基于Faster R-CNN网络的茶叶嫩芽检测

为有效识别茶叶嫩芽提高机械采摘精度、规划采摘路线以避免伤害茶树,针对传统目标检测算法在复杂背景下检测精度低、鲁棒性差、速度慢等问题,探索了基于Faster R-CNN目标检测算法在复杂背景下茶叶嫩芽检测方面的应用。首先对采集图像分别进行等分裁切、标签制作、数据增强等处理,制作VOC2007数据集;其次在计算机上搭建深度学习环境,调整参数进行网络模型训练;最后对已训练模型进行测试,评价已训练模型的性能,并同时考虑了Faster R-CNN模型对于嫩芽类型(单芽和一芽一叶/二叶)的检测精度。结果表明,当不区分茶叶嫩芽类型时,平均准确度(AP)为54%,均方根误差(RMSE)为3.32;当区分茶叶嫩芽类型时,单芽和一芽一叶/二叶的AP为22%和75%,RMSE为2.84;另外剔除单芽后,一芽一叶/二叶的AP为76%,RMSE为2.19。通过对比基于颜色特征和阈值分割的茶叶嫩芽识别算法(传统目标检测算法),表明深度学习目标检测算法在检测精度和速度上明显优于传统目标检测算法(RMSE为5.47),可以较好地识别复杂背景下的茶叶嫩芽。     

基于Faster-RCNN深度学习的茶叶嫩芽多维度识别及其性能分析

茶叶嫩芽自动识别分类是实现采茶机器人精采名优茶的关键技术。由于茶叶嫩芽与背景中茶叶差别很小,且茶叶嫩芽形状多样,有一芽一叶和一芽二叶等多种形式,给自动识别带来很大难度。基于Faster-RCNN深度学习神经网络模型多维度进行茶叶嫩芽识别。首先对网络性能进行分析,选取较优的网络模型;在此基础上,研究一幅图像中包含嫩芽的不同数量、形态、拍摄角度、光照条件多维度对识别性能的影响。结果发现,光照条件和拍摄角度对嫩芽识别影响较大。所采用的Faster-RCNN深度学习模型对45°角度拍摄、晴天环境下单株集中一芽两叶的茶叶嫩芽识别效果最佳,同时阴天和90°拍摄时识别效果较差。研究为后续实现机器人现代化智能化的名优茶精采提供了技术支持。     

基于深度学习与多尺度特征融合的烤烟烟叶分级方法

为实现烤烟等级的快速准确识别,降低人工分级中主观因素对分级结果的影响,提高烟叶分级的准确性和一致性,提出一种基于烤烟RGB图像和深度学习的多尺度特征融合的烟叶图像等级分类方法,采用ResNet50提取烟叶图像特征,并引入基于注意力机制的SE模块(压缩激发模块),增强不同通道特征的重要程度;同时,采用FPN(特征金字塔网络)对提取的由浅及深不同层级的烟叶特征进行融合,以实现烟叶多尺度特征的表达。采集皖南地区6068个烤烟的正面和背面图像用于建模和分析。结果表明,提出的烟叶分级方法的分级正确率比经典CNN(卷积神经网络)高出5.21%,分级模型在新批次7个等级烟叶上的分级正确率为80.14%,相邻等级的分级正确率为91.50%。因此,采用RGB图像结合深度学习技术可实现烤烟烟叶等级的良好识别,可为烤烟烟叶收购等级评价提供一种新方法。     

基于Compact-YOLO v4的茶叶嫩芽移动端识别方法

茶叶嫩芽精准识别是实现嫩芽智能化采摘的前提与基础,采用视觉和深度学习的嫩芽识别方法逐渐成熟,但该方法过度依赖于高性能硬件,不利于采茶机器人移动端的部署,针对这一问题,本文提出一种基于Compact-YOLO v4算法的茶叶嫩芽移动端识别方法。首先对YOLO v4算法的Backbone网络和Neck网络进行改进,将Backbone网络替换为GhostNet,将Neck网络中传统卷积替换为Ghost卷积,改进后的模型内存占用量仅为原来的1/5。接着运用迁移学习的训练方法提升模型精度,试验表明,Compact-YOLO v4算法模型的精度、召回率、平均精度均值、F1值分别为51.07%、78.67%、72.93%和61.45%。最后将本文算法模型移植到PRO-RK3568-B移动端开发板,通过转换模型、量化处理、改进部署环境3种方式,降低模型推理计算对硬件性能的需求,最终在保证嫩芽识别准确率的前提下,实现了优化模型推理过程、减轻移动端边缘计算压力的目的,为茶叶嫩芽采摘机器人的实际应用提供了技术支撑。     

