成鸭舍内有害气体含量过高，危害肉鸭健康。为使夏季肉鸭健康、正常生长，应抓好饲养管理关键措施。     

目前影响肉鸭健康生长的十种疾病

目前北方地区实行的肉鸭养殖主要有全封闭舍饲、半开放式饲养、舍内网上平养、舍内加运动场饲养等模式。不论哪种模式,对疾病防控均有利也有弊。饲养过程中,如果不能很好地执行各项生物安全措施,仍然可以导致多种疾病的发生甚至流行。目前影响肉鸭健康生长的主要疾病有10种。一、鸭流感     

夏季肉鸭的饲养管理要求

夏季气候炎热，鸭体因缺少汗腺又有羽毛覆盖，易散热受阻，因此急性热应激，甚至热昏厥现象时有发生。高温、高湿环境还使鸭舍内粪便易于分解，引起舍内有害气体含量过高，危害鸭体健康。为保证夏季饲养的肉鸭能正常生长，笔者认为应抓好以下关键技术。     

肉鸭网上密集化旱养速长新法

肉鸭网上旱养，即整个饲养期都不让鸭下水，完全在舍内网床上饲养。经许多养鸭场、户的实践证明，肉鸭网上旱养可避免几十种由水生动、植物传播的寄生虫病，也可减少以水为传播媒介的传染病，省工省料，易管理，生长快，育肥性能好，养至５５～６０日龄体重即可达３～３．...     

肉鸭网床旱养效益大幅增长

<正>江苏省滨海县推广肉鸭网床旱养技术,肉鸭生长快,上市早,饲养成本低,养殖效益大幅提高。肉鸭网床旱养是指整个饲养期都不让鸭子下水,全部在鸭舍内的网床上饲养。肉鸭网床上旱养可以减少各种疾病发生,省工、省料易管理,生长快,育肥性能好,饲养至55~60日龄体重即可达3~3.5kg的上市规格,肉质优良,经济效益显著。现将技术要点介绍如下:1选择良种肉鸭育肥的肉鸭要性情温驯、不爱活动、合群、好     

樱桃谷肉鸭夏季饲养管理要点

搞好肉鸭的夏季管理、消除炎热气候对其健康的影响是实现一年四季均衡生产，取得肉鸭生产良好成绩和经济效益的关键。我场在夏季饲养樱桃谷肉鸭的过程中，采用下列饲养管理措施，取得了良好效果。1．育雏温度。1日龄时30～32℃，以后每日下降1～2℃，2周龄时脱温，但必须注意防止雏鸭张口喘气，避免中暑。2．加强鸭舍内的通风，降低舍温，排除余热和有害气体。如舍内外温差较大，通风降温效果越好。在高温条件下，通过地窗通风对流，使鸭子感到舒适，有益健康和促进生长。另外，鸭舍内配备一定数量的电扇，有利于鸭体热量的散发。3．加强防…     

肉鸭发酵床养殖模式探析

正肉鸭集约化养殖不仅易给环境带来较大污染,同时也给肉鸭健康生长造成较大安全风险。但肉鸭发酵床养殖模式能够通过微生物发酵实现粪便资源化处理,同时有效控制病原微生物的传播,满足养殖业可持续发展需求。一、肉鸭发酵床养殖模式概述肉鸭发酵床养殖模式能够将微生物发酵工艺与肉鸭养殖技术结合在一起,通过在鸭舍内架设发酵床实现粪便与发酵菌混合,转化成有用的物质和能量。配合采用机械化手段,能     

肉鸭网上旱养的方法

肉鸭网上旱养指雏鸭出壳到出栏全过程，完全在舍内网床上饲养，不下水活动或放牧。实践证明，肉鸭采用网上旱养可避免多种由水生动物、植物传播的寄生虫病，也可减少以水为传播媒介的传染病。此法省工省料，易管理，生长快，育肥性能好，饲养至55—60日龄体重即可达3．0～3．5千克的上市规格，且肉质优良。     

养殖模式对冬季商品肉鸭舍温湿指数的影响

选择1日龄健康樱桃谷SM3系商品代肉鸭18 490羽,随机分为网上(N组)和发酵床上(B组)2组进行饲养,监测冬季一个完全生长周期内(42d)鸭舍温度(T)、相对湿度(RH)及温湿指数(THI)变化,探讨不同养殖模式对商品肉鸭舍温湿指数的影响。结果表明:N组和B组舍内平均温度均明显高于平均气温;N组舍内温度全部高于B组,N组平均温度比B组高8.32℃,差异显著(P0.05)。N组和B组舍内相对湿度均明显高于室外;N组舍内平均相对湿度比B组高2.47%,无显著性差异(P0.05)。试验期N组有16d处于热应激状态,B组有6d处于冷应激状态。结果提示,在北方寒冷气候下网上供暖养殖模式能为商品肉鸭提供更舒适的温湿度条件。     

樱桃谷肉鸭夏季饲养管理

搞好肉鸭的夏季管理，消除炎热气候对其健康的影响，是实现一年四季均衡生产，取得肉鸭生产良好经济效益的关键。1 加强鸭舍内通风，藉以调低舍温，排除余热和有害气体     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.