Bacillus sp. L324-92 for Biological Control of Three Root Diseases of Wheat Grown with Reduced Tillage

ABSTRACT Strain L324-92 is a novel Bacillus sp. with biological activity against three root diseases of wheat, namely take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG8, and Pythium root rot caused mainly by Pythium irregulare and P. ultimum, that exhibits broad-spectrum inhibitory activity and grows at temperatures from 4 to 40 degrees C. These three root diseases are major yieldlimiting factors for wheat in the U.S. Inland Pacific Northwest, especially wheat direct-drilled into the residue of a previous cereal crop. Strain L324-92 was selected from among approximately 2,000 rhizosphere/rhizoplane isolates of Bacillus species isolated from roots of wheat collected from two eastern Washington wheat fields that had long histories of wheat. Roots were washed, heat-treated (80 degrees C for 30 min), macerated, and dilution-plated on (1)/(10)-strength tryptic soy agar. Strain L324-92 inhibited all isolates of G. graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia species and anastomosis groups, and Pythium species tested on agar at 15 degrees C; provided significant suppression of all three root diseases at 15 degrees C in growth chamber assays; controlled either Rhizoctonia root rot, takeall, or both; and increased yields in field tests in which one or more of the three root diseases of wheats were yield-limiting factors. The ability of L324-92 to grow at 4 degrees C probably contributes to its biocontrol activity on direct-drilled winter and spring wheat because, under Inland Northwest conditions, leaving harvest residues of the previous crop on the soil surface keeps soils cooler compared with tilled soils. These results suggest that Bacillus species with desired traits for biological control of wheat root diseases are present within the community of wheat rhizosphere microorganisms and can be recovered by protocols developed earlier for isolation of fluorescent Pseudomonas species effective against take-all.     

Influence of field burning and soil treatments on growth of wheat after Kentucky bluegrass, and effect of Rhizoctonia cerealis on bluegrass emergence and growth

Studies were conducted to assess the importance of soil-borne pathogens as impediments to the production of direct-drilled wheat following Kentucky bluegrass in rotation. Bluegrass sods were collected as cores from commercial seed fields in October (after open-field burning) and in December and March (after exposure to normal freezing and thawing), treated with glyphosate after a 2- to 3-week period of green-up in the glasshouse, and then planted to wheat 21 days later. Wheat seedlings in the 3- to 4-leaf stage were stunted and spindly in either burned or nonburned sods collected in October, but grew significantly better in burned than nonburned sods collected in December and March. Fumigation (methyl bromide), simulated tillage, and application of metalaxyl as a drench, singly or as combined treatments, improved the growth of wheat in nonburned sods. Growth of wheat in nontreated burned sods collected after frost had penetrated the upper portions was equivalent to that in fumigated sods. Experimental freezing at −20°C for up to 96 h, of burned and nonburned sods collected in October, followed by thawing also improved the growth of wheat subsequently sown directly into these sods. The stunted and spindly seedlings had roots girdled and severed by lesions typical of Rhizoctonia root rot. Isolates of Rhizoctonia cerealis were recovered from these roots and caused poor seedling emergence and stunted root and shoot growth of both wheat and bluegrass. The results suggest that both R. cerealis and Pythium spp. are potentially important soil-borne pathogens of wheat when following Kentucky bluegrass in rotation and that burning done routinely to improve the yield of bluegrass seed can also reduce the potential for damage caused by Rhizoctonia and Pythium root rots of wheat seeded directly into bluegrass sod.     

