Origin of Weedy Rice Grown in Bhutan and the Force of Genetic Diversity

In Bhutan, weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) was grown together with cultivated rice on terraced paddy fields lower than 2620 m above sea level. Seeds of cultivars and weedy strains were collected at 22 collection sites located from 1000 to 2620 m above sea level. Cultivars with round seeds were frequently found in fields higher than 2250 m, and those with slender seeds in fields lower than 1630 m. All cultivars and weedy strains were divided into indica or japonica types by isozyme (multi-locus) and morpho-physiological (multicharacter) analyses. Japonica cultivars predominated in highland; Indica cultivars predominated in lowland. Plastid type was confirmed by the length polymorphism for the ORF100 region. The japonica cultivars carried non-deletion type ORF100. The indica cultivars carried deletion type ORF100. In contrast, weedy strains showed discrepancy in the combination of the nuclear and cytoplasm types. An intermediate type was found in weedy strains for isozyme genotypes. A recombinant type, which has indica genotypes for isozyme analysis with japonica cytoplasm, and vice versa, was frequently found in weedy strains. These findings suggested that weedy strains would be generated by natural hybridization between indica and japonica. Further, they might fail to recombine their prior genotypes sets for isozyme and cytoplasm. Morphophysiological characters did not show such a tendency. Morpho-physiological analysis of highland plants, in particular, showed indica cultivars and weedy strains with japonica cytoplasm. Hypervariable nuclear microsatellite analysis was then used to compare cultivars and weedy strains. Identical alleles were shared between indica and japonica, and also between cultivars and weedy strains. This suggested that there was gene-flow resulting from natural hybridization.     

Thermal and physicochemical properties of rice grain, flour and starch

Three types of rices, namely, Thailand rice (Indica), Nipponbare (Japonica), and Himenomochi (Japonica waxy), in grain, flour, and starch forms have been studied for their thermal and physicochemical properties. In grain form, Indica was slender and Japonica rices were bold and thick. Indica had the highest protein and amylose equivalent. Protein contents in isolated starches varied from 0.2 to 0.9%. Cooked Indica grain was hardest and waxy rice was softest; stickiness was highest in Japonica rice. Glass transition temperature (T(g)) was highest in Indica rice flour (approximately 222 degrees C) and almost the same in Japonica rice flours. Melting point was highest for Japonica (approximately 264 degrees C) and almost the same for Japonica waxy and Indica rice flours. T(g) values of starches were almost the same in Indica and Japonica waxy (approximately 237 degrees C); defatting caused reduction in this property in all of the starches. Highest melting point was shown by Indica starch (approximately 276 degrees C) and was almost the same for the other two starches. Protein and fats play a critical role in glass transition and melting points of rice flours and their respective starches. Viscosities of the cooked pastes of flour and starch during cooking in an RVA instrument and their gel and other properties have been discussed.     

不同栽培方式对镉污染水稻土籼、粳稻根表铁膜铁、镉含量及根镉含量的影响

通过对镉污染水稻土籼、粳稻分蘖、孕穗、灌浆和收获期根表铁膜的铁、镉和根系镉含量的测定,研究淹水、覆膜、覆草和湿润栽培对籼、粳稻吸镉量的影响。结果表明:1)分蘖期,淹水和覆草栽培籼稻根表铁膜铁含量高于粳稻;覆膜和湿润栽培的粳稻根镉含量高于籼稻。2)孕穗期,淹水和覆膜栽培的籼稻根表铁膜铁含量高于粳稻;湿润栽培的籼稻根表铁膜镉含量高于粳稻;覆膜、覆草和湿润栽培的籼稻根镉含量低于粳稻。3)灌浆期,淹水和湿润栽培籼稻根表铁膜铁含量高于粳稻;覆膜和湿润栽培的籼稻根表铁膜镉含量低于粳稻;根镉含量籼稻低于粳稻。4)收获期,根表铁膜铁含量籼稻低于粳稻;根表铁膜镉含量覆膜栽培的籼稻高于粳稻;根镉含量覆膜、覆草和湿润栽培的籼稻低于粳稻。     

