Remobilization of Nitrogen and Carbohydrate from Stems of Bread Wheat in Response to Heat Stress during Grain Filling

When wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is grown under heat-stress conditions during grain filling, preanthesis stored total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) and nitrogen (N) could serve as alternative source of assimilates. This study was performed to evaluate wheat genotypes for their ability to accumulate and remobilize TNC and N stored in their stem to support grain filling under heat stress. Eighteen genotypes were used for N remobilization study while nine of them were used for TNC remobilization study. They were grown in pots and placed in a vinyl house with the maximum temperature kept below 30 °C. Five days after anthesis (5DAA), half of the pots were taken to phytotrons where temperature was gradually increased and the maximum was set at 38 °C. Grain yield and grain weight decreased by about 35 % under heat stress. Significant differences were found among genotypes in percentage reduction in grain yield, grain weight, grain filling duration and harvest index because of heat stress. The N and TNC concentrations of the stem at 5DAA were significantly different among genotypes. Heat stress significantly reduced the N remobilization efficiency of most of genotypes. However, heat stress significantly increased TNC remobilization efficiency and significant variation were observed among genotypes. N remobilization efficiency across treatments significantly correlated with grain yield, grain weight, harvest index and grain filling duration. TNC at 5DAA negatively correlated with N at 5DAA and harvest index, but the TNC remobilization efficiency under heat stress positively correlated with mainstem grain yield, grain weight and harvest index. The rate of chlorophyll loss from flag leaf positively correlated with N and TNC remobilization efficiencies under heat stress suggesting a link between leaf senescence and remobilization efficiency. The results indicate that heat stress negatively affected grain yield, its components and N remobilization while it increased TNC remobilization because of the increasing demand for resources.     

不同品种紫花苜蓿中总皂苷含量的比较研究

采用比色法测定了北京地区栽培不同年限的45个紫花苜蓿品种茎、叶中总皂苷的含量。结果表明，各品种苜蓿叶片中的皂苷含量均高于茎，在不同品种之间存在明显差异。4年生植株中皂苷含量最高的品种“Vernal”为1.174%，最低的品种“Empress”为0.606%；3年生植株中最高的品种“WL442”为1.141%，最低的品种“农保”为0.788%；2年生植株中最高的品种“胜利者”为1.293%，最低的品种“全能”为0.722%。综合比较，含量最低品种与最高的品种相差2.13倍。栽培年限对紫花苜蓿皂苷含量具有一定影响。     

The potential of selection and breeding for improved salt tolerance in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Four cultivars of Medicago sativa L. were subjected to selection for improved salt tolerance using a salinized solution culture technique at 250 mM NaCl. Selections were made after two weeks growth, based upon seedling shoot length differences. High (shoot lengths 14–31 mm) and low (7–12 mm) selection lines were established. Unselected shoot lengths ranged from 0–11 mm. Selection intensities ranged from 0.17% to 0.22% for the high selection lines, and from 0.30% to 1.05% for the low selection lines.Eleven selected plants from cv. CUF 101, and 10 from Local Syria were grown on and polycrossed. A sample of progeny seed from each was grown at 8 NaCl concentrations in solution cultures. Selected line seedlings produced shoots at 225, 250, 260, and 275 mM NaCl, whereas unselected material failed to grow above 225 mM NaCl. A second cycle of selection at 280 mM NaCl with these two cultivars achieved selection intensities of 0.21% and 0.45% for high and low selection lines, respectively. Selected lines grew and produced shoots at 300 mM NaCl.Seedlings derived from 1st and 2nd selection cycles and unselected control material were grown for 6 weeks at 0, 150, 175, and 200 mM NaCl in a sand culture experiment. The high selection line produced significantly greater shoot fresh weight, dry weight, and % live shoot weight than the unselected control material. Clearly selection as practised here can isolate individual seedlings having enhanced genetically based tolerance to NaCl, which is manifest in mature plants derived from polycrossing those selected individuals.     

