不同气调包装方式的冷却猪肉在冷藏过程中的微生物变化

冷却猪肉分别采用真空包装、CO-MAP(CO+CO₂+N₂)包装、高氧-MAP(高浓度O₂+CO₂+N₂)和低氧-MAP(低浓度O₂+CO₂+N₂)包装后，在(4±1)℃贮存3周，每周测定各项微生物变化。结果表明：1)CO-MAP组可抑制腐败细菌的生长，除对乳酸菌抑制作用较弱外，对假单胞菌、肠杆菌科菌和热死环丝菌均具有很强的抑制作用     

不同组分气调包装牛肉冷藏保鲜效果的研究

为延长生鲜牛肉的货架期,保持良好色泽,该文研究了以不同比例组合的CO₂、O₂、N₂作为气调包装对低温保藏的新鲜牛臀肉品质的影响。以真空包装为对照,对保藏期间牛肉色泽、菌相变化、失重率、pH值、挥发性盐基氮等参数跟踪分析,确定最佳的气调包装组分为45% O₂、45% CO₂和10% N₂ ,温度0～4℃,在此条件下牛臀肉可以保藏20 d,并保持色泽稳定。     

真空包装冷却猪肉低剂量辐照后的理化和感官特性变化

研究真空包装冷却猪肉经保鲜液处理或未经保鲜液处理，再分别经0 kGy、0.5 kGy、1 kGy和2 kGy低剂量辐照后的理化和感官特性变化，进而确定最佳的辐照处理方式以延长冷却猪肉的货架期。结果表明：经2 kGy辐照的真空包装冷却猪肉在(3±1)℃下贮存21 d时，TVB-N值、TBARS值和汁液流失率分别为20.17 mg/(100 g)、0.347 mg/kg、9.69%；而同样条件下，冷却猪肉首先用保鲜液处理，再经2 kGy辐照，其TVB-N值、TBARS值和汁液流失率分别为17.43 mg/(100 g)、0.237 mg/kg和9.18%。试验说明保鲜液处理可以在一定程度上提高辐照效果。在本试验设定的辐照剂量范围内，随着辐照剂量的增加，冷却猪肉的色泽逐渐变红，当辐照剂量达到2 kGy时，冷却猪肉的色泽达到最佳的鲜红状态，而且在贮存过程中鲜红色泽始终保持稳定，但其TBA值比对照组高(α<0.05)，不过大大小于1.0 mg/kg的脂肪氧化酸败临界范围值。冷却猪肉经过保鲜液处理+真空包装+2 kGy剂量辐照+冷藏，可以最大程度地延长冷却猪肉的货架期。     

嫩茎花椰菜在不同气调贮藏下叶绿素和维生素C的降解及活化能研究

通过检测叶绿素和维生素C的变化，试验确定了花椰菜气调贮藏中主要成份的降解为一级动力学反应；根据Arrhenius方程，确定了不同气调贮藏条件下花椰菜主要成份的表观活化能。在两种温度2℃和8℃，两种气体组分3% O₂，2% CO₂，95% N₂和6% O₂，6% CO₂，88% N₂组合条件下贮藏试验，结果表明在2℃，3% O₂，2% CO_{2相似文献}   

包装方式和材料对调理脆肉鲩鱼片冷藏过程品质的影响

为延缓脆肉鲩鱼片贮藏过程中腐败变质,并延长货架期。以紫苏叶水提物浸泡腌制的新鲜脆肉鲩鱼片为原料,研究包装方式和包装材料在4℃条件下对鱼片品质的影响。结果表明:气调包装鱼片菌落总数最少、普通包装菌落总数增长最快,气调包装样品冷藏15 d菌落总数平均为5.61 log[CFU/g],未超过水产品规定的货架期终点;冷藏末期气调包装样品汁液流失率、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base-nitrogen,TVB-N)值和硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)值均低于真空包装和普通包装,其中PVC材料气调包装样品汁液流失率第15天达到5.07%,TVB-N值为13.91 mg/100 mg,低于国家规定的二级鲜度,TBA值比真空包装和普通包装分别低16.40%和46.46%。气调包装样品质构降低程度比其他组慢,其中,冷藏末期硬度较另外2组分别高出26.41%和27.08%;不同包装材料样品硬度、汁液流失率、TBA值、感官分值差异显著(P0.05),其中高阻隔性NY/EVOH/PET复合材料保鲜效果最好。综合各指标变化,气调包装和高阻隔性材更有利于调理脆肉鲩鱼片冷藏过程的品质保持。研究结果为调理脆肉鲩鱼片冷藏包装应用提供理论参考。     