不同类型水稻品种对稻田土壤基础供氮量的响应

选用常规粳稻、杂交粳稻、常规籼稻、杂交籼稻及两系杂交稻5种类型共7个水稻品种,在大田中不施氮条件下,研究了供试水稻材料对土壤基础供氮量利用的差异。结果表明:①籼稻的土壤基础供氮量平均比粳稻高25.6%;杂交籼稻比常规籼稻高19.5%,杂交粳稻比常规粳稻高32.5%。②土壤基础供氮量在植株器官中的分配比例以叶、茎鞘的变异幅度较大,而穗的变异幅度则较小;叶中氮的分配比例以粳稻最高,而杂交粳稻与常规粳稻间及杂交籼稻与常规籼稻之间无明显差异。③土壤氮素利用效率(NUEs)随着土壤基础肥力上升而提高,粳稻的NUEs提高幅度大于籼稻。土壤氮籽粒利用效率(Ng/Ns)以两系杂交籼稻最高,籼稻的Ng/Ns大于粳稻,杂交籼稻与常规籼稻及杂交粳稻与常规粳稻间Ng/Ns无明显差异。④100kg籽粒需氮量增加幅度也是粳稻高于籼稻。     

不同水分条件下水稻根解剖结构的比较分析

在旱作和淹水两种培养方式下,研究了5种基因型水稻(Oryza.sativa.L.)(常规粳稻、杂交粳稻、常规籼稻、杂交籼稻和旱稻)幼苗根系解剖结构的差异。结果表明,两种水分条件下,水稻根通气组织的形成和皮层厚壁细胞的形态均存在基因型差异。5种基因型间,淹水条件下杂交粳稻根形成通气组织的时间最晚,根皮层厚壁细胞形态上的差异在常规粳稻和常规籼稻之间表现得更为明显;旱作条件下旱稻的根通气组织形成较其他基因型晚,常规粳稻根皮层厚壁细胞排列疏松,细胞壁加厚程度小。与淹水条件相比,旱作条件下杂交稻根通气组织形成较迟,常规粳稻根皮层厚壁细胞排列较疏松。     

Correlations Between the Fine Structure,Physicochemical Properties,and Retrogradation of Amylopectins from Taiwan Rice Varieties

Fourteen varieties of rice from Taiwan, including five Indica, five Japonica, and four waxy cultivars, were used in this study for the examination of fine structure and physicochemical properties of amylopectin. The results indicated that the amylopectin of Indica rice had lower molecular weight, lower average degree of polymerization (DP), and lower average chain number when compared to Japonica and waxy varieties. The shortest average DP was 6 glucose units for all 14 rice varieties. The average chain lengths (CL) of amylopectin were 18–22, 15–18, and 17–20 for Indica, Japonica, and waxy rice, respectively. Indica varieties with high amylose content had amylopectin that comprised a few extra long chains (DP >100). The CL distribution profiles of amylopectins for these 14 varieties could be divided into two factions: CL 10–15 and CL 40–44. Amylopectin of the Indica rice had a relatively high blue value and λ_max, implying that a high proportion existed as long branches. The amylopectin of three Indica varieties with lower DP exhibited higher intrinsic viscosity, which might be attributed to the more elongated rod conformation of the few extra long chain amylopectins. The proportion of short chains with DP 6–9 glucose units seemed to influence the rate of the retrogradation of amylopectins.     

Trade-offs between on-farm varietal diversity and highly client-oriented breeding — a case study of upland rice in India