Harvest interval affects lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) taproot total yield,starch, nitrogen and water-soluble carbohydrates

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) has a large taproot to store and release starch, carbohydrates and nutrients during the plant's growth. Recommended management of the lucerne crop aims to keep the taproot stable subject to the demands for feed provision and stand longevity. Field experiments were conducted in Victoria, Australia, to examine the effects of recovery period on taproot mass and nutritive status. Both experiments used established SARDI Seven lucerne crops and were either cut every 21 days (short recovery SR) or every 42 days (long recovery LR). At each defoliation, taproots were extracted for determination of DM yield and starch, water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and nitrogen (N) concentration and DM yield. At both sites, WSC and N DM yields along with total taproot DM yield did not change greatly as the experiment progressed. Starch was responsive to herbage accumulation with both concentration and DM yield, increasing when herbage accumulation rates were high and decreasing when herbage accumulation rates were low. At both sites, LR taproots had starch levels equal to or higher than those of SR taproots. We conclude that short intervals between defoliations disrupt the energy cycling between shoots and roots. This is likely to reduce lucerne productivity, particularly during periods of rapid growth.     

锌锰微肥对苜蓿生产的效应研究

针对河南省气候土壤特点、锌锰钼肥的生理功能以及牧草生产利用中存在的问题,对Zn、Mn两种微肥在紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）优质牧草生产中的配施技术进行了研究。结果表明：紫花苜蓿的有效范围为400~500mg/kg,最佳浓度为430mg/kg。430mg/kg的Zn肥与380mg/kg的Mn 肥结合使用,效果更好,可使牧草产量提高约10.7%,种子产量提高13.7%。     

紫花苜蓿生产性能构成因子研究

对3种不同秋眠类型9个不同秋眠级别的苜蓿品种进行生产性能构成因子以及构成因子间的相互关系的研究,结果表明,植株高度与节间长和再生速度达显著相关(P<0.05);生物量与植株高度和再生速度达显著相关(P<0.05);关于再生速度与植株高度、节间长和生物量的影响程度拟合方程分别如下:Y1=37.165+8.17x1;Y2=2.28+1.13x1;Y=3.03x1.再生速度与植株高度、节间长和地上生物量有着很高的相关性.植株高度是苜蓿产量一个很好的预测指标;决定苜蓿地上生物量的最终决定因子是再生速度,所以苜蓿的再生性是苜蓿高产育种首先考虑的因子.     

盐胁迫下陆地棉耐盐品种根系的抑制消减文库构建

 采用抑制消减(SSH)杂交技术构建了陆地棉耐盐品种中棉所35在盐(0.4%NaCl)胁迫后1 d、3 d、5 d和7 d的混合SSH文库。文库质量检测表明,差减杂交效率较高,质量较好。随机挑选200个阳性克隆进行测序,获得160余条高质量的表达序列标签（EST）。对序列进行BLAST比对及功能注释,其中有62条unigene 未获得同源性匹配, 42条与未知功能的序列同源性较高;其余56条功能已知的unigene中,与抗逆直接相关的基因有14个,占8.8%,参与新陈代谢及信号转导的基因有11条和10条, 分别占6.9%和6.3%,参与转录调控的基因8条,占5.0%。最后,对这些基因在盐胁迫中的作用进行了注释与讨论。     

Coronatine Alleviates Polyethylene Glycol-induced Water Stress in Two Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars

We studied the effects of coronatine (COR), a structural and functional analogue of jasmonates, on the drought tolerance of two rice cultivars, Handao 297 (a drought-tolerant upland rice) and Yuefu (a drought-sensitive lowland rice). Seedlings were treated with COR at the three-leaved stage at 0.01 and 0.1 μm for 24 h, followed by imposition of water deficit induced with 20 % polyethylene glycol (PEG). Water stress reduced the biomass of both cultivars and increased leaf lipid peroxidation and solute leakage. Pre-treatment with COR significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase in leaf tissues of water-stressed Handao 297 (0.01 μm ) and Yuefu (0.1 μm ) seedlings. COR supplement also increased the accumulation of 44 and 32 kDa polypeptides in water-stressed Handao 297 (0.01 and 0.1 μm ) and Yuefu (0.1 μm ) and significantly induced the expression of 29 kDa polypeptide in Handao 297. The results suggest that COR might alleviate drought stress by activating antioxidant enzymes and inducing proteins, thereby preventing membrane peroxidation and denaturation of bio-molecules. Thus, membrane permeability decreased substantially by 24–27 % in Handao 297, and 22–29 % in Yuefu. The optimal concentrations conferring drought resistance were 0.01 for the upland rice and 0.1 μm for the lowland cultivar.     

