压缩矩形材的动态热力学分析

水蒸气处理对压缩木材变形固定和提高木材尺寸稳定性均有很好效果,水蒸气处理使压缩木内部应力释放及结晶结构增加,压缩变形得以固定(井上雅文等,1994);使压缩木内部形成凝聚结构是变形固定的主要原因(東原貴志等,2000).     

制造工艺因素对刨花板吸水厚度膨胀率的影响

结合众多实验结果，讨论了刨花板制造工艺中12个主要因素－热压温度、热压时间、热压压力、板的密度、刨花含水率、施胶量、施蜡量、胶剂种类、刨花形态、刨花原料种类、刨花预处理、成板的二次压制处理对刨花板吸水厚度膨胀率的影响。结果表明，降低刨花板的24h吸水厚度膨胀率要通过降低其不可逆厚度膨胀率获得，而降低不可逆厚度膨胀率的实质是尽量以非膨胀功耗能释放内应力，减少粘弹性变形和胶接点破坏。研究还表明，上述12个制板要素中，除施蜡量外，都对不可逆厚度膨胀率有很大的影响，因此选择合理的制板工艺因素对刨花板的尺寸稳定性很重要。     

木材塑性变形的湿热固定技术及机理研究进展

塑性变形永久固定是木材压缩密实化、弯曲等塑性改性的关键科学和技术问题之一。本研究针对塑性变形湿热固定技术，从塑性变形形成和回复机理入手，在全面分析木材塑性变形固定研究现状的基础上，重点阐述木材塑性变形的湿热固定技术和机理研究进展以及存在的问题，为突破该项技术的产业化应用瓶颈提供参考。湿热固定技术是以释放木材内应力方式固定塑性变形的方法，因处理方式不同，区分为常压热处理和加压热处理两大类。目前采用的所有处理方法，永久固定塑性变形的必要条件为温度达到180℃以上，加快热传递速度，并使板材厚度方向的中心温度快速达到180℃,能够有效缩短塑性变形永久固定时间。湿热处理永久固定塑性变形机理研究主要从热处理和饱和蒸汽处理2种过程中木材内应力释放与化学性质变化之间的关联性展开，多数研究支持3种基本机制，即基质分子间的交联反应形成稳定的结构；分子链断裂使微纤维和基质中应力松弛；亲水的细胞壁成分，特别是半纤维素形成聚合物阻止其再次发生水软化。但这些研究实际上只局限在2个极端，一端是干燥状态下依靠提高温度和延长时间释放木材内应力的热处理，另一端是接近饱水状态下依靠高温高压释放木材内应力的饱和蒸汽处理，而且...     

刨花板厚度方向变形研究Ⅰ.尺寸稳定之化学热力学研究初步

本文从化学热力学角度出发 ,理论上分析了人造板尺寸稳定的一些普遍性规律 ,初步证明人造板热压后在变形恢复时 ,蠕变和松弛将会同时发生 ;人造板的尺寸稳定过程是通过释放非膨胀功耗能量和膨胀功耗能量而实现的 ,只有使体系以非膨胀功耗能量释放 ,才能对人造板的尺寸稳定性有利 ;同时为热堆放处理有利于人造板尺寸稳定从化学热力学找到理论根据     

Comparison Between Steam-Injection Pressing and Conventional Hot Pressing in Producing Poplar Particleboards Part 2 : To improve the dimensional stability of particleboards with steam-injection pressing

该研究采用传统热压和喷蒸热压两种方法来生产杨木刨花板．刨花板内施加１０％的脲醛树脂胶（ＵＦ），目标厚度分别取１０，１５，２０，和２５ｍｍ，热压温度均为１８０℃．喷蒸热压时饱和蒸汽的压力为０．３～０．５ＭＰａ，每种厚度下喷汽时间一定，取两个热压时间；传统热压时每种厚度下各取４个热压时间．然后测定试件的吸水厚度膨胀率、吸水率、密度、含水率及力学性能．本文重点讨论了喷蒸热压对杨木刨花板尺寸稳定性的影响．结论认为：喷蒸热压相对于传统热压，在保证刨花板的强度、缩短热压时间的条件下，明显改善了杨木刨花板的尺寸稳定性．     

