New South Wales Department of Agriculture,Entomology Branch,Annual Report 1966-7 (extracts)

Abstract

Damage to tea plants due to a root infection was observed on an estate in southern Malawi. Initial symptoms on plants in the infected areas varied from yellowing of leaves on individual branches followed by dieback to a more frequent rapid wilting of the leaves of entire bushes. The bark surface of superficial roots and collar region was covered by a loose mat of coarse fungal mycelium varying from white or cream to pale or bright yellow in colour. Infection was well developed on a large proportion of roots of affected plants before foliage symptoms appeared. The causal agent was identified as Pseudophaeolus baudonii (Pat.) Ryv.; this is the first record of the fungus in Malawi and the first record of its occurrence anywhere on tea. The fungus is widely distributed in Africa on a range of hosts. It is not yet known how the fungus is transmitted and definite control methods cannot be recommended although it is suggested that entire tea crops in diseased areas be removed and the land used for tobacco production. It is unlikely thatP. baudonii will have serious economic effects on tea crops in the area.     

印度梨形孢的多种功能及其应用前景

印度梨形孢是一种可进行纯培养的类菌根真菌,该菌以菌丝体、菌丝卷、分枝或者圆形体的方式定殖于寄主植物根的胞间和胞内。已有研究表明:该菌能促进12科24种植物的生长,并能诱导植物产生系统抗性和提高对逆境胁迫的忍耐性,加快插枝侧根的形成和促进微繁殖植物的硬化。该菌在根分化区定殖的量高于根尖片断的量,在该菌与植物根部早期的识别过程中,涉及多种蛋白,但这些蛋白与真菌的作用方式并不清楚。另外,该菌在寄主植物上的成功生长涉及到了寄主细胞的死亡,但并未引起植物的逆境,而是在根的生长与真菌的繁殖之间达到了很好的平衡。     

Effects of the fungus Crinipellis perniciosa, causal agent of witches' broom disease, on cell and tissue cultures of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)

The symptoms of witches' broom disease in cocoa, caused by the Basidiomycete fungus Crinipellis perniciosa , are pronounced swelling of the terminal and axillary buds followed in the long term by necrosis of this tissue. The direct effect of C. perniciosa on cocoa cells was examined under controlled conditions by growing primary and secondary phase cultures of the fungus separately and also with callus cultures and with cell suspensions. Both primary and secondary phase mycelium reduced growth of callus cultures by about 47% after one week compared with the controls. However, cell suspensions containing primary phase mycelium showed initial growth double that of the uninfected controls after 5 days, but then growth was reduced below that of the control and particularly when the primary phase became secondary phase mycelium. This change in fungal development coincided with the time that the cell culture reached the stationary growth stage. Cell cultures inoculated with stationary phase mycelium showed the same growth as the control after 5 days but then growth was reduced to 50% of the control after 19 days incubation and remained at this low level subsequently. The inhibitory effect of secondary phase mycelium was examined by incubating callus and cell suspensions with culture filtrate from liquid cultures of the secondary phase. Inclusion of 50% by volume of culture filtrate from the secondary phase in the growth medium for callus and cell suspensions, respectively, resulted in a reduction in growth of the plant tissue cultures. Addition of fungal culture filtrates also led to loss in potassium and loss of viability of cell suspensions and of isolated cells as represented by protoplasts. The necrotrophic mode of the secondary phase may be achieved through the production of phytotoxins acting on the host cell membrane.     

Interactions between the biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 and Thielaviopsis basicola in tobacco roots observed by immunofluorescence microscopy

Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 protects plants from damage caused by several soilborne fungi. In this work, immunofluorescence microscopy was used to investigate the colonization of tobacco roots by CHA0 and its physical relationship with the black root rot fungus Thielaviopsis basicola . The pseudomonad colonized the rhizoplane shortly after planting of tobacco seedlings in sterile soil microcosms, in which it had been introduced as soil inoculant. CHA0 was found between and inside cells in the epidermis and the cortex, as well as in the xylem vessels, within 4–7 days after planting of seedlings. The presence of CHA0 delayed the colonization of the interior of tobacco roots by T. basicola compared with the treatment in which only the fungus had been inoculated. Likewise, the pseudomonad reduced the extent of black root rot from 82% to 28%. However, CHA0 was seldom found in contact with the mycelium of T. basicola or in its vicinity, indicating that direct colonization of the mycelium of T. basicola by CHA0 was not required for protection of tobacco against black root rot. Overall, the results suggest that the interior of the root is a key site for implementation of the strain's biocontrol activity against soilborne plant-pathogenic fungi.     

