Pomphorhynchus omarsegundoi sp. n. (Acanthocephala:Pomphorhynchidae), parasite of the banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo (Gymnotiformes:Gymnotidae) from the Paraná River basin, Argentina

Pomphorhynchus omarsegundoi sp. n. from Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus from the Paraná River basin in Argentina is described in this paper. The new species is characterised by having a small body; a non-spirally twisted long neck forming an inconspicuous asymmetrical bulb more developed dorsally than ventrally; a proboscis almost cylindrical, with 11 to 12 longitudinal rows of 5 to 7 (usually 6) hooks each; presence of an apical organ; a mean neck/body ratio of about 1/8; and a post-equatorial male reproductive system, occupying 35-42% of total length. The new species can be easily distinguished from the other four South American pomphorhynchid species by the inconspicuous asymmetrical bulb and the lower number of hooks per row. Pomphorhynchus omarsegundoi is the second acanthocephalan recorded from G. carapo in the Paraná River basin.     

Xanthomonas Zingibericola n.sp.引起的姜细菌性叶枯病

 姜细菌性叶枯病是生姜上的一种新病害,在我国发生较普遍。根据病原细菌在形态、染色反应、培养性状、生理生化和致病性等方面的测定,我们认为姜细菌性叶枯病的病原细菌是Xanthomonas属的一个新种,定名为Xanthomonas Zingibericola n.sp.     

Lamb’s lettuce (Valerianella olitoria): new host of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - A new wilt of lamb’s lettuce (Valerianella olitoria) was detected in northern Italy in 2003 and the causal agent of the disease was identified as...     

Phenmedipham–Ozone Pollution Interactions in Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L. cv. Saxon): A Physiological Study

Actively growing sugarbeet is treated with the post-emergent herbicide phenmedipham at times when ozone pollution episodes are likely to occur. There is a possibility of an interaction occurring between ozone and phenmedipham as both treatments produce similar effects in susceptible plants, such as a reduction in growth and photosynthesis and an increase in the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. To investigate this likelihood, laboratory experiments were conducted in which two- to three-leaf sugarbeet plants (Beta vulgaris L. cv. Saxon) were exposed to a simulated two-day ozone episode (100 nl litre⁻¹, 7 h day⁻¹) followed three days later by treatment with field rate phenmedipham (1·14 kg AI ha⁻¹). Growth analysis indicated that an interaction was occurring in which plants treated with ozone and phenmedipham had less reduction in shoot fresh weight than expected. Exposure to phenmedipham alone or ozone followed by phenmedipham reduced net photosynthesis by over 50% and transpiration rate by 30%. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were stimulated by both treatments individually, but to a greater extent when ozone and phenmedipham were combined. For example, three days after herbicide treatment, the activity of superoxide dismutase increased by 20% in plants treated with ozone alone, 20% in plants treated with phenmedipham alone and 85% in plants that were treated with ozone followed by phenmedipham. We conclude that ozone pollution may predispose sugarbeet to tolerate the herbicide phenmedipham by enhancing the activity of the endogenous antioxidant detoxification enzyme system.     

猪殃殃Galium aparine L.var.tenerum(Gren.et Godr.)Rchb.发生规律观察

猪殃殃是我省分布广泛,危害严重的麦田恶性杂草。近年来,发生数量和危害面积还在不断上升,是麦子增产的障碍之一。笔者从1979年秋播开始对其生物学特性和发生规律作了调查观察,现将观察结果简报如下: 一、分布特点猪殃殃的分布和土质有很大关系,据在本地区9个县46个公社调查1561亩麦田(代表面积一万七千余亩)每平方尺发生10株以上的危害面积,沙土地区占调查面积的12.2％,粘土     

内蒙野丁香(Leptodermis ordosica H.C.Fuet E.W.Ma)的形态解剖学研究

内蒙野丁香(Leptodermis ordosica H.C.Fu et E.W.Ma)的各器官内薄壁细胞均含草酸钙针晶,是对其生长地土壤高含钙量的有效适应;叶表皮细胞的胞质粘稠,则增加了其保水能力;此外,茎中发达的木栓层是良好的隔热材料,可以抵挡高温对它的伤害。结果表明内蒙野丁香具明显的旱化结构特征,是对荒漠区山地干旱环境条件的协同适应。鉴于此种的观赏园艺特性,可以尝试在内蒙古中西部地区的城市绿化中加以利用。     

Colonization of rose by Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.) Lév. var. rosae Wor.