基于深度学习的茶嫩芽分割与采摘点定位方法研究

为实现茶嫩芽快速识别与采摘点定位,研究一种轻量级深度学习网络实现茶嫩芽分割与采摘点定位。采用MobileNetV2主干网络与空洞卷积相结合,较好地平衡茶嫩芽图像分割速度与精度的矛盾,实现较高分割精度的同时,满足茶嫩芽快速识别的要求,并设计外轮廓扫描与面积阈值过滤相结合的采摘点定位方法。试验表明：所提出的茶嫩芽分割算法在单芽尖及一芽一叶数据集中精度优异,平均交并比mIoU分别达到91.65%和91.36%;在保持高精度的同时,模型复杂度低,参数量仅5.81 M、计算量仅39.78 GFOLPs;在单芽尖、一芽一叶及一芽两叶数据集中各随机抽取200张图片进行采摘点定位验证,定位准确率分别达到90.38%、95.26%和96.60%。     

基于颜色因子与图像融合的茶叶嫩芽检测方法

针对采茶机器人的茶叶嫩芽识别问题,提出一种基于颜色因子与图像融合的茶叶嫩芽图像检测算法。首先对RGB彩图进行ExG、ExG-ExR,MExG,COM2灰度化处理,并进行灰度图归一化处理;然后选择合适的通道,利用Haar和DB2小波进行多通道图像分解、滤波、融合。获得融合后的灰度图像直方图,对直方图形状进行分析,根据嫩芽老叶的面积比与像素数目比确定图像分割阈值。试验结果表明,此算法能充分利用嫩芽与老叶的颜色差异,很好地检测出茶叶嫩芽,SD,Dice,ER,NR分别为63.005%,60.09%,101.235%,6.515%,性能优于Otsu。     

基于K-means聚类法的茶叶嫩芽识别研究

以数码相机采集的茶叶图像为对象,研究茶叶嫩芽的识别方法。采用基于Lab颜色模型中a分量、b分量信息的K-means聚类法识别彩色图像中的茶叶嫩芽。对不同距离采集的茶叶图像,对比分析Ostu法(最大方差自动取阈法)和3个聚类中心的K-means聚类法的目标识别效果和识别效率。结果表明,Ostu法虽然可以完成嫩芽的识别,平均识别率在89%左右,但不能较好的保证分割后嫩芽的完整度。基Lab颜色模型和K-means聚类法的识别算法能较好的区分嫩芽和背景,平均识别率达到94%左右,且能较好的保证分割后嫩芽的完整度,为智能采摘技术研究提供技术支持和理论基础。     

茶叶茶梗的计算机在线识别技术及其应用

分析了茶叶茶梗在颜色、形状和重量方面存在的差异，提出一种茶叶茶梗计算机在线识别新技术。该技术采用颜色、形状和重量三要素，光学、机械分选相结合，实现对茶叶茶梗多维模式识别。分类阈值可根据茶叶品种和分级要求在线调整。利用茶叶自除尘机理解决了茶尘对光路的阻塞问题。分类效果不受环境温、湿度的影响。该技术可用来替人工进行梗、叶分拣，分拣效率可达到人工的２０￣３０倍。本文介绍了茶叶茶梗计算机在线识别技术的实现     

基于多尺度注意力和深度可分离卷积的农田杂草检测

农田杂草根除是促进农业稳定生产的前提。由于杂草种类多,且相同物种因大小、颜色和位置的变化多样,导致传统农田杂草检测算法性能不高。提出一种基于多尺度注意力和深度可分离卷积的农田杂草检测算法。首先,利用深度可分离卷积改进主干网络VGG-16,降低模型参数量,加快模型的训练;然后,采用多尺度注意力模块提取杂草的多尺度特征,增强模型对形态图像特征的捕获能力。通过在不同时间段测试多个农田杂草样本,结果表明：本文算法的精准率为94.69%、召回率为94.88%和F1值为93.82%。与当前主流杂草检测模型相比,在保持较高检测性能的基础上,具有更低的时间开销,可应用于农田杂草的自动检测。     

基于颜色和形状特征的茶叶嫩芽识别方

与人工采摘茶叶相比,现有采茶机械虽能提高采摘速度,但采摘时老叶、嫩叶一起采,缺乏选择性,并有部分叶片遭破损,降低了原料品质.为此,需要研究具有选择性、低损伤率的自动采摘方法.本文采用基于颜色和形状特征的图像处理方法,实现茶叶嫩芽的计算机识别和检测.针对清明期陕西名茶"午子仙豪"茶叶,首先在RGB颜色空间中提取茶叶图像的G分量,并采用双阈值方法对图像进行分割;然后根据茶叶嫩芽的形状特征,检测茶叶嫩芽的边缘.实验结果表明:基于颜色和形状特征的识别方法能有效分辨出茶叶嫩芽,识别准确率为94%,为实现茶叶嫩芽的自动采摘提供了一种有效方法.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。