A microscopic study of the wheat-powdery mildew relationship after application of the systemic compounds procaine,griseofulvin and 6-azauracil

On wheat seedlings systemically protected by root application of procaine-hydrochloride, griseofulvin or 6-azauracil, germination of oidia ofErysiphe graminis f. sp.tritici and penetration of this fungus into the epidermal cell wall was as high as on control plants. Inhibition of powdery mildew development became apparent only after the penetration process had started. About 85% of the infections were halted within 24 hours after the inoculation, and did not result in the formation of a haustorium. In the other cases usually not more than one haustorium per infection court was formed, which often showed anomalies, characteristic for each compound used. Development of mycelium was scanty or absent and no sporulation occurred. Similarly, on plants of a resistant wheat variety, powdery mildew inhibition became apparent only after penetration of the host had started. There was no development of mycelium or sporulation. A severe reaction of certain epidermal cells to penetration by powdery mildew was observed on resistant as well as on treated and untreated susceptible plants. However, in relation to the total number of infections, the percentage of this type of reaction was low.     

疫霉蛋白激发子PB90对病原菌生长与致病力的影响

 激发子PB90是由棉疫病菌分泌的可诱发非寄主植物系统获得抗病性的一类新型蛋白激发子。本文就该激发子在棉疫病菌生长发育及致病过程中的作用进行了研究。采用胶体金标记发现该激发子主要分布在棉疫病菌的细胞壁上,该激发子可以分泌到细胞外;在离体条件下,PB90的多克隆抗体并不抑制棉疫病菌游动孢子的萌发和孢子萌发后形成菌落的能力,而且抗体包埋的游动孢子仍能激发非寄主植物烟草的过敏性坏死反应;但是,抗体的包埋处理可以使棉疫病菌的游动孢子丧失对棉花的致病力。结果表明,特异性存在于细胞壁上的疫霉蛋白激发子PB90是棉疫病菌的一种重要的毒性因子,在病菌对棉花的致病过程中具有重要作用;此外本研究结果还提示PB90并不是惟一能诱导非寄主烟草过敏性反应的棉疫病菌激发子,除了PB90之外,棉疫病菌还能产生其它的激发子诱导烟草的过敏性坏死反应。     

Alternaria eichhorniae, a biological control agent for waterhyacinth: mycoherbicidal formulation and physiological and ultrastructural host responses

The bioherbicidal efficacy of different alginate formulations of Alternaria eichhorniae 5 (isolate Ae5), a virulent Egyptian isolate, was compared on waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). The fungus was formulated as alginate pellets containing mycelium alone, mycelium plus culture filtrate or culture filtrate alone. Each formulation was applied with and without a hydrophilic humectant (Evergreen 500). These formulations were evaluated for disease incidence (DI), and disease severity (DS). Maximum DS, but not DI, was obtained with the alginate pellets of mycelium plus culture filtrate. Alginate formulations supplemented with the hydrophilic polymer were more effective in promoting disease. Physiological changes associated with the treated waterhyacinth plants were determined 3, 6 and 9 days after treatment. Waterhyacinth plants treated with alginate pellets of mycelium plus culture filtrate of Ae5 had the lowest levels of pigments, carbohydrates and relative water content. Infection of waterhyacinth with Ae5 led to a significant increase in total phenols of leaves as compared to control. Penetration of waterhyacinth leaves by the fungus occurred only through the stomata, and the invading hyphae were located in the intercellular spaces of leaf tissues. Cytological changes noted in infected cells included changes in chloroplast, nucleus and mitochondria. Invagination of the plasma membrane, particularly at plasmodesmata was also noticed in infected cells. The associations between the infection process, the physiological disorder and the ultrastructure of infected leaves are discussed.     

