桑粒肩天牛纤维素酶的性质研究

桑粒肩天牛（ＡｐｒｉｏｎａｇｅｒｍａｒｉＨｏｐｅ）幼虫肠道内有完整的纤维素酶系，其中以内切－β－１，４－葡聚糖酶（Ｃｘ酶）活性最强、β－１，４－葡萄糖苷酶次之，外切－β－１，４－葡聚糖酶（Ｃ１酶）最弱、测定了Ｃｘ酶和β－１，４－葡萄糖苷酶的动力学特性以及金属离子对酶活性的影响。二者的最适作用ＰＨ值分别为４．４和５．６；最适作用温区分别为３０℃—４５℃和４５℃—５０℃；Ｃｘ酶经５０℃处理２ｈ酶活性仅下降１８．８％，而β－葡萄糖苷酶活性完全丧失。９种金属离子对纤维素酶都无明显激活作用，相反，除Ｈｇ＋＋和Ｐｂ＋＋对酶活性有强烈抑制作用外，Ｍｎ＋＋和Ｃｕ＋＋即使在０．００５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ低浓度下，对酶活性也有明显的抑制作用，这对今后开发酶抑制剂用于防治天牛等蛀干害虫，具有重要意义。     

几种天牛纤维素酶的来源

测定３种常见天牛：桑粒肩天牛（ＡｐｒｉｏｎａｇｅｒｍａｒｉＨｏｐｅ）、星天牛（ＡｎｏｐｌｏｐｈｏｒａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＦｏｒｓｔｅｒ）和桔褐天牛（ＮｅｄｅｚｈｄｉｅｌｌａｃａｎｔｏｒｉＨｏｐｅ）消化道纤维素酶活性，发现几种天牛幼虫均有完整的纤维素酶体系，即Ｃ１酶、Ｃｘ酶和β－葡萄糖苷酶，能真正消化利用食物中的纤维素成分；以微晶纤维素（ＭＣ）和羧甲基纤维素钠（ＣＭＣ－Ｎａ）为碳源的选择性培养基培养几种天牛肠液，未发现纤维分解真菌及能分解ＭＣ的细菌；肠道解剖及肠组织切片未发现特殊的共生菌囊及含菌细胞；比较天牛的纤维素酶与常见真菌纤维素酶的性质相差甚远。因而认为所研究的几种天牛其纤维素酶均为其自身分泌的内源性酶而不是来源于其它生物。     

β—蒎烯环氧化反应的研究

用低浓度工业级Ｈ２Ｏ２制备过氧乙酸，研究β－蒎烯的环氧反应，重点考察了Ｈ２Ｏ２浓度，反应物投料配比（Ｈ２Ｏ２／β－蒎烯）反应温度和熔剂对环氧化反应的影响，实验结果表明：用５０％的Ｈ２Ｏ２制备过氧乙酸，Ｈ２Ｏ２／β－蒎烯投料摩尔比为２．５：１，在二氯甲烷溶剂中于２０℃反应３ｈ，β－蒎烯转化率达９７．０％，２，１０－环氧蒎烷选择性为８２．７％。     

松墨天牛纤维素酶的研究 I.纤维素酶性质研究

以松墨天牛幼虫为实验材料，研究了其肠道内纤维素酶的组成和酶解动力学特征等。结果表明，松墨天牛幼虫肠道内有完整的纤维素酶系，其中以C1酶活性最强，Cx酶次之，β-1，4-葡萄糖苷酶活性最弱；C1酶、Cx酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶3者的最适作用温区分别为35～55、45～55、40～50℃，最适pH值分别为5．0、5．6、5．0；Cx酶具有最强的热稳定性(65℃，2h)，C1酶次之(55℃，2h)，β-1，4-葡萄糖苷酶最低(50℃，1h)。此外动力学参数比较揭示，C1酶具有最大的Vmax和km，分别为1．0838和0．7632，β-1，4-葡萄糖苷酶和Cx酶分别具有最小的Km(0．1832)和Vmax(0．4339)，但β-萄糖苷酶具有最大的酶解初速度(0．5938)。     

航空喷洒设备及监测技术的研究Ⅱ.喷洒设备防治松毛虫

新研制的ＨＵ２－ＨＷ１型超低容量喷洒设备及ＮＴ１００ＧＰＳ导航系统与海燕６５０Ｂ飞机配套技术,首次应用于广西武鸣林区防治森林病虫害。２．５％ＥＣ溴氰菊酯用０＃柴油稀释为油剂,施药量（乳油）为３０、４５ｍＬｈｍ－２;水剂则为６０ｍＬｈｍ－２。航空超低容量喷洒防治松毛虫平均死亡率依次为９６．４％、９８．３％和９７．６％;松茸毒蛾为９３．６％（水剂）。１０００亿孢子ｇ－１球孢白僵菌,施孢子量为１２０ｇｈｍ－２（其配比：孢子水吐温－８０盐＝５１０００．５０．５）。搅拌均匀,再加３．０Ｌ水稀释,航空超低容量喷洒防治马尾松毛虫和松茸毒蛾,平均死亡率依次为６７．７％和５０．３％。     