On-farm varietal diversity is now highest in marginal agricultural environments because, unlike the case in more favourable areas, modern varieties have not been a sufficiently attractive option for farmers to replace their landraces. However, the continued survival of landraces on farm is dependent on the continuing failure of plant breeding to provide better alternatives. Highly client-oriented breeding can produce suitable modern varieties for areas that were dominated by landraces. We examine here the case of the adoption of two upland rice varieties in three states in eastern India, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Orissa, where our surveys had confirmed low adoption of modern varieties in the upland ecosystem. The two new upland varieties were readily accepted by farmers who rapidly adopted them on large proportions of their land. On-farm diversity is maintained by the need to trade-off among varieties but once a variety with overall superiority was found this incentive was removed. The new varieties from the client-oriented breeding did not have weaknesses that farmers had to trade-off against their landraces so they were more likely to replace them. They also replaced older modern varieties. Farmers had previously maintained them along with landraces because they had to trade-off the higher yield of Kalinga III against the more stable yield of landraces or the higher yield of Vandana against the higher gain quality of the landraces. Only mean count per household could be used to test the significance of the differences between individual years. In all states, this revealed a significant reduction in landrace diversity with the adopting farmers when the addition of the two new varieties was not considered. Trends across years for mean varietal count, total count and Shannon–Wiener index showed a significant decline in Orissa, irrespective of whether the two new varieties were included in the analysis or not. In Jharkhand there was a significant decline only for mean count when the new varieties were not included. In Orissa, it was possible to test if rare landraces were as readily replaced as more common ones. Landrace replacement was unmitigated by increasing rarity yet the most rare landraces have the highest priority for genetic conservation. Some landraces were completely replaced by the farmers in the sample despite a diverse variety portfolio being a risk-reducing strategy in a region where there is a high risk of crop failure. There was little environmental heterogeneity in the marginal, drought-prone areas to slow this decline. The new varieties had an impact on the farming system because sometimes farmers brought additional upland into cultivation. They also introduced these varieties into more favourable, medium land. The strategy of releasing two new upland varieties met with some success in maintaining diversity.     

Accumulation of Glucosamine in the Methanolic Extract Of Corn Shoots Grown without Zinc Supply

Cadmium levels were determined in rice grains of Japonica, Indica, Javanica, and Indica-Japonica hybrid-bred varieties that were produced in the same plot of a non-polluted field in 1983 and 1985, using nameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Cadmium levels in the brown rice grains harvested in 1983 and 1985 ranged from 2.1 to 27 0 ppb Cd for 28 Japonica varieties, 4.1 to 55.5 for 23 Indica varieties, 4.4 to 16.5 for 5 Javanica varieties, and 24.5 to 73.6 for 4 hybrid varieties.

The significant correlation of the cadmium levels between the 1983 and 1985 products may indicate the possible occurrence of varietal differences in the natural abundance of cadmium in rice grains. There was no correlation between the cadmium levels and the duration of ripening in each variety, suggesting that these differences could be partly attributed to some physiological characteristics of the rice varieties.     

杂交稻及其恢复系的强弱势粒对光合物质摄取能力的比较

本研究选用杂交稻三组合及相应恢复系作为供试材料 ,分田间试验及盆栽试验两部分。结果表明 ,杂交组合及其相应恢复系的籽粒对标记储藏物质及标记光合物质的吸收分别达到 50 %和 80 % ,杂交组合籽粒的吸收量高于相应的恢复系 ,但差异不大 ,说明在储藏物质与光合产物的运输方面 ,杂交组合比相应的恢复系之间无明显差别。但是 ,杂交组合与相应恢复系的强弱势粒对标记储藏物质与光合物质的摄取量之间存在明显差异 ,强势粒是弱势粒吸收量的数倍乃至数十倍 ,尤其是杂交组合的强势粒对标记光合产物的摄取能力远高于弱势粒。杂交稻及其恢复系在物质分配方面表现出强势粒对弱势粒的粒间顶端优势 ,杂交组合比相应恢复系的粒间顶端优势表现更为明显。强势粒对弱势粒物质摄取能力的优势 ,可能是杂交稻籽粒结实率低下的重要原因之一。     

施氮量和穗粒肥比例对稻米营养品质及中微量元素含量的影响

通过田间试验研究了施氮量和穗粒肥比例对稻米氨基酸和蛋白质含量及Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Mg、Ca含量的影响。结果表明,稻米氨基酸和蛋白质含量均随着施氮量和穗粒肥比例的提高而增加,但施氮量和穗粒肥比例对氨基酸含量的影响程度因品种和氨基酸种类而异。合系39的氨基酸含量受施氮量和穗粒肥比例的影响较滇屯502的大;His、Val、Gly、Pro和Lys受施氮量和穗粒肥比例的影响较大,Ile、Arg、Asp和Glu受施氮量和穗粒肥比例的影响较小。稻米中Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Mg、Ca的含量和产量均随着施氮量的增加先上升后下降;从稻谷和蛋白质的产量、6种矿质元素的含量和产量看,供试粳型品种合系39的适宜施氮量较籼型品种滇屯502高。     

Genetic diversity of cultivated rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) and wild rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza rufipogon</Emphasis> Griff.) in Asia,especially in Myanmar,as revealed by organelle markers