Colonization of rose by powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) is described in terms of mycelium growth, conidiophore production and sporulation in time. The data used are gathered during different years, put together and treated by means of graphic models. Colonies could be separated into fast and slow growing colonies. Colonies initiated on leaves of increasing age showed a decreasing growth rate. Production of conidiophores and conidia started on the same day, and the relative activity of conidiophore production reached its maximum 6 days after the end of the latency period, followed 1 day later by the maximum activity of conidium production. Both conidiophore and conidium production continued for a long time at a low level. The effect of leaf age on conidiophore production found expression in differences in production rate during the first days of colony development and in final production levels. Observations on naturally infected leaves in an outdoor experiment showed a rapid decrease of sporulation on leaves of 10 days and older. Highest percentages of sporulating leaf area were observed on leaves between 7 and 10 days old.     

Response of citrus peelminer Marmara gulosa Guillén and Davis (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) stages to various insecticides

BACKGROUND: Egg and larval stages of citrus peelminer Marmara gulosa Guillén and Davis infesting zucchini squash Cucurbita pepo L. var ‘Revenue’ were exposed in the laboratory to a wide range of insecticide classes used in California citrus (organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroid, neonicotinoid, insect growth regulator, fermentation products and sulfur) to determine peelminer response with and without a non‐ionic adjuvant or oil. RESULTS: All of the insecticides tested except sulfur reduced egg hatch and mine initiation. When the larval stage was treated, only buprofezin failed to reduce larval and pupal development. Cyfluthrin and spinosad, with the addition of adjuvant or oil, and abamectin combined with oil allowed no survivors at 7 days after treatment (DAT). The slower‐acting insect growth regulators pyriproxyfen and diflubenzuron applied in combination with adjuvant or oil allowed no survival of peelminer 21 DAT. A field trial showed 62.6–68.5% reduction in mined citrus fruit after two applications of diflubenzuron and no significant improvement of control with the addition of cyfluthrin. CONCLUSION: Bioassays indicate that M. gulosa is relatively susceptible to a wide range of insecticide classes in the laboratory. Lack of efficacy experienced in field trials would then be due to characteristics of the fruit or canopy that limit coverage, rather than to the effectiveness of the insecticides. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

B.t.杀虫剂的发展、问题及对策(续)

二.B.t.杀虫剂的问题和对策B.t.作为一种生物杀虫剂,与传统的化学杀虫剂相比,有其独特的优点,也有其弱点。主要优点表现为(1)选择性极强,对哺乳动物和非目标生物安全,对生态环境影响小;(2)B.t.具有相当大的开发潜力(如高活性或不同寄主谱的新菌株);(3)成本低。其缺点有(1)寄主谱窄,没有化学杀虫剂那样广谱的杀虫活性;(2)有些天然菌株的杀虫活力低或发酵特性差;(3)田间药效不稳定,作用速度慢,持效期短,药效受环境因素影响较大;(4)抗性问题不容忽视。     

Structure of populations of wheat powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC f.sp. tritici Marchal) in Central Europe in 1993–1996: I. Dynamics of virulence

In 1993–1996, the virulence of regional populations of the wheat powdery mildew pathogen (Erysiphe graminis DC f. sp. tritici Marchal) from the Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary and Slovakia against 13 resistance genes was investigated. The populations differed mainly at the regional level. Populations from the Czech Republic, mainly from the western regions, showed higher values of virulence against the Pm4b gene. Lower frequency of virulence against Pm4b was found in Austria, and the lowest value was observed in Hungary. The differences in frequencies of virulence against Pm4a and Pm4b showed a similar geographic pattern across the four countries: a continuous decline from west to east and from north to south. Virulence against Pm2 decreased in all countries considered; virulence to pm5, Pm6, Pm8 and Mli was high throughout. Genes and gene combinations that can ensure a relatively effective biological protection against this pathogen across Central Europe at present are Pm3b, Pm2+Mld and Pm1+2+9. Czech and Slovak populations were the most complex: virulence complexity reached a maximum in Slovakia in 1994. A similar evolution, though less significant, was observed in the Czech Republic. Data on complexity of isolates suggest that Central European populations of wheat powdery mildew tend to reach an intermediate level representing the optimal number of virulence genes. This process is probably a consequence of stabilizing selection.     

P.D.A.

P.D.A.是三个英文字的缩写,P.=patato(马铃薯),D.=Dextrose(萄葡糖)A.=Agar(洋菜或称琼脂),是一种微生物培养基的代表符号。 不同种类的微生物,所要求的营养物质有差异,因此培养基的种类很多,P.D.A.是培养基中最常用的一种,适于植物病害中多种真菌、细菌的正常生长,因此又称普通培养基。     

