Salivary gland lysates from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis enhance Leishmania infectivity

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. The role of sand fly saliva in transmission of the disease was investigated by injecting mice with Leishmania major parasites in the presence of homogenized salivary glands from Lutzomyia longipalpis. This procedure resulted in cutaneous lesions of Leishmania major that were routinely five to ten times as large and contained as much as 5000 times as many parasites as controls. With inocula consisting of low numbers of Leishmania major, parasites were detected at the site of injection only when the inoculum also contained salivary gland material. This enhancing effect of sand fly salivary glands on cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred with as little as 10 percent of the contents of one salivary gland of one fly. Material obtained from other bloodsucking arthropods could not mediate the phenomenon.     

烟草丛枝病蚜虫传毒的超微结构研究

 于典型烟草丛枝病病株上采集的蚜虫,经布安氏固定液及戊二醛固定液固定,次甲兰染色或不染色。取其唾液腺,经常规戊二醛、锇酸双重固定,丙酮脱水,Epon812包埋,聚合,超薄切片,电子染色后,于电镜下观察。在蚜虫唾液腺细胞内观察到大量烟草丛枝病病原MLO的聚集。健康烟株上饲养的第2代蚜虫唾液腺细胞内未检测到类似病原。     

转移抑制基因nm23—H1在涎腺癌中的表达

目的：观察ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１基因表达与涎腺癌发生和转移的关系。方法：采用免疫组织化学法。结果：ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１基因在涎腺癌中表达阳性率为８８．３３％，癌旁涎腺组织为３７．５０％；ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１表达的阳性率与涎腺癌发生的部位、肿瘤大小及临床分期无关，而ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１高表达与颈淋巴结转移呈负相关。结论：ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１基因与涎腺癌发生有关；ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１高表达对涎腺癌颈淋巴结转移具有抑制作用。     

镰形扇头蜱唾液腺抑制消减杂交文库的构建和分析

【目的】寻找镰形扇头蜱吸血后较吸血前唾液腺差异表达基因。【方法】以抑制消减杂交法分别构建镰形扇头蜱半饱血雌蜱和吸血雄蜱唾液腺以pGEM-T-easy为载体的cDNA文库，并测序进行生物信息学分析。【结果】分别测得247个雌蜱有效EST序列和168个雄蜱有效EST序列，并预测雌蜱可能含有5′末端和3′末端的EST序列分别为25个和44个，雄蜱可能含有5′末端和3′末端EST序列分别为53个和74个。随机选择非重复的24个雌蜱序列和21个雄蜱序列以RT-PCR方法验证消减效果；在吸血后唾液腺中，雌蜱有13个基因表达上调或新表达，消减效率为54%，雄蜱有9个基因表达上调或新表达，消减效率为43%。对所测有效序列经BLAST分析，检索247个雌蜱序列获得141个匹配，匹配率为57%，其中有32个蜱基因，占141个匹配基因的23%；检索168个雄蜱序列获得125个匹配，匹配率为74%，其中有29个蜱基因，占125个匹配基因的23%。BLAST检索结果显示这些蛋白主要包括帮助蜱口器固定免疫调节蛋白、抗凝血蛋白、加强能量代谢的线粒体蛋白和促进基因转录的各种转录因子。【结论】这些蛋白主要是为了适应蜱吸血的生理过程及应变蜱因吸血而产生的免疫防御和排斥。     