Induction of systemic resistance against Cucumber mosaic virus by Penicillium simplicissimum GP17‐2 in Arabidopsis and tobacco

The plant growth‐promoting fungus, Penicillium simplicissimum GP17‐2, was evaluated for its ability to induce resistance against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco plants. Treatment with barley grain inoculum (BGI) of GP17‐2 significantly enhanced fresh weight, dry weight and leaf number of A. thaliana and tobacco plants 6 weeks after planting. Two weeks after CMV inoculation, all plants treated with BGI of GP17‐2 or its culture filtrate (CF) showed a significant reduction in disease severity compared with non‐treated control plants, which exhibited severe mosaic symptoms by the end of the experiment. The enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) demonstrated that CMV accumulation was significantly reduced in plants treated with GP17‐2 or its CF relative to control plants. Based on RT‐PCR, plants treated with GP17‐2 (BGI or CF) also exhibited increased expression of regulatory and defence genes involved in the SA and JA/ET signalling pathways. These results suggested that multiple defence pathways in A. thaliana and tobacco were involved in GP17‐2‐mediated resistance to CMV, although neither the transgenic NahG line, nor the npr1, jar1 or ein3 mutants disrupted the response in A. thaliana. This is the first report to demonstrate the induction of systemic resistance against CMV by GP17‐2 or its CF.     

The haustorial interface in a resistant interaction of Erysiphe pisi with Pisum sativum

The interface between Erysiphe pisi and pea cv. JI 1049 was studied at the ultrastructural and cytochemical levels and compared with those in two susceptible cultivars. Haustorial efficiencies, as indexed by the length of mycelium associated with each haustorium, and growth rates on the resistant and one susceptible cultivar were also compared.The interaction in the resistant cultivar differed from those in the susceptible cultivars in the following ways: (i) there was no contact between the host plasmalemma and the A neckband region; (ii) papillae were contiguous with the surface of the neck and thus were probably formed before haustoria and (iii) there appeared to be less polysaccharide in the extrahaustorial membrane. The extrahaustorial membrane in the resistant cultivar lacked ATPase activity, whereas the rest of the host plasmamembrane had normal activity.Each haustorium supported a significantly greater total hyphal length in the resistant than in the susceptible cultivars. Growth rates of superficial hyphae were very similar on the susceptible and resistant cultivars but there was a delay in the onset on hyphal growth on the resistant cultivar which correlated with the previously reported delay in formation of the first haustorium. In contrast to hyphal growth rates, the rate of haustorium production was significantly less in the resistant cultivar. It is proposed that resistance in cv. JI 1049 operates at the stages prior to haustorium formation, similarly to that in some non-host and partial resistance systems. Once formed, however, the function of the haustorium seems to be unimpaired, despite the observed interfacial differences.     

Interactions between Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tracheiphilum and Meloidogyne spp. in Vigna unguiculata. 3. Pathogenesis by F. o. tracheiphilum as affected by M. javanica and host cultivar

Experiments were conducted to determine the temporal and spatial effects of Meloidogyne jav anica and host cultivar on pathogenesis by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp tracheiphilum in cowpea. In the wilt-susceptible cowpea cultivar California Blackeye No. 5 (CB5). F. o. tracheiphilum proliferated rapidly in both the hypocotyl and first internode 6 weeks after inoculation. The fungus spread quickly upward as plants grew, colonized most tissues within 6 weeks, and caused severe wilt. In wilt-resistant cultivar CB3. there was little proliferation of F. oxysporum in any tissue, whether or not plants were infected by St. javanica. The fungus was found above the primary internode in 15"., of all CB3 plants, but did not continue to spread upward after 4 weeks Vascular discoloration was greatest when St. javanica was added 4 weeks before F. o. tracheiphilum, but simultaneous inoculation also increased wilt symptoms Root wounding did not increase wilt. Split-root experiments provided no evidence that infection by, M. javanica results in a translocatable factor that reduces wilt resistance. When hypocoivls were inoculated with F. o. tracheiphilum at different intervals after roots infected by St. jav anica were removed, there was no evidence that the effect of the nematode on wilt susceptibility was translocated or persistent.     