气调包装技术用于虾皮保鲜的效果研究

为改进虾皮贮藏质量,延长货架期,研究了气调包装(Modified Atmosphere Packaging)对虾皮的保鲜效果。采用3种不同浓度配比的N₂和CO₂气体和真空包装等方法对虾皮进行包装,分别于5℃、室温和35℃下贮藏。检测虾皮感观、色差、菌落总数和脂肪含量。结果表明：低温有利于虾皮保鲜,高浓度CO₂气调贮藏能抑制虾皮中的微生物繁殖,减缓脂肪蚝蛤败速度,但CO₂浓度过高易使虾皮产生异味,影响感观品质。气调与低温结合可延长虾皮的保鲜期2个多月,推荐的气调气体比例为70%N₂/30%CO₂,低温冷藏。     

红富士苹果自发气调保鲜技术研究

采用5种不同保鲜膜包装，在0℃和10℃条件下，研究不同改性聚乙烯保鲜膜和聚氯乙烯保鲜膜、包装量对红富士苹果自发气调贮藏保鲜效果与原理，为红富士苹果冷藏保鲜和保鲜膜筛选提供依据。结果表明：不同红富士苹果保鲜膜包装内10 d左右O₂和CO₂浓度达平衡值。0℃条件下不同包装的O₂平衡值为12%～19%，CO₂为1.8%～5.0%，10℃条件下不同包装的O₂平衡值为5%～16%，CO₂为3.5%～8.0%。同样条件下2#保鲜膜包装内O₂最低、CO₂最高。各保鲜袋内虎皮病发生率高低顺序为：2#＞1#＞3#＞5#。包装量越大，温度越高，虎皮病发生率越大、乙醇和乙醛含量越高。利用富士专用保鲜膜和适宜的PE保鲜膜包装贮藏7个月，红富士苹果质量商品价值基本不变。     

薄膜气调包装对枇杷果实冷藏期间呼吸和品质性状的影响

通过对呼吸速率、总可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、pH值、果肉硬度、维生素C、失重率和品质及感官指标的变化进行分析，研究了薄膜气调包装对枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.，品种：解放钟）果实冷藏期间呼吸和品质特性的影响，气调包装用的薄膜为低密度聚乙烯薄膜(LDPE，厚度20 μm)，以打孔的低密度聚乙烯薄膜包装为对照。结果表明，低密度聚乙烯薄膜包装枇杷果实后，3～4 d后可维持一个相对稳定的适宜枇杷贮藏的O₂和CO₂的气体浓度，即CO₂(4.8±0.67)%，O₂(11.5±0.85)%；薄膜气调包装结合低温可明显地降低枇杷果实的呼吸速率；薄膜气调包装可以最大限度地减小冷藏期间的枇杷果实的失重率、果肉硬度、维生素C、总可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和固酸比的变化，维持枇杷的新鲜品质，延长货架期。因此，低密度聚乙烯薄膜（LDPE，厚度20 μm）气调包装可用于枇杷的贮藏保鲜。     

天然保鲜剂与气调包装对牛肉火腿切片货架期的影响

该文以真空包装组为对照，在9℃、光照贮藏条件下，采用天然保鲜剂和气调包装对牛肉火腿切片进行了保鲜试验。结果表明：真空包装组(对照组)中的乳酸菌数量上升很快，28 d时就已大大超过6.70 log(cfu·g)^-1。随着乳酸菌的生长繁殖，各处理组产品的pH值不断下降。气调包装(60%CO₂+40%N₂)未显示出明显的抑菌作用，气调包装产品的a^*值(红度)随着贮藏时间的延长显著下降(p<0.05)，褪色明显。天然保鲜剂(150 mg/kg Nisin+0.3%茶多酚)对乳酸菌有很好的抑制作用，采用切片后浸渍方式比腌制前添加方式的效果更好，能够延长牛肉火腿切片的货架期，保鲜剂对产品a^*值影响不明显(p＞0.05)。天然保鲜剂、气调包装对硫代巴比妥酸反应物(Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS)变化的影响都不大(p＞0.05)。     

干燥过程气体成分对蔬菜干制品质的影响

采用自制的QTM试验装置对蔬菜进行气调干制试验，研究了不同温度条件下气体成分对苦瓜片、萝卜丝和香葱干制品质量的影响。结果表明：采用N₂或CO₂进行气体调节，降低干燥过程气体的O₂含量，可明显提高蔬菜干制品叶绿素含量和降低干制过程维生素C质量分数的损失。用指数函数拟合蔬菜干制品的叶绿素含量与O₂含量间的关系，用幂函数拟合维生素C质量分数损失率与O₂含量间的关系，回归方程置信水平都大于95%。     

Absorption and transport of Na and Cl in rice cultivars differing in their tolerance to salinity: An examination of the effects of ammonium and potassium salts