盐胁迫下金花菜和紫花苜蓿试管苗的转录组分析及其耐盐基因筛选

为筛选金花菜和紫花苜蓿的耐盐基因,本研究以盐胁迫下的金花菜(JHC)和紫花苜蓿(ZHMX)试管苗为试验材料进行转录组分析。结果表明：金花菜组和紫花苜蓿组差异基因数为26722,金花菜组vs紫花苜蓿组有15850个基因下调,有10872个基因上调。金花菜组和紫花苜蓿组差异基因KEGG富集显著的Pathways有核糖体、光合作用天线蛋白、糖酵解/糖异生、光合作用、苯丙烷生物合成等。金花菜组耐盐基因有碱性亮氨酸拉链43、NAC转录因子47、ABC转运A家族成员7、晚期胚胎发生丰富蛋白2、乙烯反应转录因子ERF110等基因;紫花苜蓿组耐盐基因有WRKY转录因子、蛋白TIFY 8、转录因子MYB13、核运输因子2A、低温盐响应蛋白等基因。本试验结果可为了解金花菜和紫花苜蓿的耐盐分子机制及选育金花菜和紫花苜蓿耐盐新品种提供理论依据。     

Remobilization of Proline and Other Nitrogen Compounds from Senescing Leaves of Maize under Water Stress

The effects of water stress around anthesis on proline accumulation and translocation from leaves of two maize cultivars (DA 4F37 and DA XL636) were studied. Water stress increased leaf proline content only in DA 4F37, while proline in leaf exudates was detected only in DA XL636 water-stressed plants. Proline translocation was not associated with increased nitrogen remobilization from leaves. The accumulating proline cultivar DA 4F37 showed a higher osmotic adjustment capacity than DA XL636. Leaf proline content in water-stressed DA 4F37 plants varied with daytime. High proline concentration during the morning was found in leaves with high relative water content. This evidence would support the hypothesis that proline is involved in osmotic adjustment.     

An improved breeding strategy for autotetraploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Alfalfa cultivar development will be enhanced by breeding strategies whichutilize the full potential of autotetraploid population genetic structures. Thisstudy evaluates the effectiveness of an allelic selection scheme, which wasdeveloped to overcome limitations of inbreeding depression and to exploitgeneral and specific combining ability effects in autotetraploid populations.Allelic selection entails the minimization of non-additive genetic effects byselecting among full-sib families (F1) which are at uniform levels ofheterozygosity. Such F1 lines are developed by crossing individuals fromtwo unrelated random mating populations. Selected F1 lines wereintercrossed to form an improved population. Eight random matingpopulations of alfalfa were developed to study the effectiveness of allelicselection. Selection for increased dry matter yield resulted in alfalfapopulations with 38 percent greater yield than the parent populations. Twocycles of intercrossing, among selected F1 lines, did not dissipate the gainfrom selection. This result has important implications for synthetic cultivardevelopment in which a major limitation is the decline in productivity withadvancing generations of seed increase. A positively correlated response toselection for dry matter yield was observed for plant height and stemdiameter. The results of this research indicate that continued testing of theallelic selection scheme is warranted and could have a significant impact onthe breeding of autotetraploid alfalfa, particularly for synthetic cultivardevelopment.     

盐胁迫对陆地棉愈伤组织的影响

利用组织培养技术、生化分析的方法，研究了不同盐压力（ＮａＣｌ）对陆地棉愈伤组织增长及蛋白质和氨基酸代谢的影响。结果表明：随着盐浓度不断提高，干重含量增大；蛋白质和氨基酸含量在０．５％～１．Ｏ％ＮａＣｌ浓度时出现峰值；而０．５％ＮａＣｌ浓度附近，愈伤组织停滞后转为迅速增长，其质地由灰色疏松状转变成白色致密状。较低ＮａＣｌ浓度对棉花愈伤组织生长有促进作用，而高ＮａＣｌ浓度对棉花愈伤组织有明显的抑制作用。     