荸荠茎点霉秆枯病菌侵染过程的超微观察

<正>荸荠(Eleocharis dulcis),又称马蹄,为莎草科多年生草本植物,是一种具有食用和药用价值的水生蔬菜。近年来,随着荸荠在我国种植面积的不断扩大,病害发生也呈逐年上升趋势。荸荠茎点霉秆枯病是2009年在湖北省荸荠产区发现的一种新病害,由Phoma bellidis侵染引起,该病在湖北省团风地区发生尤为严重,对荸荠的产量和品质造成严重影响;病害一般在8~12月发生,发病初期在荸荠茎秆上产生圆形或梭形红褐色小斑,随后病斑沿茎     

Biotrophic Development of Sporisorium reilianum f. sp. zeae in Vegetative Shoot Apex of Maize

ABSTRACT Sporisorium reilianum f. sp. zeae is the causal agent of maize head smut, a disease present in several regions of France. A cytological study was carried out to describe a key step of the fungal etiology, in which the mycelium invades the vegetative shoot apex. Light and transmission electron microscopy observations show that the fungus is mostly intracellular and suggest that it passes through the host cell wall by lysis and mechanical pressure. The hyphae are surrounded by an amorphous vesicle-rich layer limited by a membrane related to the host plasmalemma. The encasement can be considered as an exchange zone between the plant and the fungus. The infected host cells appear normal; therefore, the fungus seems to act like a biotrophic endophyte.     

枯草芽胞杆菌YN145分离鉴定及抑菌活性

为挖掘用于稻瘟病防治的微生物资源,从感病水稻品种湘早籼24号的健康植株茎叶中用稀释分离法获得527个菌株。采用平板对峙法筛选出对稻瘟病菌具有拮抗作用的菌株60个,其中菌株YN145对稻瘟病菌菌丝生长抑制率达84.31%。经形态学和生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析,将菌株YN145鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis。生物活性测定表明,该菌株继代培养25代后,对稻瘟病菌菌丝抑菌效果仍在80%以上。菌株YN145发酵离心上清液经40、60、80、100和120℃处理30 min后,对稻瘟病菌的抑制率分别为91.50%、92.35%、91.78%、90.93%和86.97%;同样发酵上清滤液分别在pH 3、5、7、9和11处理30 min后,对稻瘟病菌的抑制率分别为91.50%、92.92%、92.92%、92.35%和92.63%。表明抗菌物质能耐高温、耐酸碱,菌株YN145作为稻瘟病生防制剂研发具有一定的价值。     

Effect of Figaren, an Antiviral Protein from Cucumis figarei, on Cucumber mosaic virus Infection

Local lesion formation on cowpea leaves was more than 50% inhibited by treatment with a 23 kDa RNase-like glycoprotein from Cucumis figarei, figaren, from 24 hr before to 1 hr after inoculation with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). CMV accumulation detected by ELISA in tobacco leaves treated with figaren 6 or 0 hr before inoculation with CMV was suppressed. When upper leaves of tobacco plants were treated with figaren and inoculated 10 min later with CMV, mosaic symptoms were delayed for 5–7 days on most of the tobacco plants, and some plants remained asymptomatic. From fluorescence in situ hybridization, infection sites were present in figaren-treated cowpea or melon leaves after inoculation with CMV, though the sites were reduced in number and size compared with those in water-treated control leaves. The amount of CMV RNAs and CMV antigen in melon protoplasts inoculated with CMV and subsequently incubated with figaren similarly increased with time as did that in the control. ELISA and local lesion assays indicated that CMV infection on the upper surfaces of the leaves of tobacco, melon, cowpea and C. amaranticolor whose lower surfaces had been treated with figaren 5–10 min before CMV inoculation was almost completely inhibited. Figaren did not inhibit CMV infection on the opposite untreated leaf halves of melon, cowpea and C. amaranticolor, whereas it almost completely inhibited CMV infection on the untreated halves of leaves of tobacco. CMV infection was not inhibited in the untreated upper or lower leaves of the four plants. These data suggest that figaren does not completely prevent CMV invasion but does inhibit the initial infection processes. It may also induce localized acquired resistance in host plants. Received 10 October 2000/ Accepted in revised form 6 February 2001     