光肩星天牛雄性不育技术研究初报

采用６０Ｃｏγ射线辐照雄蛹和雄成虫，研究光肩星天牛Ａｎｔｏｐｌｏｐｈｏｒａｇｌａｂｒｉｐｅｎ－ｎｉｓ（Ｍｏｔｓ．）的雄性不育技术。结果表明，致使光肩星天牛雄性不育的适宜辐照量为９．７０ｋｒａｄ，辐照适宜虫态为成虫，亚致死辐照量为７７．６０ｋｒａｄ。     

天牛科纤维素酶同工酶研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦电泳方法分析了天牛科两个亚科１８种雌成虫、１２种幼虫消化道中肠组织纤维素酶复合酶中Ｃｘ酶同工酶．Ｃｘ酶同工酶在亚科间、族间差异较大；同族内各属间的酶谱差异也较大；同属内不同种间酶谱较接近，但每种各具其特征酶带，彼此易区分。Ｃｘ酶同工酶用于亲缘关系相近种的分类、鉴定有重要价值，可作为天牛科分子分类的一个有用的辅助手段。文章还就楔天牛族Ｓａｐｅｒｄｉｎｉ的分类系统问题进行了讨沦．     

超轻型飞机在防治森林病虫害上的应用

适于我国北方防法森林病虫害作业的超轻型飞机有ＨＡ－２－６５０Ｂ、ＡＤ－２００、Ｗ６、Ｗ５Ｂ，且以ＨＡ－２－６５０Ｂ性能最佳。所研制的ＣＰ型喷洒设备不仅具有良好的雾化性能，而且可进行调整以满足其它机型使用，利用超轻型飞机超低容量防治森林病虫害，具有效果好（９２％以上）、作业效率高（２３０ｈｍ２／ｈ）、费用低（１１．５元／ｈｍ２）和机动灵活等特点。     

枣尺蠖核多角体病毒活性及林间防治试验

本文报道了枣尺蠖（ Ｃｈｉｈｕｏ ｚａｏ Ｙａｎｇ） 核多角体病毒（ＣｚＮＰＶ） 活性的生物测定结果及在山西太谷枣树林间防治枣尺蠖的试验效果。以不同浓度该病毒悬液浸渍鲜枣树叶,饲喂感染３ 龄初枣尺蠖幼虫,病毒浓度对数值与死亡机率的回归直线方程为＾ｙ ＝ ０ ．２３１ ＋ ０ ．８５９ ｘ ;ＬＣ５０ 及９５ ％ 的置信限分别为３－６５ ×１０５ 及４－０４ ×１０４ ～３－１３ ×１０６ＰＩＢｓ／ｍ Ｌ。以２－５ ×１０５ 、１－２５ ×１０６ 、２－５ ×１０６ 、１－２５ ×１０７ 和２－５ ×１０７ＰＩＢｓ／ｍ Ｌ５ 种浓度病毒感染３ 龄初幼虫,其ＬＴ５０ 值分别为１０－０１ 、９－５７、９－０８ 、７－９４ 和７－４９ ｄ 。同一浓度病毒（２－５ ×１０６ ＰＩＢｓ／ｍＬ） 对不同虫龄感染力不同。幼虫死亡率随虫龄增大而降低,从２ 龄的９６－７ ％ 降低到４ 龄的３０－０ ％ ;ＬＴ５０ 值随着虫龄增大而增大,从２ 龄的５－９７ ｄ 增加到４ 龄的１２－５７ ｄ 。在山西太谷枣林枣尺蠖幼虫２ 龄、３ 龄占８５ ％ 时喷洒浓度为２－５ ×１０７ＰＩＢｓ／ ｍＬ 的病毒悬液,虫口减退率高,成本较低,可在生产上推广应用     

桑粒肩天牛幼虫内切-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶的纯化及性质

经丙酮沉淀、UltrogelAcA5 4凝胶过滤、Q Sepharose离子交换柱层析和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶制备电泳 ,发现桑粒肩天牛幼虫肠液中具有所有水解纤维素成分的三种消化酶 ,并且每种酶都有不同数目的同工酶。纯化出一种内切 - β- 1 ,4 -葡聚糖酶 (EG - 1 ) ,其分子量为 2 6ku ,等电点约为pI4 0。酶的最适反应温度为 4 5℃ ,最适反应pH为5 2 ;不耐热 ,5 0℃处理 30min ,酶活大大降低 ,70℃处理 2h ,几乎丧失全部活性 ,显示出该酶适合动物肠道反应环境 ,是内源性酶。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.