梭梭(Haloxylon ammodend rom(C.A.Mey)Bunge)光合枝细胞组织学观察及其抗逆性特征

通过细胞组织学解剖方法 ,观察研究梭梭幼嫩光合枝显微结构的抗逆性特征 ,并结合 H2 O2 酶活性的测定 ,得出梭梭光合枝显微结构中有 3点与相关文献报道不同。 1是具有一层海棉组织 ,富含叶绿体 ,细胞体积相对较小 ,为不规则圆球状细胞层 ;2是退化的鳞片状叶表皮层下仍有一层细胞体积小 ,圆形 ,具有明显的细胞核 ,无叶绿体 ,排列紧密的细胞层 ;3是栅栏组织细胞具泌盐的功能 ,并有发育较好的盐结晶存在于细胞之间 ,显示出较强的抗逆特征。     

克拉玛依人工林俄罗斯杨(Populus russkii)与新疆杨(P. alba var. Pyramidalis)光合特性分析

为研究克拉玛依人工林中俄罗斯杨与新疆杨的光合特性的差异,利用Li-6400便携式光合分析仪,在人工控制环境下,测定了克拉玛依规模化人工林中的两种主要树种(新疆杨和俄罗斯杨)的光合响应曲线、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度以及蒸腾速率等光合生理特征,并对两种杨树的光合生理特征进行对比分析。通过对比分析知,相同条件下,新疆杨的净光合速率(Pn)比俄罗斯杨大,因此,相同时间下,新疆杨固定的CO2及积累的生物量比俄罗斯杨多,在规模化人工林的碳汇功能中,新疆杨的贡献率要比俄罗斯杨大。但是,新疆杨的耗水量较大,在干旱环境中,这必然成为新疆杨大面积栽培的一个限制因素。该研究可为克拉玛依人工林的两种杨树品种进行合理的配置提供参考依据。     

大青山次生林区油松人工林的高生长及其GM(n)模型

本文通过对内蒙古大青山次生林区近廿年来人工培植的油松林高生长状况的调查研究,进一步探讨了本区的自然环境条件与油松高生长之间的定性关系;同时引用灰色数学方法,建立GM(n)高生长模型,描述其高生长规律。亦可用于短期预测,效果良好。     

Neotropical Monogenoidea. 56. New species of Anacanthorus (Dactylogyridae) from the gills of matrinchã, Brycon orthotaenia (Characiformes: Characidae), in the Rio São Francisco, Brazil

Anacanthorus franciscanus sp. n. and Anacanthorus brevicirrus sp. n. (Dactylogyridae) are described from the gills of the matrinch?, Brycon orthotaenia Günther (Characidae), from the Rio S?o Francisco in Brazil. Anacanthorusfranciscanus most closely resembles Anacanthorus e[egans and A. kruidenieri from the matrinch?, Brycon melanopterus, of the Amazon River Basin. It differs from these species in part by having the bulbous proximal end of the hook shank with two translucent regions. Anacanthorus brevicirrus resembles A. franciscanus, A. kruidenieri and A. elegans but is differentiated from these species by its short straight male copulatory organ and by having one translucent region in the bulbous base of the hook shank.     

甘肃河东地区小麦条锈病菌(Pucciniastriiformis f. sp. tritici)越夏气候区划

为明确气候变化等环境条件对小麦条锈病菌越夏区域和海拔高度的影响,采用修订的小麦条锈病菌越夏气象指标,即夏季最热8 d平均气温为主导指标、期间大气相对湿度为辅助指标,利用地理信息系统(GIS),进行甘肃河东小麦条锈病菌越夏气候区划研究。结果表明,甘肃河东地区小麦条锈病菌可越夏范围向西向北有所扩展、海拔高度下限有所下降。陇中北部、陇中南部、陇东高原、六盘山区、陇南北部、陇南南部可越夏海拔高度下限分别为1 700、1 400、1 200、1 200、1 100 m和2 000 m,与二十世纪80年代相比,分别下降了600、200、200、200、500 m和500 m,区域范围向西向北扩展到了陇中北部和甘南州等地。可越夏区以上涉及国土面积达到了近790多万公顷(hm~2),占区域总面积的79%。     

The Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum–Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei pathosystem: its position in resistance research and breeding applications

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop and powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, is one of the most serious diseases that occurs on barley throughout the world. In the Middle East, which is the centre of diversity for barley and its pathogens, the wild barley–powdery mildew pathosystem co-evolves resulting in many specific resistances in the host as well as corresponding virulences in the pathogen. Many specific resistances have been used in European breeding programmes and a centre of pathogen diversity has arisen also especially in central Europe. This short review briefly summarizes the use of host resistances derived from wild barley and land races including the durable resistance gene mlo. The use of powdery mildew pathogenicity for studying new and unknown specific resistances and for identifying resistances in commercial varieties is described. However, highly heterogeneous wild barley is also characterized as a valuable source of minor genes for powdery mildew resistance. These might be exploited by barley breeders especially for winter barley improvement where the non-specific resistance gene mlo cannot be used.