Asian rice (Oryza sativa L.) is widely cultivated in Asia, where it has been classified into Indica and Japonica Group, the latter is further classified into Tropical and Temperate Japonica Subgroup. O. rufipogon is believed to be the closest ancestor to O. sativa, but it remains unclear whether the two groups arose from a single ancestor or different ancestors. Therefore, here, we investigated the matrilineal ancestors of O. sativa using markers for organelle (chloroplast and mitochondrial) genomes, and 119 O. sativa landraces, 10 O. glaberrima Steud., 115 O. rufipogon Griff. from Asia, and 39 accessions from other wild rice species with AA genomes. We screened 18 organelle markers developed based on polymorphic loci in the organelle genomes. In addition, we used the open reading frame 100 of a chloroplast marker. The results indicated that O. rufipogon first differentiated into two lineages and then further differentiated into Indica and Japonica Group, respectively. Accessions of O. rufipogon (R-1f and R-2d types) from Myanmar appear to be the closest ancestors of Tropical Japonica Subgroup and Indica Group, respectively. Therefore, these wild strains may have made a strong contribution to the domestication of rice landraces in Myanmar.     

增硝营养对不同基因型水稻苗期吸铵和生长的影响

随着水稻节水栽培技术越来越得到广泛的应用与推广以及水稻在淹水条件下根际氧化圈的存在,水稻的硝酸盐营养作用受到更大的关注。利用水培方法研究了4种具代表性的水稻基因型(常规籼稻、常规粳稻、杂交籼稻、杂交粳稻)在苗期(2 8d)的铵(NH 4 )吸收动力学特性以及硝(NO-3 )对NH 4 吸收动力学特征和叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性(GSA)的影响。结果表明:增NO-3 营养可以增加水稻对氮素的吸收,提高氮素利用率,进而促进水稻生长;不同基因型之间NH 4 吸收速率的差异为:杂交籼稻>常规籼稻>杂交粳稻>常规粳稻;NO-3 的存在促进了水稻对NH 4 的吸收,增加水稻吸收NH 4 的Vmax值(4个品种平均增加31 5 % ) ,而对其Km 值影响不大(4个品种平均增加4 2 6 % ) ,说明NO-3 对NH 4 吸收的影响主要在于影响NH 4 载体的运转速率而非吸收位点与NH 4 之间的亲和性;增NO-3 营养可以增加叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)的活性,提高水稻同化NH 4 的能力     

晚粳稻耐旱突变体的耐旱性分析

在海南和杭州两地分别对晚粳稻耐旱突变体G1、原亲本浙粳20及旱稻对照巴西陆稻IAPAR-9进行耐旱性比较试验。结果表明,G1旱后再生能力明显强于亲本浙粳20和巴西陆稻IAPAR-9,表现为再生苗发生早,总再生苗数占干旱处理前总分蘖数的比例高。在干旱胁迫育秧处理时,G1最长根长、根茎长比及单苗干鲜重比显著大于亲本浙粳20,其差异达显著或极显著水平;与巴西陆稻IAPAR-9比较,G1最长根长稍短,但根茎长比和单苗干鲜重比明显大。     

Molecular Markers for the Classification of Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Germplasm and to Assess Genetic Diversity in Three Synthetic Switchgrass Populations

Information regarding the amount of genetic diversity is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of breeding programs and germplasm conservation efforts. Genetic variation between 21 switchgrass genotypes randomly selected from two lowland (‘Alamo’ and ‘Kanlow’) and one upland (‘Summer’) synthetic cultivars were estimated using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Comparison of 85 RFLP loci revealed 92% polymorphism between at least two genotypes from the upland and lowland ecotypes. Within ecotypes, the upland genotypes showed higher polymorphism than lowland genotypes (64% vs. 56%). ‘Kanlow’ had a lower percent of polymorphic loci than ‘Alamo’ (52% vs. 60%). Jaccard distances revealed higher genetic diversity between upland and lowland ecotypes than between genotypes within each ecotype. Hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward's minimum variance grouped the genotypes into two major clusters, one representing the upland group and the other the lowland group. Phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast non-coding region trnL (UAA) intron sequences from 34 switchgrass accessions (6 upland cultivars, 2 lowland cultivars, and 26 accessions of unknown affiliation) produced a neighbor-joining dendrogram comprised of two major clusters with 99% bootstrap support. All accessions grouped in the same cluster with the lowland cultivars (‘Alamo’ and ‘Kanlow’) had a deletion of 49 nucleotides. Phenotypic identification of greenhouse-grown plants showed that all accessions with the deletion are of the lowland type. The deletion in trnL (UAA) sequences appears to be specific to lowland accessions and should be useful as a DNA marker for the classification of upland and lowland germplasm.     