禾谷镰孢漆酶样多铜氧化酶的鉴定及其表达模式

 子囊菌禾谷镰孢(Fusarium graminearum)可侵染玉米茎部造成严重的玉米茎腐病。漆酶样多铜氧化酶(Laccase-like multicopper oxidase)具有广泛的作用底物且在植物病原真菌中参与病菌侵染,促进病菌定殖。利用已知真菌漆酶的蛋白序列在禾谷镰孢中鉴定得到14个漆酶样多铜氧化酶,分属5种亚家族。通过对其在侵染玉米茎部不同时间后的芯片数据分析表明FGSG_02142、FGSG_05159在菌丝、孢子及侵染各阶段表达量均较高,FGSG_02328、FGSG_13185和FGSG_00142在侵染阶段表达量明显增加,其他基因表达量相对较低;试验进而利用qPCR检测了部分差异基因在接种玉米感病种质资源B73和抗病种质资源Mo17中的相对表达量,结果显示,禾谷镰孢FGSG_00142基因在B73中的表达量明显高于在抗病材料Mo17中的表达量,而毒素相关基因FGSG_02328在接种Mo17时表达也出现延迟,推测这2个基因均参与了禾谷镰孢的侵染过程。     

禾谷镰孢漆酶样多铜氧化酶的鉴定及其表达模式

 子囊菌禾谷镰孢(Fusarium graminearum)可侵染玉米茎部造成严重的玉米茎腐病。漆酶样多铜氧化酶(Laccase-like multicopper oxidase)具有广泛的作用底物且在植物病原真菌中参与病菌侵染,促进病菌定殖。利用已知真菌漆酶的蛋白序列在禾谷镰孢中鉴定得到14个漆酶样多铜氧化酶,分属5种亚家族。通过对其在侵染玉米茎部不同时间后的芯片数据分析表明FGSG_02142、FGSG_05159在菌丝、孢子及侵染各阶段表达量均较高,FGSG_02328、FGSG_13185和FGSG_00142在侵染阶段表达量明显增加,其他基因表达量相对较低;试验进而利用qPCR检测了部分差异基因在接种玉米感病种质资源B73和抗病种质资源Mo17中的相对表达量,结果显示,禾谷镰孢FGSG_00142基因在B73中的表达量明显高于在抗病材料Mo17中的表达量,而毒素相关基因FGSG_02328在接种Mo17时表达也出现延迟,推测这2个基因均参与了禾谷镰孢的侵染过程。     

Hypersensitive cell death and post-haustorial defence responses arrest the orange rust (Hemileia vastatrix) growth in resistant coffee leaves

The growth of a coffee orange rust fungus (Hemileia vastatrix Berk and Br.) isolate (race II) and the sequence of responses it induced in leaves of resistant Coffea arabica L. and C. congensis Froehner as well as on a susceptible C. arabica were investigated cytologically and biochemically. The percentages of germinated urediospores and of appressoria formed over stomata as well as the fungal growth inside leaf tissues were similar in resistant and susceptible leaves until the 3rd day after the inoculation. In the susceptible leaves, at the majority of the infection sites (70%) the fungus pursued its growth without apparent inhibition while in the resistant leaves the fungus ceased its growth with higher frequency (34% in C. arabica and 54% in C. congensis) after the formation of at least one haustorium. The first signs of incompatibility, detected 2 days after the inoculation, were cytologically expressed by hypersensitive host cell death (HR), host cell wall autofluorescence and haustoria encasement with callose and β-1,4-glucans. Biochemically, two peaks of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity were detected by 2 and 5 days after the inoculation. The 1st peak coincided with the early accumulation of phenolic compounds and with the beginning of cell death. The 2nd peak could be related to later accumulation of phenols and the lignification of the host cell walls. About 5–7 days after the inoculation, ultrastructural observations revealed the accumulation of a material partially crystallized in the intercellular spaces around the senescent hyphae, next to dead host cells and in close association with the middle lamella that initially labelled for pectins. It also contained polysaccharides and phenolic-like compounds. Cellulose, hemicellulose, extensins, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins and proteins were not detected. The hypertrophy of the host cells in the infection area were also observed around 12 days after the inoculation corresponding macroscopically to the reaction flt.In susceptible plants, cell death was also observed 3 days after the inoculation but only in a reduced percentage of infection sites in which the fungus aborted at an early stage. A late haustorium encasement and stimulation of PAL activity were also observed but these delayed host responses did not prevent fungal growth and sporulation.The intercellular material, only observed in the resistant plants, is here reported for the first time and although its role is unknown it might be the result of plant cell death.     