Wheat Genotype-Specific Induction of Soil Microbial Communities Suppressive to Disease Incited by Rhizoctonia solani Anastomosis Group (AG)-5 and AG-8

ABSTRACT The induction of disease-suppressive soils in response to specific cropping sequences has been demonstrated for numerous plant-pathogen systems. The role of host genotype in elicitation of the essential transformations in soil microbial community structure that lead to disease suppression has not been fully recognized. Apple orchard soils were planted with three successive 28-day cycles of specific wheat cultivars in the greenhouse prior to infestation with Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG)-5 or AG-8. Suppressiveness to Rhizoctonia root rot of apple caused by the introduced isolate of R. solani AG-5 was induced in a wheat cultivar-specific manner. Pasteurization of soils after wheat cultivation and prior to pathogen introduction eliminated the disease suppressive potential of the soil. Wheat cultivars that induced disease suppression enhanced populations of specific fluorescent pseudomonad genotypes with antagonistic activity toward R. solani AG-5 and AG-8, but cultivars that did not elicit a disease suppressive soil did not modify the antagonistic capacity of this bacterial community. When soils were infested prior to the initial wheat planting, all cultivars were uniformly susceptible to R. solani AG-8. However, when pathogen inoculum was added after three growth-cycles, wheat root infection during the fourth growth-cycle varied in a cultivar specific manner. The same wheat cultivar-specific response in terms of transformation of the fluorescent pseudomonad community and subsequent suppression of Rhizoctonia root rot of apple was observed in three different orchard soils. These results demonstrate the importance of host genotype in modification of indigenous saprophytic microbial communities and suggest an important role for host genotype in the success of biological control.     

Changes in seed bank size and dormancy characteristics of the glyphosate-resistant biotype of goosegrass (Eleusine indica[L.] Gaertn.)

A study on changes in the seed bank size of a glyphosate ( N -(phosphonomethyl)glycine)-resistant (R) Eleusine indica biotype was carried out on a naturally occurring infestation of a young oil palm plantation. The total number of shed seeds collected was 53% of the predicted potential total number of seeds produced by the plants. Ametryn ( N -ethyl- N' -(methylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2, 4-diamine) was found to be able to control the R seed population in the soil. The periodicity of seedling emergence was influenced by rainfall subsequent to the 1 month period of seed shedding. Seed burial at 2, 10 and 20 cm depths showed that 39, 33 and 79%, respectively, of viable seed persisted in the soil after 2 years. Seeds in the state of enforced dormancy played an important role in maintaining the seed population throughout the 2 year period of burial in the soil.     

丹皮酚衍生物——3-羟基-1-(2-羟基-4-甲氧基苯)-3-(2'-溴苯)-1-丙酮的合成及其抗菌活性

从牡丹根皮中提取丹皮酚,将丹皮酚精制后与2-溴苯甲醛在室温及碱催化下发生亲核加成反应,生成一种丹皮酚衍生物——3-羟基-1-(2-羟基-4-甲氧基苯)-3-(2'-溴苯)-1-丙酮,产率为78.6%,其结构用紫外光谱(UV)、红外光谱(IR)、质谱(MS)及核磁共振谱(NMR),结合元素分析等进行表征。单晶X-衍射(X-ray diffraction)测定结果表明:该晶体属单斜晶系;P2(1)/n空间群;晶胞参数:a=0.99380(15) nm,b=0.80617(12) nm,c=1.9251(3) nm,α=90.0(2)°,β=103.287(2)°,γ=90(2)°,V=1.5010(4) nm3,Dc=1.554 mg/cm3, μ=2.751 mm-1,F(000)=712,Z=4,R1=0.0290,ωR2=0.0660,R(int)=0.0322。该丹皮酚衍生物具有抗菌活性,对植物源真菌油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum和番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0.36和0.48 g/L,对病源细菌福氏志贺菌Shigella flexneri 51065和金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus ATTCC25925的MIC分别为0.02和0.06 g/L。     

Physiological effects of methyl 2-[4(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate on oat,wild oat,and wheat

Methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate (dichlofop-methyl) is a selective herbicide for wild oat (Avena fatua L.) control in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Dichlofop-methyl inhibited IAA-stimulated elongation of oat and wheat coleoptile segments by 51 and 13%, respectively, at 10 μM concentrations. Dichlofop-methyl alone had no auxin activity at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10 μM. The inhibitory effect of dichlofop-methyl was overcome partially by increasing the IAA concentration or by application of 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), a herbicide with weak auxin activity. The de-esterified free acid metabolite, 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]-propionic acid (dichlofop), at 10 μM inhibited auxin-stimulated oat coleoptile elongation by 23%, but it did not affect wheat coleoptile elongation at the same concentration. Both dichlofop-methyl and dichlofop inhibited root growth in excised shoots and seedlings of wild oat but had no effect on wheat. Dichlofop was a more effective inhibitor of root growth than dichlofop-methyl. The results suggest that dichlofop-methyl functions as a strong auxin antagonist, while the metabolite, dichlofop, inhibits root growth and development by another mechanism. The herbicidal effect of dichlofop-methyl may be the net effect of two biologically active forms of the compound each with a different mode of action acting at different sites within a susceptible plant.     

1-[2-苄氧基-2-(2,4-二氟苯基)乙基]-1H-1,2,4-三唑衍生物的合成及杀菌活性

以抗真菌药物益康唑为先导化合物,设计合成了17个1-((2-取代苄基) 氧基)-2-(2,4-二氟苯基) 乙基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑类目标化合物,其中14个为首次报道,其结构均经 1H NMR、13C NMR和HRMS确认。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了目标化合物对7种植物病原菌的抑制效果,并对毒力较高的化合物进行了其对水稻纹枯病和小麦条锈病的盆栽和田间药效试验,而且测定了其对水稻纹枯病菌麦角甾醇生物合成的抑制作用。结果表明:大多数目标化合物对测试病原菌菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,尤其对水稻纹枯病菌和番茄早疫病菌的抑制作用最好,其中对水稻纹枯病菌的EC₅₀值均低于3 μmol/L,明显高于对照药剂苯醚甲环唑和益康唑;化合物 4a 、 4b 、 4c 、 4g 、 4i 和 4l 对番茄早疫病菌的EC₅₀值均低于10 μmol/L。在浓度为250 μmol/L时,化合物 4b 和 4i 对小麦条锈病的盆栽防效均超过70%,在有效剂量为240 g/hm2时,化合物 4b 对小麦条锈病的田间防效达到81.93%。而且,化合物 4b 和 4i 在100 μmol/L时可有效抑制水稻纹枯病菌麦角甾醇的生物合成,抑制效果在80%左右。     

关中灌区冬小麦混种的产量及农田土壤水分利用效率

为探明不同冬小麦品种混种对产量和水分利用效率的影响。选用冬小麦西农979、小偃22、矮抗58和西农889,于2013—2014和2014—2015两年在西北农林科技大学斗口试验站开展田间试验,设置4个水平:单播(1L)、2个品种混种(2L)、3个品种混种(3L)和4个品种混种(4L),系统测定并比较不同混种水平群体生物量、子粒产量和农田土壤水分利用效率等。结果表明,灌浆期的混种群体光截获率、旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率和瞬时水分利用效率均显著大于单作群体。混种群体子粒产量和地上生物量均高于单作群体,子粒产量增幅随混种品种数量的增加逐渐降低,两年平均增幅为7.92%(2L)、7.15%(3L)和2.73%(4L),其中2L和3L达显著水平,地上生物量增幅随混种品种数量的增加逐渐升高,两年平均增幅为1.08%(2L)、4.78%(3L)和7.24%(4L),3L和4L达显著水平,通径分析表明混播下子粒产量的增加得益于单位面积穗数和穗粒数增加。混种增加了群体浅层土壤含水量和深层土壤中的根系分布,显著降低群体耗水量,并显著提高群体水分利用效率(WUE),子粒WUE两年平均提高11.93%(2L)、12.39%(3L)和8.72%(4L),地上干物质WUE两年平均提高3.3%(2L)、8.66%(3L)和11.75%(4L)。不同品种冬小麦混种可以提高水分利用效率,增加子粒产量。     