热压工艺参数对三聚氰胺饰面刨花板甲醛释放量的影响

以市售刨花板和三聚氰胺浸渍纸为原料,制备三聚氰胺饰面刨花板.采用L9（34）正交试验考察热压温度、热压时间、热压压力3个热压工艺参数对三聚氰胺板甲醛释放量的影响.采用国家标准（GB/T 17657-1999）《人造板及饰面人造板理化性能试验方法》干燥器法检测甲醛的释放量.试验结果表明,热压温度对甲醛释放量影响最大、热压时间其次、热压压力影响最小,其中热压温度对甲醛释放量有显著影响,热压时间和热压压力的影响并不显著.热压工艺参数提高,会引起热压后的三聚氰胺板前期的甲醛释放量明显升高.确定饰面刨花板甲醛低释放的最优化生产工艺参数为热压温度170℃、热压时间40s、热压压力2.5 MPa.     

人造板热压应力研究

在不同的制板工艺条件下压制纤维板和刨花板,并在线记录热压过程中的油压力.通过比较分析不同板材密度和厚度、板坯含水率及热压温度时,试板在热压过程中的油压力-时间曲线,总结人造板在热压过程中热压应力的变化规律.     

木材横纹压缩流变参数的测定

为了解木材横纹压缩的流变性能,例如在刨花板生产过程中热压时的行为,首先需要找出一种测定流变参数的方法。木材横纹压缩的流变性能相当复杂。在流变范围内,瞬间变形主要包含弹性变形和塑性变形;蠕变往往是由粘弹性函数和依赖于时间的塑性变形函数叠加而成。然而叠加的各流变参数可以用一种简单的方法将其——分离。由于各种流变参数和函数的叠加,在广泛的压缩应力范围内存在着五种不同形式的蠕变-回复曲线。     

刨花板垂直平面压缩流变性能研究Ⅰ

就基材而言,刨花板的贴面过程可看作是一压缩流变过程。本文采用压缩流变方法,研究刨花板垂直平面压缩时的行为,为控制贴面刨花板的厚度偏差提供理论依据。由于各流变参数在不同应力阶段有着不同的表现形式,在压缩应力范围内(1—12N/mm~2),会出现四种不同的蠕变-回复曲线。统计分析表明:瞬间弹性变形的偏差较小,且较稳定,而瞬间塑性变形的偏差较大,并随压力的增高而增大;依赖于时间的塑性变形的偏差随压缩应力增加而增加,并和推迟弹性变形偏差一样,随蠕变时间的延长而增加;由瞬间塑性变形和依赖于时间的塑性变形所决定的厚度损失,其偏差的变化规律和它们各自的变化规律一致。由于刨花板在制造过程中,木材刨花中的细胞腔和其它空隙多少已被压缩或压实,故各压缩流变参数值均小于对应的木材压缩流变参数值。     

酚醛胶pH值对刨花板尺寸稳定性的影响

实验对酚醛胶ｐＨ值对刨花板尺寸稳定性和力学强度的影响进行了研究，共对５种ｐＨ值水平，７个类型，计２１块实验室压制的刨花板进行了测试。用高碱酚醛胶压制的刨花板表现出高吸水性，相对较高的厚度膨胀，但很低的不可逆厚度膨胀。结果表明，碱在胶—木胶合系统中存在增强了板坯内应力的释放，同时也增加了吸水率。     

Identification of moisture-induced stresses in cross-laminated wood panels from beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.)

The crosswise bonding of the layers in laminated solid wood panels results in internal stresses when the humidity varies. The layers hinder one another as a result of the anisotropy of wood. The purpose of this study was to determine the internal stress state in free and constrained swelling. The expansion properties in the three panel directions were measured. Furthermore, the swelling of samples was constrained while the resulting forces were recorded. Hygroscopic warping experiments were carried out inducing a climate gradient within the panels. Afterwards the stresses were calculated from released deformations and non-destructive measurements of the Young’s modulus. The materials used were untreated and heat-treated beech wood, the latter modified in two levels. In addition to homogenously structured panels, treated top layers were combined with an untreated middle layer. Swelling, swelling pressure, warping and internal stresses considerably decreased from untreated to treated wood. If layers from treated and untreated material were combined, stresses and deformations increased as compared to the variants produced only from treated wood. It was concluded that the lower equilibrium moisture content of heat-treated beech wood improves its dimensional stability, which results in smaller deformation differences between the layers. Hence, the stresses were less distinctive.     