水稻主要根系性状对施氮时期反应的品种间差异

以日本晴、武运粳8号、扬稻6号、汕优63为供试材料,设计不施肥、基肥、分蘖肥、促花肥、保花肥等4个不同氮肥施用时期的处理,研究水稻抽穗期主要根系性状对施氮时期反应的品种间差异及其对产量的影响.结果表明:(1)不同穗型品种根系性状差异明显,小穗型品种在每株不定根数、每株不定根总长上具有优势,大穗型品种在每株根干重、     

不同基因型小麦对低氮胁迫的生物学响应

采用溶液培养的方法,研究了不同基因型春小麦(加春1、2、4号)根系对低氮胁迫的生物学响应、小麦苗期氮素吸收、分配的基因型差异以及与根系形态之间的相关关系,结果表明,⑴低氮胁迫下小麦的根重、根长、根条数、根系总吸收面积与活跃吸收面积、根系SOD及POD活性、根系活力均明显降低,但不同基因型间的差异明显。低氮胁迫下加春2号小麦根系具有较好的形态学与生理学性状,并向地上部分配了较大比例的氮素,地上部氮累积量占总氮量的百分率比其它两种基因型分别高7.6%和8.2%,氮的利用率也比其它两种基因型高8.0%和9.9%。加春2号比其它两个基因型更能适应低氮环境胁迫。⑵在低氮胁迫下,春小麦根重、根总长度、根系活力、根系总吸收面积及活性吸收面积与总吸氮量呈显著线性相关,而在高氮水平下无相关关系,表明在氮素胁迫条件下,根系形态对氮吸收率起重要作用。     

水分胁迫下紫花苜蓿根系特征与ABA含量的变化

研究通过温室盆栽试验探讨了干旱胁迫对‘三得利’、‘敖汉’和‘中苜1 号’3 个紫花苜蓿品种根系ABA浓度和根系特征的影响。按照田间持水量的100%（对照）、85%（轻度干旱）、70%（中度干旱）和55%（重度干旱）设置4 个梯度的水分胁迫处理,分别对3 个紫花苜蓿品种进行处理,并对根系ABA含量和根系性状进行测量。结果显示：水分胁迫可以显著影响不同生长时期的紫花苜蓿根系ABA的含量。随着处理时间的延长,不同水分胁迫处理的紫花苜蓿根系ABA含量均呈先升高后下降再升高的趋势。在移栽后的第75 天,根系ABA含量达到首个峰值,然后开始下降,到第105 天的时候将至最低,然后开始回升直至处理结束。移栽105 天以后,4 个水分胁迫处理（W1、W2、W3 和W4）紫花苜蓿根系ABA含量分别为44、56.6、64.6、94.4 ng/g FW。同时,不同紫花苜蓿品种根系ABA含量存在差异。移栽105 天以后,‘敖汉’、‘三得利’和‘中苜1 号’根系ABA含量均达到最低,分别为83.2 ng/g FW、61.7 ng/g.FW 和49.9 ng/g FW;之后,根系ABA含量开始回升。与对照相比,重度水分胁迫使根系长度降低了20.92%,使侧根数降低了20.71%,使根鲜重降低了43.79%,使根干重降低了37.96%。重度水分胁迫下植株根冠比是对照的1.9倍,这说明水分胁迫对地上部茎叶的影响要大于地下部的根系。水分胁迫降低了紫花苜蓿根长、侧根数、根鲜重和根干重,增加了紫花苜蓿根冠比,促使根系ABA含量升高。不同紫花苜蓿品种根系ABA含量存在差异。     

紫花苜蓿锌指蛋白基因RNAi表达载体的构建及在苜蓿的转化

根据紫花苜蓿锌指蛋白MsZFN基因(GenBank登录号为EU624138)序列,设计两对含有酶切位点的特异性引物,以紫花苜蓿cDNA为模板,分别合成用于构建干扰载体的正反义片段,将正反义片段分别插入表达载体pART27的相应位置,构建成含有发夹结构的RNAi载体pART-F-R。利用农杆菌介导方法,将pART-F-R转化到紫花苜蓿中,经过PCR检测,获得了3株转基因植株。经过RT-PCR检测,证明转基因植株中MsZFN基因表达量明显低于未转基因的植株。结果表明,已构建成功具有发夹结构的RNAi载体pART-F-R,它可有效的抑制紫花苜蓿MsZFN基因。     