芽孢杆菌JPC-2的营养竞争测定及其对小麦根部病害的防治效果

对营养竞争拮抗测定方法进行了改进,对接法将芽孢杆菌JPC-2与小麦纹枯病菌接种于大豆麦麸(SWB)培养基上,JPC-2可在SWB培养基上迅速扩展并完全抑制小麦纹枯病菌的菌丝生长。田间试验表明,芽孢杆菌JPC-2液体菌剂(107cfu/mL,1∶100)处理种子对小麦纹枯病的冬前期防效高于扬花期防效,防治效果为61.9%,高于3%苯醚甲环唑包衣处理(用量为种子质量的0.3%);对小麦根腐病的防治效果可达46.8%,与空白对照差异显著(p<0.05);并使小麦增产73.5%,高于3%苯醚甲环唑种衣剂。芽孢杆菌JPC-2固体菌剂(106cfu/mL,225kg/hm2)沟施于土壤,再播种液体菌剂包衣(107cfu/mL,药种比1∶30)的小麦种子,对小麦纹枯病菌的冬前期防效为68.9%,扬花期防效为59.7%,小麦增产38.9%,与0.2%戊唑醇种衣剂(1∶50)增产效果相当。     

甲基二磺隆对小麦药害的早期诊断

对当茬和后茬作物的药害是磺酰脲类除草剂应用的重要限制因素。甲基二磺隆是麦田常用的磺酰脲类除草剂之一，为了早期诊断其对小麦的药害，采用温室盆栽试验测定了不同剂量甲基二磺隆对小麦株高、地上部分鲜重、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、可溶性糖含量、叶绿素含量、最大光量子产量(Fv/Fm)和根系形态的影响。结果表明:30 g/L甲基二磺隆可分散油悬浮剂(OD)按有效成分剂量9~45 g/hm2施用后10 d，小麦才表现出肉眼可见的矮化和生长抑制症状；但其MDA含量、Pro含量、可溶性糖含量、Fv/Fm和根系形态在喷施甲基二磺隆后5 d就已经表现出明显的变化，其中小麦MDA和Pro含量随甲基二磺隆施用剂量的加大而增加，当施药剂量≥27 g/hm2时，MDA和Pro含量均显著高于清水对照；可溶性糖和Fv/Fm对甲基二磺隆胁迫的响应更敏感，当施药剂量≥9 g/hm2时，可溶性糖含量显著高于清水对照，而Fv/Fm则显著低于清水对照；喷施甲基二磺隆9~45 g/hm2各剂量处理均可抑制小麦根尖数、总根长、总根表面积和总根体积。综合以上结果，MDA、Pro、可溶性糖、Fv/Fm和根系形态可作为早期诊断甲基二磺隆对小麦药害的敏感指标。     

吡唑醚菌酯在小麦不同生育期病害防治中的应用

为探讨吡唑醚菌酯对小麦不同生育期病害的防治效果,采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了吡唑醚菌酯对小麦纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia cerealis、根腐病菌Bipolaris sorokiniana、全蚀病菌Gaeumannomyces tritici及赤霉病菌Gibberella zeae的室内抑制活性;通过种子发芽盒试验,测定了吡唑醚菌酯不同药种比包衣处理对小麦种子发芽的影响;采用菌土混合法,测定了5%吡唑醚菌酯种子处理悬浮剂(FS)对小麦纹枯病的盆栽防效;同时测定了5%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂(SC)对小麦白粉病、锈病及赤霉病的田间防效。结果表明：吡唑醚菌酯对小麦纹枯病菌、根腐病菌、全蚀病菌和赤霉病菌的EC₅₀值分别为0.404、5.862、0.193和1.372 mg/L。25℃条件下,5%吡唑醚菌酯FS不同药种比对济麦22鲜重及干重均有一定的促进作用;10℃下,对小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数均显示出一定的促进作用。5%吡唑醚菌酯FS苗后20 d对小麦纹枯病的防效在74%以上,药种比1∶50时防效达99.02%;5%吡唑醚菌酯SC按3000 mL/hm     