Structural Characterisation of the Interaction between Triticum aestivum and the Dothideomycete Pathogen Stagonospora nodorum

The interaction between Stagonospora nodorum and a susceptible wheat cultivar was investigated using a range of microscopic techniques. Germination of pycnidiospores occurred approximately 3 h after making contact with the leaf surface and was followed by attempted penetration 8–12 h later. Penetration was observed through stomata and also directly through periclinal and anticlinal epidermal cell walls. Penetration down the anticlinal cell walls appeared to occur without a differentiated penetrating structure whilst structures identified as either lateral appressoria or hyphopodia were typically present when penetrating over a periclinal cell wall. Once inside the leaf, the fungus continued to grow for the next 4–5 days colonising all parts of the leaf except the vascular bundles. Only in the later phase of the infection was total host cell collapse apparent. Evidence of polyphenolic compounds was observed. The infection cycle was completed within 7 days as indicated by sporulation on the leaf surface. These results have allowed us to understand how the fungus physically interacts with the leaf and will help the overall understanding of the infection process.     

Studies on the Infection Process of Fusarium Culmorum in Wheat Spikes: Degradation of Host Cell Wall Components and Localization of Trichothecene Toxins in Infected Tissue

After single spikelet inoculation, the infection process of Fusarium culmorum and spread of fungal hyphae in the spike tissues were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. While hyphal growth on outer surfaces of the spike was scanty and no successful penetration was observed, the fungus developed a dense mycelium on the inner surfaces and effectively invaded the lemma, glume, palea and ovary by penetration pegs. During the inter- and intracellular spreading of the fungus, marked alterations in the host tissues were observed, including degeneration of cytoplasm, cell organelles, and depositions of electron dense material between cell wall and plasmalemma. Ultrastructural studies revealed that host cell walls in proximity of the penetration peg and in contact with hyphae were less dense or transparent which suggested that cell wall degrading enzymes were involved in colonisation of host tissues by fungal hyphae. Enzyme- and immunogold-labelling investigations confirmed involvement of extracellular enzymes, that is cellulases, xylanases and pectinases, in degradation of cell wall components. Localization studies of trichothecenes indicated that toxins could be detected in host tissues at an early stage of infection.     

Differential production of parasiticein, an elicitor of necrosis and resistance in tobacco, by isolates of Phytophthora parasitica

Fifteen isolates of Phytophthora parasitica , nine from tobacco (causing black shank disease) and six from other host plants, were compared by root inoculation with regard to their pathogenicity to young tobacco plants. A progressive invasion of the aerial parts over 1 week was observed only with the black shank isolates, while the non-tobacco isolates induced leaf necrosis within 2 days. Similar necrosis occurred when the roots of tobacco plants were dipped in diluted culture filtrates from non-tobacco isolates, but not in those from tobacco isolates. The necrosis-inducing filtrates were shown to contain a c. 10-kDa protein band which was not present in the other filtrates. This protein (named parasiticein) was purified by ion-exchange chromatography to homogeneity in SDS-PAGE and reverse-phase HPLC. Parasiticein was serologically related to cryptogein, a member of the elicitin family of proteinaceous elicitors previously described from other Phytophthora species. Like the other elicitins, parasiticein induced necrosis in tobacco plants and protected them against black shank. It most closely resembled capsicein in being acidic and in inducing resistance at concentrations (10–100 μg per plant) that caused little leaf necrosis. It is suggested that the absence of parasiticein production by the black shank isolates might be a factor involved in their specific pathogenicity to tobacco.