国外结构人造板尺寸稳定性的研究技术

国外结构人造板(如定向结构板、大片刨花板、华夫刨花板等)主要用作建筑材料,对产品的尺寸稳定性要求很高,许多研究者在如何提高产品尺寸稳定性方面作了大量的研究工作。文中综述了大量的科研成果,介绍了国外结构人造板尺寸稳定性的研究技术,包括引起结构人造板尺寸不稳定的缘由,结构人造板尺寸稳定性的评价方法,影响结构人造板尺寸稳定性的工艺因素以及提高结构人造板尺寸稳定性的措施。     

喷蒸真空热压技术

喷蒸真空热压系在板的热压周期中,通过向板坯内部注入高温高压蒸汽以加速热固性树脂固化,并借助真空处理帮助残余蒸汽和其它有害气体排除、降低板鼓泡发生率的一种热压方法。该技术可有效缩短厚板的热压时间,并改善板的尺寸稳定性、控制板的密度分布、减少砂光损失。喷蒸真空热压技术有望成为木质刨花板和木质复合板热压的发展方向。     

Mechanical behaviour of Eucalyptus wood modified by heat

Summary  Eucalyptus wood (Blue gum) shows very high mechanical performances, presents very few knots and gives strong glued joints, reasons that justify its interest for structural uses, carpentry and furniture components or even building construction. The inconveniences of this species are its slow and difficult drying process and its low dimensional stability – with very high swelling and shrinkage coefficients. The drying process has been studied at INETI and the problem revealed to be solved with appropriate drying schedules and the stresses released by a steam treatment. Heat treatment of Eucalyptus wood has been identified as one of the most promising techniques to increase its dimensional stability. Studies in this area still proceed. This paper presents some test results that show the influence of heat treatment in the strength properties of this wood, namely the bending modulus of elasticity and tensile strength perpendicular to grain, in addition to the explanation of dimensional stability evaluation and some results of dimensional stability treatments. Received 15 June 1998     

PARTICLEBOARD STRESS RELAXATION THROUGHOUT MECHANO-SORPTIVE CREEP OF GLUELINES

Anumberofinveshgationsonmethodslbrcontrollingpaticleboardstabilityhavebeenmade,andmostofthemconcentrateonstabilisingthewood.substance.MakuandSasaki(l956)foundthatswellingandtvaterabsorptionofboardsmadefromheattreatedflakesdecreasedwiththeseverityoftreatment.ThisagreeswiththeworkofLehmann(l964)whofotmdthestabilityofparticleboardtoim-provewhenmadewithparticlestreatedat2o5C"forl5,3o,45niinutes.ThemechanicaIpropertieswere,however,adverscl}'affcctedbecauscofen1brittlementofthextood.Tl1iseffecthas…     

Elastic moduli and stiffness optimization in four-point bending of wood-based sandwich panel for use as structural insulated walls and floors

Several wood-based sandwich panels with low-density fiberboard core were developed for structural insulated walls and floors, with different face material, panel thickness, and core density. The elastic moduli with and without shear effect (E _L, E ₀) and shear modulus (G_b) were evaluated in four-point bending. Generally, the stiffer face, thicker panel, and higher core density were advantageous in flexural and shear rigidity for structural use, but the weight control was critical for insulation. Therefore, optimum designs of some virtual sandwich structures were analyzed for bending stiffness in relation to weight for fixed core densities, considering the manufactured-panel designs. As a result, the plywood-faced sandwich panel with a panel thickness of 95 mm (PSW-T100), with insulation performance that had been previously confirmed, was most advantageous at a panel density of 430 kg/m³, showing the highest flexural rigidity (E _L I = 13 × 10⁻⁶ GNm²) among these panels, where E _L, E ₀, and G _b were 3.5, 5.5, and 0.038 GN/m², respectively. The panel was found to be closest to the optimum design, which meant that its core and face thickness were optimum for stiffness with minimum density. The panel also provided enough internal bond strength and an excellent dimensional stability. The panel was the most feasible for structural insulation use with the weight-saving structure.     