抗高效氟吡甲禾灵日本看麦娘生长速率与生长密度研究

抗性日本看麦娘种群与敏感种群种子在低温（4℃）清水浸泡处理超过6 d后萌发率均能达90%以上,但抗性种群休眠解除的时间要长于敏感种群;敏感种群在播种后的前15 d内生长速率快于抗性种群,但此后抗性种群生长速率逐渐超过敏感种群;抗性种群在播种后20 d开始长出第2片叶,比敏感种群晚2 d,播种后25 d两种群出现第2片叶的比例均超过95%,进一步说明在生长后期抗性种群生长速率超过敏感种群;在相同的播种密度下,抗性种群长势优于敏感种群,150~200株/0.11m2的密度范围内有利于日本看麦娘的生长,抗性种群的最佳生长密度为208株/0.11m2,而敏感种群为186株/0.11m2。     

Suppression of Specific Apple Root Pathogens by Brassica napus Seed Meal Amendment Regardless of Glucosinolate Content

ABSTRACT The impact of Brassica napus seed meal on the microbial complex that incites apple replant disease was evaluated in greenhouse trials. Regardless of glucosinolate content, seed meal amendment at a rate of 0.1% (vol/vol) significantly enhanced growth of apple and suppressed apple root infection by Rhizoctonia spp. and Pratylenchus penetrans. High glucosinolate B. napus cv. Dwarf Essex seed meal amendments did not consistently suppress soil populations of Pythium spp. or apple root infection by this pathogen. Application of a low glucosinolate containing B. napus seed meal at a rate of 1.0% (vol/vol) resulted in a significant increase in recovery of Pythium spp. from apple roots, and a corresponding reduction in apple seedling root biomass. When applied at lower rates, B. napus seed meal amendments enhanced populations of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., but these bacteria were not recovered from soils amended with seed meal at a rate of 2% (vol/vol). Seed meal amendments resulted in increased soil populations of total bacteria and actinomycetes. B. napus cv. Dwarf Essex seed meal amendments were phytotoxic to apple when applied at a rate of 2% (vol/vol), and phytotoxicity was not diminished when planting was delayed for as long as 12 weeks after application. These findings suggest that B. napus seed meal amendments can be a useful tool in the management of apple replant disease and, in the case of Rhizoctonia spp., that disease control operates through mechanisms other than production of glucosinolate hydrolysis products.     

Effects of avirulent bacteriocin-producing strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum on the control of bacterial wilt of tobacco

Root systems of tobacco dipped in suspensions containing 2 × 10⁹ colony forming units (CFU)/ml of avirulent bacteriocin-producing strains (ABPS) of Pseudomonas solanacearum and assayed immediately after planting in steam-sterilized soil had 8 × 10⁶ CFU/root system of ABPS. The bacterial population declined to an average of 5·3 × 10⁵ CFU/root system after 30 days. Roots of seedlings dipped in bacterial suspensions of ABPS were more effectively protected against wilt caused by P. solanacearum than those dipped in suspensions of an avirulent nonbacteriocin-producing strain (ANBPS). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from one ABPS (121) inhibited the attachment of bacteria on roots by 70% but had no effect on the reduction of wilt, whereas bacterial cells significantly reduced the disease severity as compared to LPS or water treatment. In steam-sterilized soil containing a 1:1 mixture (5 × 10⁵ CFU/g of oven-dried soil) of ABPS 121 or 237 and the virulent strain K-60, ABPS 121 reduced multiplication of the virulent strain in soil and in the rhizosphere of seedlings. When roots of seedlings were dipped in a suspension of 2 × 10⁹ CFU/ml of ABPS before planting, root colonization by the virulent strain added to steam-sterilized soil at 2 × 10⁶ CFU/g of oven-dried soil was significantly reduced. When roots were dipped in a suspension of ABPS and assayed 20 days after planting, 98% of the bacterial population was found in the original zone of inoculation and only 2% was detected in new growths of the root system. Plants which were grown in soil infested with ABPS 121 or K-60 had both strains present at variable populations along all sections of roots.     