High frequency somatic embryogenesis with a pampeana-derived genotype of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Somatic embryos of genotype R11 of the alfalfa variety Pampeana were produced from embryogenic calli derived from leaf sections. They were induced by an auxin shock and its development was attempted on six different media. The best condition for somatic embryo production was inducing callus on MS medium plus 10 M 2,4-D and 4,6 M KIN and transferring them, after the auxin shock, to MS with 10–20 mM NH₄ ⁺ and 30 mM proline. More than 500 somatic embryos per plate were produced. Embryos were grown to plants on MS or half strength MS media and all regenerated plants resembled the original R11 genotype. This technique could be useful in alfalfa Pampeana improvement using genetic modification.     

氮素供应对小麦锌吸收、转运和向籽粒累积影响的研究进展

为进一步实现小麦籽粒锌(Zn)营养强化和氮肥(N)优化管理提供参考,归纳了氮素供应对小麦锌吸收、转运和向籽粒累积的影响。得出：（1）氮素供应是否通过增加锌吸收载体数量（如金属转运蛋白ZIPs家族中的类铁调控IRT-like蛋白）提高根系对锌的吸收;是否通过促进木质部中与锌螯合的含氮化合物如尼克酰胺(NA)和有机酸如柠檬酸的合成,或通过提高锌转运载体（如重金属腺苷三磷酸酶HMA和类黄色条纹YSL家族蛋白）的数量促进锌从根系向地上部的转运;是否通过提高NA或YSL的数量促进锌从营养器官向籽粒的再转移,均值得进一步研究。（2）应加强不同形态氮素（如硝态和铵态氮）和叶面喷施的研究,将¹⁵N和^67/68Zn同位素标记结合定量化深入研究氮素的影响。     

盐胁迫对苜蓿生理性状和生长性状的影响

为改良利用河北东部盐碱土壤,试验选用河北沧州东部黄骅地区的重度盐碱土壤与砂壤土按一定比例混合,探究耐盐型和敏盐型2种苜蓿在盐胁迫下的生长性状和生理特性表现。结果表明：不同比例的盐碱土会对苜蓿的生长产生抑制作用,耐盐型苜蓿‘中苜3号’在盐碱土:砂壤土不超过1:2的条件下,株高、地上生物量、主枝侧枝数、地下生物量和根系长度无显著影响,且盐碱土:砂壤土低于1:2时,盐胁迫对‘中苜3号’生长具有促进作用,但当盐碱土:砂壤土超过1:2时,盐胁迫对‘中苜3号’的生长产生显著的抑制效果。而敏盐型‘WL440HQ’则表现为随着盐碱土比例的增加,株高、地上生物量、地下生物量、主枝侧枝数和根系长均显著下降。盐胁迫会使苜蓿叶片内脯氨酸和丙二醛含量增加,‘中苜3号’在YJ-2（盐碱土:砂壤土=1:2）处理下脯氨酸和丙二醛在苗期-初花期的增加量最大,说明‘中苜3号’在盐碱土:砂壤土=1:2时适应性最强。在河北沧州东部重度盐碱地,在选用耐盐苜蓿品种‘中苜3号’时,可以通过盐碱土:砂壤土=1:2的混合比例,既不影响苜蓿正常的生长,还可改良利用该地区盐碱土壤。     

The effects of kinetin on callus characters in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Three callus initiation media, B2-k, B2, and 7951, were used to study the effects of kinetin on callus initiation, morphology, histology, and regenerability in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The presence of kinetin in callus initiation media retarded callus initiation, but enhanced division and differentiation of callus cells. Calluses induced on kinetin-containing media (B2 and 7951) had many compact cell aggregations, which were considered meristematic regions that might differentiate to plantlets on a regeneration medium. Visually, these calluses were compact and had many nodular structures. In contrast, most calluses induced on a kinetin-free medium were composed of large, individual cells and had friable structures without nodules. After transfer to a hormone-free medium, calluses induced on kinetin-containing media regenerated more frequently than those induced on a kinetin-free medium, but cytokinin (kinetin) autotrophism also occurred. Autotrophism was sexually transmissable and especially affected by the female parent.