用改良苯酚品红染色液改进果蝇唾液腺巨大染色体制片法

本实验选用果蝇三龄幼虫活体进行解剖、剥离唾腺，采用改进的实验方法得到非常清晰的果蝇唾腺染色体图形。     

蜂王浆高产蜜蜂与意大利蜜蜂哺育蜂唾液腺蛋白质组分析

【目的】比较蜂王浆高产蜜蜂（浆蜂,Apis mellifera liguatica）和意大利蜜蜂（意蜂,Apis mellifera liguatica）哺育蜂头唾腺、胸唾腺的蛋白质组差异,揭示唾液腺调控蜂王浆生产的分子基础,为解析浆蜂蜂王浆高产机理提供依据。【方法】解剖浆蜂、意蜂哺育蜂头唾腺和胸唾腺,提取蛋白质、液内酶切并进行液相色谱与串联质谱蛋白质组分析。采用MaxQuant软件对质谱数据定量和定性分析,利用Perseus软件对结果进行生物信息学分析。使用SignalP预测分泌性蛋白。利用ClueGO软件对唾液腺蛋白质组进行生物学进程和代谢通路富集分析。【结果】浆蜂和意蜂哺育蜂唾液腺共鉴定到2 335个蛋白,其中头唾腺1 823个,胸唾腺1 922个。浆蜂、意蜂头唾腺和胸唾腺核心蛋白表达谱相似,主要参与RNA代谢、核酸代谢、ATP代谢、蛋白质的翻译、翻译调控和分解代谢,为腺体行使生物学功能提供了必要的代谢能和核酸、蛋白质等原料。浆蜂、意蜂哺育蜂头唾腺和胸唾腺主成分分析（PCA）显示二者唾液腺分子基础在选育过程中出现了一定程度的分化。意蜂、浆蜂头唾腺分别上调表达254和333个蛋白,意蜂小分子、碳水化合物代谢等通路上调,浆蜂有机氮化合物合成、细胞氧化还原稳态、氨基酸代谢、氧化还原等通路上调,证明浆蜂头唾腺细胞蛋白质合成、氨基酸代谢旺盛、供能加强。意蜂、浆蜂胸唾腺分别上调表达412和162个蛋白,意蜂氧化磷酸化、翻译调控等通路上调,浆蜂氧化磷酸化、对有毒物质的反应等通路上调,说明浆蜂胸唾腺细胞抗逆水平提高。浆蜂、意蜂唾液腺共鉴定到43个分泌性蛋白,其中有15个也在蜂王浆中得到鉴定,蜂王浆主蛋白1、2、3、4、5、7同时在头唾腺和胸唾腺中检出,表明头唾腺和胸唾腺均参与了蜂王浆主蛋白的合成;参与花蜜转化的α-葡萄糖苷酶和参与化学信息素合成与释放的气味结合蛋白3、13、17、21同时在头唾腺和胸唾腺中检出,为花蜜转化和信息素合成奠定了基础。蜂王浆主蛋白1、2、3、7,昆虫储存蛋白70a、110,气味结合蛋白3、13、17、21以及与幼虫先天免疫紧密相关的转铁蛋白、载脂蛋白III样蛋白均在浆蜂唾液腺中高表达,说明浆蜂唾液腺信息素和蜂王浆蛋白质合成较意蜂旺盛。【结论】浆蜂、意蜂唾液腺具有相似的核心蛋白质组以保证蜂王浆蛋白质、信息素和转化酶的合成与分泌。经过长期选育,浆蜂、意蜂唾液腺分子基础出现差异,浆蜂哺育蜂唾液腺较意蜂蛋白质合成、氨基酸代谢旺盛,细胞供能、抗逆性加强且分泌性蛋白普遍在浆蜂唾液腺上调表达,为浆蜂提供了更加持久和高效的蛋白质合成系统,促成了蜂王浆的高产。     

壁面环形延程槽对转盘雾化影响的研究

本文分析了常用水剂农药在转盘上的流动状态，根据动量定量提出了转盘壁面开设一系列的环形延程槽以改善转盘的雾化效果，设计制作了 经转盘，并利用Marlvern粒子测试系统测量了转盘雾化的雾滴直径，试验结果证明壁面开设环形延程槽能够明显减少雾滴中经，改善转盘雾化效果。     

Lysosomal and free acid phosphatase in salivary glands of chironomus tentans

In cells of salivary glands of last-instar larvae of Chironomus tentans, acid phosphatase activity is bound to (probable) lysosomes and a few other cell organelles. At the end of the pupal molt the salivary gland breaks down. While acid phosphatase in areas of nondegenerated cells is still restricted to the structures mentioned, in degenerated areas the enzyme is freely distributed in the cytoplasm.     

Effects of absence of saliva on blood feeding by mosquitoes

The salivary glands of Aedes stimulans (Walker) are the source of an antigen which produces typical bite reactions in men and laboratory rabbits. If the main salivary duct is cut, the reaction is not produced when the mosquito bites. Lack of saliva does not affect the intake or movement of blood into the mid-gut, nor does it prevent the development of eggs. The presence of ain a-nesthetic component in saliva is suggested.     

Phosphorylation of dipteran chromosomes and rat liver nuclei

Side-chain modifications of the nucleoproteins are believed to be involved in the control of gene function. Rat liver nuclei and chromatin incubated in adenosine triphosphate labeled in the gamma position with phosphorus-32 demonstrated rapid phosphorylation in vitro of the nuclear proteins. Dipteran salivary glands incubated in either labeled adenosine triphosphate or ortho-phosphate labeled with phosphorus-32 showed that there is phosphorylation of chromosomal protein. The phosphorus is associated in protein from both liver and salivary gland nuclei predominantly with phosphoserine.     

Development of transgenic fungi that kill human malaria parasites in mosquitoes

Metarhizium anisopliae infects mosquitoes through the cuticle and proliferates in the hemolymph. To allow M. anisopliae to combat malaria in mosquitoes with advanced malaria infections, we produced recombinant strains expressing molecules that target sporozoites as they travel through the hemolymph to the salivary glands. Eleven days after a Plasmodium-infected blood meal, mosquitoes were treated with M. anisopliae expressing salivary gland and midgut peptide 1 (SM1), which blocks attachment of sporozoites to salivary glands; a single-chain antibody that agglutinates sporozoites; or scorpine, which is an antimicrobial toxin. These reduced sporozoite counts by 71%, 85%, and 90%, respectively. M. anisopliae expressing scorpine and an [SM1](8):scorpine fusion protein reduced sporozoite counts by 98%, suggesting that Metarhizium-mediated inhibition of Plasmodium development could be a powerful weapon for combating malaria.     