Impact of celery age and infection byBotrytis cinerea on linear furanocoumarin (Psoralens) content in stored celery

The concentration of psoralens in celery (Apium graveolens L.), variety ‘Tender Crisp’, harvested 120 days after planting, was 12 μg g^-1 f.wt, compared with 18 μg g^-1 f.wt in celery harvested 150 days after planting. After 1 month of storage at 2°C, concentrations of psoralens in the 120- and 150-day-old celery were 82 and 118 μg g^-1 f.wt, respectively. Concentrations of psoralens in the 120- and 150-day-old celery inoculated withBotrytis cinerea Pers., after 1 month of storage at 2°C, were 266 and 294 μg g^-1 f.wt, respectively.     

2002—2014年陕西省小麦条锈菌生理小种变化动态和小麦品种(系)的抗病性

为明确陕西省小麦条锈菌的群体结构、变异动态和新育成小麦品种(系)的抗病性,为病害流行预测、防治以及抗病育种提供依据,本研究于2002—2014年从陕西省8个市(区)的28个县(区)和毗邻的甘肃省、四川省和湖北省部分地区共采集鉴定小麦条锈菌标样2 779份,监测到条锈菌生理小种和致病类型45个,其中,CYR33和CYR32为目前陕西省小麦条锈菌主要流行小种,新致病类型G22-9和G22-14虽然目前出现频率不高,但对贵农系列、92R系列以及Moro均有毒性,且出现频率呈上升趋势。目前小麦条锈菌群体中Hybrid46致病类群和水源11致病类群占绝对优势,这与我国小麦品种抗病基因单一化有较大关系,应加强开发和利用新的、多元化的抗源材料。对2 952份陕西省新育成小麦品种(系)抗病性测试结果表明,其整体抗性水平呈上升趋势。综合条锈菌生理小种监测和抗病性分析结果,目前小麦抗条锈病育种应以抗CYR33和CYR32为主,同时注意对G22-9和G22-14的抗病性研究。     

Effects of leaf susceptibility and fungicide seed treatment on leaf spot of Pima cotton caused by Altenaria macrospora

Effects of leaf susceptibility and seed treatment with the systemic fungicides tebuconazole (Raxil) or difenoconazole (Dragon) on Altenaria macrospora in Pima cotton were examined under glasshouse conditions and in the field. In the absence of fungicide, the susceptibility of cotyledons to Alternaria- induced shedding increased with seedling age. Effects of seed treatment with fungicide were evident even on the third true leaves, and persisted up to 39 days after planting. Disease suppression was determined both by the fungicide and also by the susceptibility of the host tissue: seed treatment suppressed Alternaria-induced shedding of cotyledons for 18 days, but not 29 days after planting In a field trial, disease progress was delayed by 20-24 days in plots planted with treated seeds. The effect persisted for up to 86 days after planting. Alternaria-induced defoliation at later stages of the season was not affected by the seed treatment. No significant differences in disease control were detected between the two fungicides.     

覆膜对不同播期冬小麦根系生长和产量的影响

为探究覆膜对冬小麦根系生长和产量的影响,于2017—2018和2018—2019年度在冬小麦生育期设置2种栽培模式（CK: 裸地穴播,PM: 全膜穴播）和3个播种日期（0：传统播期,10：晚播10 d,20：晚播20 d）,分析了覆膜措施对不同播期冬小麦地上部和根系生长、产量及其构成,以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,覆膜处理有效增加了不同播期冬小麦返青期后的根长密度（RLD）、根表面积密度（RSD）、根系生物量、地上部生物量;各生育期PM0处理的RLD、RSD、根系生物量、地上部生物量均最大。覆膜对晚播冬小麦根系生长具有一定的加速作用,使得两季冬小麦PM10处理的RLD、RSD和根系生物量在返青期分别比CK0处理高2.90%、13.63%和23.04%。与CK0处理相比,两季冬小麦灌浆期 PM0、PM10、PM20处理的地上部生物量分别显著增加65.63%、75.57%和54.71%（P<0.05）。两季冬小麦覆膜处理的产量和水分利用效率均比同播期裸地处理高,其中,两季冬小麦PM0、PM10处理的产量分别比CK0处理提高28.92%、14.35%,水分利用效率分别比CK0处理提高17.87%、7.90%。此外,研究还发现,冬小麦返青期、开花期、灌浆期总RLD均与有效穗数、产量、水分利用效率呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）;冬小麦返青期总RSD、根系生物量均与有效穗数、产量及水分利用效率呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。综上,覆膜措施通过改良土壤的水热环境,加速并促进了冬小麦根系的生长发育,进而改善了冬小麦根系对水分和养分的吸收,增加冬小麦植株的抗逆性。     