Laminated Panel Manufacture of Two Kinds of Bamboo for Architecture Material and Property Comparison

The manufacture technologies of two kinds of bamboo laminated panel and their physical-mechanical properties have been studied in the paper. The species of bamboo are the D. yunnanicus Hsueh et D. Z. Li in Yunnan Province and P. heterocycla var. pubescens Ohwi in Zhejiang Province. The data are offered in order to provide proof to produce architectural panel by bamboo materials. The results show as follows: Laminated bamboo panel can be produced by the reconstruction technology, and the mechanical properties of the panels reached or even exceeded some pine used in architecture. Comparing the physical-mechanical properties of laminated panel made of two bamboo species, it can be seen that properties of laminated D. yunnanicus Hsueh et D. Z. Li panel were higher than those of laminated P. heterocycla var. pubescens Ohwi panel, but dimensional stability was poorer than the latter. In the comparison of laminated directions, it can be seen that parallel panel had better mechanical properties than crossed pan     

Properties of kenaf core binderless particleboard reinforced with kenaf bast fiber-woven sheets

Kenaf composite panels were developed using kenaf bast fiber-woven sheets as top and bottom surfaces, and kenaf core particles as core material. During board manufacture, no binder was added to the core particles, while methylene diphenyldiisocyanate resin was sprayed to the kenaf bast fiber-woven sheet at 50 g/m² on a solids basis. The kenaf composite panels were made using a one-step steam-injection pressing method and a two-step pressing method (the particleboard is steam pressed first, followed by overlaying). Apart from the slightly higher thickness swelling (TS) values for the two-step panels when compared with the one-step panels, there was little difference in board properties between the two composite panel types. However, the two-step pressing operation is recommended when making high-density composite panels (>0.45 g/cm³) to avoid delamination. Compared with single-layer binderless particleboard, the bending strengths in dry and wet conditions, and the dimensional stability in the plane direction of composite panels were improved, especially at low densities. The kenaf composite panel recorded an internal bond strength (IB) value that was slightly low because of the decrease of core region density. The kenaf composite panel with a density of 0.45 g/cm³ (one-step) gave the mechanical properties of: dry modulus of rupture (MOR) 14.5 MPa, dry modulus of elasticity (MOE) 2.1 GPa, wet MOR 2.8 MPa, IB 0.27 MPa, TS 13.9%, and linear expansion 0.23%.     

提高竹丝板尺寸稳定性的研究

研究酚醛树脂胶黏剂固体含量、常温软化、加热软化时间以及增塑剂质量分数,对竹丝板尺寸稳定性影响。结果表明,提高树脂固体含量以及同时进行软化处理,可明显提高竹丝板的尺寸稳定性;增塑剂用量需在6%以上时,才能发挥作用。     

干燥方式对地采暖用实木地板尺寸稳定性的影响

以烘干法和压干法两种干燥方式处理的8种地采暖用实木地板为试验材料,与烘干法作对比,探究压干法对地采暖用实木地板尺寸稳定性的影响;通过木材水分吸湿特性分析压干法提高地采暖用实木地板尺寸稳定性机理。结果表明:采用压干法能明显提高地采暖用实木地板尺寸稳定性,但对径向耐湿尺寸稳定性改善不大。相比烘干法,采用压干法干燥的番龙眼、印茄、朴木、栎木4个树种的地采暖用实木地板径向收缩率分别降低53.8%、60.0%、47.1%、44.4%,轴向收缩率分别降低70.9%、55.6%、37.0%、37.5%,轴向膨胀率分别降低43.2%、31.8%、23.4%、16.5%。这与木材半纤维素的降解、分子链结构活性的增强和纤维素结晶度增加有关。