Respondent salivary conditioning during operant lever pressing in dogs

The lever-pressing response of four dogs was reinforced with food on a 2-minute fixed-interval schedule, with salivation also being recorded continuously. Respondent salivary conditioning was found to occur during operant leverpressing conditioning, the occurrences of the two conditioned responses being positively correlated.     

Lactoperoxidase: identification and isolation from Harderian and lacrimal glands

Investigation of bovine lacrimal and harderian glands revealed the presence of the enzyme lactoperoxidase, which was isolated and purified. A nonheme, iron-containing protein was identified at the same time. Both proteins are present in milk, mammary glands, and salivary glands. Their roles are discussed: The lactoperoxidase may be important in controlling bacterial flora.     

棉蝗的形态研究：Ⅴ.消化系统

棉蝗消化系统由消化道和唾腺组成，消化道分为前肠，中肠和后肠三段，前肠由口，咽喉，食道，嗉囊和前胃组成。中肠为一简单的直管。后肠由回肠，结肠和直肠组成。中肠为简单的直管。后肠由回肠，结肠和直肠组成。前肠与中肠交界处处面着生胃盲囊，内有贲门瓣，中肠与后肠交界处外面着生有马氏管，内面有幽门瓣。前肠内壁通常具齿。在内壁不同部倍，齿的排列方式和形状有所差异。直肠内具有直肠垫。唾腺形状似葡萄状，由许多分泌球体     

Explosive backpacks in old termite workers

By nature, defensive behavior is risky. In social insects, such behavior is more likely to occur in individuals whose potential for other tasks is diminished. We show that workers of the termite Neocapritermes taracua develop an exceptional two-component suicidal apparatus consisting of copper-containing protein crystals, stored in external pouches, and internal salivary glands. During aggressive encounters, their bodies rupture, and the crystals react with the salivary gland secretion to produce a toxic droplet. Both the amount of defensive substances and the readiness to explode increase with workers' age, as their food-collecting ability declines.     

Recurrent herpes in the rabbit and man

Herpesvirus was present in secretory glands and frequently in tears of rabbits with recurrent herpetic keratitis even in the absence of corneal lesions. In normal people, herpesvirus could be cultured from saliva and tears. Chronic virus multiplication in structures such as the lacrimal and salivary glands, rather than latency, may cause recurrent herpetic disease.     

Immunoglobulin A production in ataxia telangiectasia

Serum from five patients with ataxia telangiectasia contained no detectable immunoglobulin A (IgA). However, there was evidence (by immunofluorescence) of IgA in the bone marrow of the three patients so examined, suggesting that the defect in IgA production was not complete. IgA was in the saliva of all five patients and in the parotid gland of the one patient studied. This is further evidence of IgAsynthesis by the salivary glands.     

饲粮中添加色氨酸对仔猪混群后行为及相关激素的影响

【目的】研究饲粮中添加色氨酸对仔猪混群后行为、相关激素水平和 5-羟色胺受体2A（5-HT2A）基因表达的影响。【方法】将144头体重相近（8.00±0.25）kg 的28日龄断奶仔猪随机分为3个处理组,即对照组、处理组Ⅰ和Ⅱ;每组设6个重复,每个重复有8头猪。对照组饲喂色氨酸含量为0.21%的基础饲粮,处理组I和Ⅱ分别在基础饲粮的基础上添加0.1%和0.2%的色氨酸,饲喂28 d后混群,观察猪的争斗行为和日常行为,测定唾液皮质醇浓度、下丘脑5-羟色胺含量和5-HT2A基因表达量。【结果】混群后,与对照组相比,添加色氨酸的处理组仔猪争斗时间和争斗次数显著降低（P＜0.05）,趴卧行为显著提高（P＜0.05）,站立行为显著降低（P＜0.05）,采食、犬坐行为无显著差异（P＞0.05）;随饲粮色氨酸水平的提高,仔猪唾液皮质醇含量显著降低（P＜0.05）,下丘脑中5-羟色胺浓度显著升高（P＜0.05）,下丘脑中5-HT2A mRNA相对表达量依次降低,其中添加0.2%的色氨酸组与对照组相比差异显著（P＜0.05）。【结论】在满足仔猪色氨酸营养需要（0.21%）的基础上,额外添加0.1%和0.2%的色氨酸能提高仔猪下丘脑5-羟色胺的含量,调控5-HT2A基因mRNA的表达水平,降低仔猪混群后唾液皮质醇的含量,进而缓解仔猪混群后的应激行为。     

Inhibition by alcohols of the localization of radioactive nitrosonornicotine in sites of tumor formation

Oral administration of ethanol, n-butanol, or t-butanol to mice 20 minutes before injection of carbon-14-labeled nitrosonornicotine inhibited the localization of radioactivity in bronchial and salivary duct epithelium and in the liver. Localization of radioactivity in the nasal epithelium and esophagus was not significantly reduced. These alcohols therefore may selectively inhibit tumor formation in three of the five sites where this carcinogen typically acts.