Insecticidal control of hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor say: Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) on wheat and barley in cyprus

Hessian fly was controlled to a maximum of 95% with organophosphate insecticides, in terms of the number of puparia and percentage tiller infestation at harvest. Granules: phorate at 1.68 kg/ha (1 1/2 lb/acre) as 10% granules in the seed furrow was most effective on durum wheat in 1967–8, with 69–92%, control, of tillers infested. 1.12 kg/ha gave 74–89% control, 0.56 kg/ha in the seed furrow 35–54%. Seed furrow treatment was more effective than band or broadcast treatment over young plants, although granules broadcast over young barley at 1.68 kg/ha of phorate gave 74% control in 1967–8. Fonofos (Dyfonate) granules at 1.55 kg fonofos/ha were most effective on barley in 1968–9, with 66% control. After fonofos and phorate, disulfoton at 1.68 kg disulfoton/ha was next in effect, with up to 86%, control in 1967-8 and 24% in 1968–9, but variable and not much more effective than at 0.56 kg/ha. Other insecticides were less effective. Seed dressings: disulfoton was the most effective, giving 79% control in 1967-8 on wheat and 77% on barley at a high rate of application that was phytotoxic in 1968–9. Diazinon, bromophos and ethion gave 15–38%, control and chlorfenvinphos and dimethoate less. Carbaryl dust at 1.12 kg carbaryl/ha gave 32% control. Yields were poor, but grain yield was increased by up to 33% in wheat in 1967-8, averaging about 15%. Barley yield was increased by 7% in 1967–8, and from 9–23% in 1968-9 by fonofos and phorate granules. Insect control reduced the number of tillers, increased the number of heads and increased the grain weight per head. In observation plots, chlormequat (CCC) spray alone at the 5-leaf stage reduced infestation of wheat by between 22% and 43%, but CCC with fertilizer, and fertilizer alone had no conclusive effect. High fly populations are partly due to leaving crop residues in the field at harvest. When these can be ploughed in, infestation should decrease. The use of insecticides may not be economic unless more consistent increases in yield can be obtained.     

Seedborne fungal contamination: consequences in space-grown wheat

Plants grown in microgravity are subject to many environmental stresses that may promote microbial growth and result in disease symptoms. Wheat (cv. Super Dwarf) recovered from an 8-day mission aboard a NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) space shuttle showed disease symptoms, including girdling of leaf sheaths and chlorosis and necrosis of leaf and root tissues. A Neotyphodium species was isolated from the seed and leaf sheaths of symptomatic wheat used in the spaceflight mission. Certain isozymes of a peroxidase unique to extracts from the microgravity-grown plants were observed in extracts from earth-grown Neotyphodium-infected plants but were not present in noninfected wheat. The endophytic fungus was eliminated from the wheat seed by prolonged heat treatment at 50 degrees C followed by washes with water at 50 degrees C. Plants from wheat seed infected with the Neotyphodium endophyte were symptomless when grown under greenhouse conditions, whereas symptoms appeared after only 4 days of growth in closed containers. Disease spread from an infected plant to noninfected plants in closed containers. Dispersion via spores was found on asymptomatic plants at distances of 7 to 18 cm from infected plants. The size and shape of the conidia, mycelia, and phialide-bearing structures and the ability to grow rapidly on carbohydrates, especially xylose, resembled the characteristics of N. chilense, which is pathogenic on orchard grass, Doctylis glomerati. The Neotyphodium wheat isolate caused disease symptoms on other cereals (wheat cv. Malcolm, orchard grass, barley, and maize) grown in closed containers.