The absorption and transport of Na and Cl from 0.1 mM and 10 mM ²²Na labelled NaCl or ³⁶Cl labelled KCl were examined in 15 days old seedlings of 3 cultivars of rice differing in their tolerance to salinity. Furthermore, the effects of 10, 100 and 1000 ppm (N)₂S on their uptake were studied. It was found that in general, the salt‐tolerant cultivars BR and PNL‐1 absorbed more Na and translocated a lesser proportion of it to the shoot, compared to the salt‐sensitive IR‐8, from 0.1 mM NaCl. The presence of (N)₂S reduced the uptake of Na in all the cultivars. It was also found that the presence of 100 ppm K, KN or NNreduced Na absorption from 0.1 mM NaCl significantly in all the cultivars, and the translocation to shoot in BR‐ Chloride transport from 0.1 mM NaCl was reduced by (N)₂S in all the cultivars. The 3 cultivars differed significantly in the rates of absorption and transport of Na and Cl. The results indicate that PNL‐1 which is a cross of IR‐8 X BR, has inherited the salt tolerance trait from BR. Lower rates of Na translocation to the shoot can be used as an index of salt tolerance in rice.     

我国酸性硫酸盐土壤中铁锰形态转化及迁移

酸性硫酸盐土壤酸性很强，有机质含量高，造成了这种土壤所特有的铁锰淋洗、转化和迁移规律。研究结果表明：在酸性硫酸盐土壤中全铁含量较低，一般在３５－５０ｇ／ｋｇ（以Ｆｅ２Ｏ３计），全锰含量也低，一般在０．２５－０．５５ｇ／ｋｇ（以ＭｎＯ计），一般滩涂中全铁大于６０ｇ／ｋｇ，全锰大于１ｇ／ｋｇ。酸性硫酸盐土壤中，铁的游离度较小，一般在３７－７０％，铁的活化度较大，一般在８－２０％，而滩涂中铁的游离度一般     

An examination of the total analysis of major elements in soil samples

Recently conventional chemical analyses were mostly replaced by instrumental analysis. Although results from both methods were examined in details after the samples had been solubilized or extracted by appropriate techniques, the solubilization method was considerably altered so as to be convenient for the following analysis. In atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), for example, fusion technique was mostly inadequate because of the higher salts concentration in the obtained solution. The use of H₂SO₄ must also be avoided in acid digestion for SO₄ ^2- precipitates with Sr²⁺ or La³⁺ which must be added to eliminate interferences in the succeeding procedure. Therefore, it is essential to consider the whole scheme including sample treatments to evaluate the suitability of instrumental analysis. In this experiment, the suitability of the methods which have been employed in our laboratory was examined by analyzing 9 rock standards.     

Denitrification potential in a grassland subsoil: effect of carbon substrates

We examined the potential of a subsoil to denitrify nitrate under optimal anaerobic conditions in a laboratory-based incubation when supplied with a range of C substrates of increasing recalcitrance. Both topsoil and its associated subsoil were supplied with nitrate and either glucose, starch or cellulose. Microbial respiration and the evolution of N₂O and N₂ were measured. The subsoil supported low amounts of microbial activity and responded only to the glucose treatment; with less than one-fifth of the N₂O production measured in the top soil. Overall, our findings demonstrated that the denitrification potential of this particular subsoil is relatively low and that only simple carbohydrates could be utilised readily by the resident microorganisms.     

Availability and extractability of soil manganese in a liming experiment

Abstract

The availability of soil Mn to corn in relation to extractability of soil Mn by EDTA, Mg(NO₃)₂, CH₃COONH₄, hydroquinone, H₃PO₄, and NH₄H₂PO₄ as affected by liming was evaluated under field conditions on a single soil type. EDTA, Mg(NO₃)₂ and CH₃COONH₄‐extractable Mn were related inversely to available Mn. No useful relationships were found between hydroquinone, H₃PO₄, and NH₄H₂PO₄‐extractable soil Mn and Mn uptake by sweet corn.     

CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes of upland black spruce (Picea mariana) forest soils after forest fires of different intensity in interior Alaska

Abstract

Forest fires can change the greenhouse gase (GHG) flux of borea forest soils. We measured carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes with different burn histories in black spruce (Picea mariana) stands in interior Alaska. The control forest (CF) burned in 1920; partially burned (PB) in 1999; and severely burned (SB1 and SB2) in 2004. The thickness of the organic layer was 22 ± 6 cm at CF, 28 ± 10 cm at PB, 12 ± 6 cm at SB1 and 4 ± 2 cm at SB2. The mean soil temperature during CO₂ flux measurement was 8.9 ± 3.1, 6.4 ± 2.1, 5.9 ± 3.4 and 5.0 ± 2.4°C at SB2, SB1, PB and CF, respectively, and differed significantly among the sites (P < 0.01). The mean CO₂ flux was highest at PB (128 ± 85 mg CO₂-C m^?2 h^?1) and lowest at SB1 (47 ± 19 mg CO₂-C m^?2 h^?1) (P < 0.01), and within each site it was positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01). The CO₂ flux at SB2 was lower than that at CF when the soil temperature was high. We attributed the low CO₂ flux at SB1 and SB2 to low root respiration and organic matter decomposition rates due to the 2004 fire. The CH₄ uptake rate was highest at SB1 [–91 ± 21 μg CH₄-C m^?2 h^?1] (P < 0.01) and positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01) but not soil moisture. The CH₄ uptake rate increased with increasing soil temperature because methanotroph activity increased. The N₂O flux was highest [3.6 ± 4.7 μg N₂O-N m^?2 h^?1] at PB (P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that the soil temperature and moisture are important factors of GHG dynamics in forest soils with different fire history.     

Acidifying emissions in The Netherlands

The emission of acidifying compounds to air in the Netherlands, expressed as acidifying equivalents, consisted in 1992 mainly of NO_X (45%), NH₃ (35%) and SO₂ (20%). Transportation, agriculture and large combustion plants each contributed about 30% to the national total emission of acidifying compounds. The emissions from transportation activities mainly consisted of NO_X, while in agriculture NH₃ emission strongly dominated. Combustion processes in large combustion plants resulted both in SO₂ emissions (especially from refineries) and NO_X emissions (especially from public power plants). The total emission of acidifying substances decreases steadily in the Netherlands. The emission in 1992 was 24% lower than in 1985. It is expected to decrease further in future. The emission levels in 1992 and 1993 still are more than twice as high as the emission objective for the year 2000, set by Dutch environmental policy.     

Sulfur dioxide inhibition of photosynthesis at different CO2 and O2 concentrations in relation to photorespiration

The mechanism of SO₂ inhibition of photosynthesis in intact leaves of tomato and maze was studied to evaluate SO₂ inhibition of photorespiration. Leaf tissues were fumigated with SO₂ under photorespiratory (low CO, and/or high O, concentrations) and non-photo-respiratory conditions. When tomato leaf disks were fumigated with 10 ppm SO₂ at 2, 21 and 100° o O., SO₂ inhibited photosynthesis at 2% O₂ in the same degrees as at 21% O₂. SO₂ inhibition of photosynthesis was depressed at higher CO₂ concentrations when the disks were fumigated with SO₂ at different CO₂ concentrations. High CO₂ concentrations also reduced the photosynthesis inhibition of maize leaf disks. These results suggest that SO₂ inhibits photosynthesis through other mechanisms than photorespiration inhibition and confirm the view that SO₂ competes with CO₂ for the carboxylating enzymes in photosynthesis     

土壤有机矿质复合体研究Ⅵ.胶散复合体的化学组成及其结合特征

本文研究水热条件渐变的地带性土壤中Ｇ１、Ｇ２组胶散复合体有机、无机物的化学组成及其结合特点。结果表明：Ｇ２组中铁有积累现象，游离态铁、铝氧化物含量为Ｇ２＞Ｇ１，但均随土壤类型变化。松结态腐殖质（Ｈ１）为Ｇ１＞Ｇ２，紧结态腐殖质（Ｈ３）则为Ｇ１＜Ｇ２。可提取腐殖质中，松、稳结态腐殖质之比值Ｈ１／Ｈ２和胡敏酸、富里酸之比值ＨＡ／ＦＡ，除个别土壤之外，都相关不大。Ｇ１、Ｇ２两组复合体中都含有一定数量的络     

Factors regulating acetylene reduction assay for measuring heterotrophic nitrogen fixation in water-logged soils

In the C₂H₂-C₂H₄ assay for measurement of heterotrophic N₂ fixation in water-logged soils, the diffusion of C₂H₂ into the soil and the recovery of C₂H₄ from it are critical factors regulating the assay result. To establish an C₂H₂-C₂H₄ assay technique suitable for waterlogged soils, the C₂H₂-reducing activities (ARA), assayed by varying the method of assay gas filling, the pC₂H₂ of the assay gas, the duration of assay incubation and of soil vibration before the gas sampling, were compared.

A maximum ARA was measured when the following set of procedures were applied to the soil sample in assay flasks: 1) a 4-fold repetition of I-min evacuation under 0.01 atmospheric pressure and the subsequent I-min filling under 1 atmospheric pressure with assay gas at pC₂H₂ of 0.1 atm, 2) an assay incubation for 3 hr, and 3) a sampling of an aliquot of the headspace gas after strongly vibrating the flask for 1 min.

The ARA measured by this technique was several times larger than those measured by the techniques hitherto applied, and corresponded to an almost 80% of the V _max of the sample. This technique was, therefore, proposed for the assay of heterotrophic N₂ fixation in waterlogged soils.

A striking depression of ARA in the soil sample prepared with agitation indicated that a microbial ecosystem established in the soil should be kept as undisturbed as possible throughout the C₂H₂-C₂H₄ assay.