增硝营养对不同基因型水稻苗期氮素吸收同化的影响

利用控制条件下的溶液培养方法,研究了增硝营养(NH4+∶NO3-比例为100∶0和50∶50)对4种不同的基因型水稻(常规籼稻、常规粳稻、杂交籼稻、杂交粳稻)苗期生长和氮素吸收同化的影响。结果表明,增NO3-营养可以增加水稻叶片的光合速率,促进水稻对氮素的吸收,提高氮素利用率,进而促进水稻生长;不同基因型水稻在增NO3-营养下氮积累量增幅不同主要是由于其生物量增幅不同,而整株氮素含量增幅差异不大;NO3-的存在可增强谷氨酰胺合成酶和硝酸还原酶的活力,促进水稻对NH4+和NO3-的同化利用,从而增加了氮素在植株地上部的积累同化;籼稻与粳稻相比,杂交粳稻与杂交籼稻相比,前者在氮素吸收利用上均表现出更为明显的优势。     

Rice-based crop rotation for enhancing native arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) activity to improve phosphorus nutrition of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Two-year rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based crop rotation of “maize (Zea mays L.) relay cropped by horse gram (Dolichos biflorus L.) in the first year followed by upland rice in the second year”, was reported earlier to increase phosphorus (P) uptake by rice through enhancing native arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) activities. This crop rotation was compared with three other rice-based crop rotations practiced by the upland rice farmers of eastern India for AM-mediated P acquisition of upland rice through on-farm experiment in farmers' participatory mode during wet seasons of 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007 in fixed plots. The farmers' rotations included (1) green gram (Phaseolus aureus) in first year followed by upland rice in second year; (2) black gram (Phaseolus mungo) in first year followed by upland rice in second year; and (3) radish (Raphanus sativus) in first year followed by upland rice in second year. “Maize–horse gram/rice” rotation encouraged maximum native AM fungal colonization (10.4–38.8%) and P uptake (2.2–2.6 mg P/g plant) by rice over other three farmers' rotations tested. Rice grain yield was also highest (2.25–2.35 t/ha) in the maize–horse gram/rice rotation.     

Mineralization and denitrification in upland, nearly saturated and flooded subtropical soil II. Effect of organic manures varying in N content and C:N ratio

 Nitrogen and carbon mineralization of cattle manure (N=6 g kg^–1; C:N=35), pressmud (N=17.4 g kg^–1; C:N=22), green manure (N=26.8 g kg^–1; C:N=14) and poultry manure (N=19.5 g kg^–1; C:N=12) and their influence on gaseous N losses via denitrification (using the acetylene inhibition technique) in a semiarid subtropical soil (Typic Ustochrepts) were investigated in a growth chamber simulating upland, nearly saturated, and flooded conditions. Mineralization of N started quickly in all manures, except pressmud where immobilization of soil mineral N was observed for an initial 4 days. Accumulation of mineral N in upland soil plus denitrified N revealed that mineralization of cattle manure-, pressmud-, poultry manure- and green manure-N over 16 days was 12, 20, 29 and 44%, respectively, and was inversely related to C:N ratio (R ²=0.703, P=0.05) and directly to N content of organic manure (R ²=0.964, P=0.01). Manure-C mineralized over 16 days ranged from 6% to 50% in different manures added to soil under different moisture regimes and was, in general, inversely related to initial C:N ratio of manure (R ²=0.690, P=0.05). Cumulative denitrification losses over 16 days in control soils (without manure) under upland, nearly saturated, and flooded conditions were 5, 23, and 24 mg N kg^–1, respectively. Incorporation of manures enhanced denitrification losses by 60-82% in upland, 52–163% in nearly saturated, and 26–107% in flooded soil conditions over a 16-day period, demonstrating that mineralized N and C from added manures could result in 2- to 3-fold higher rate of denitrification. Cumulative denitrification losses were maximal with green manure, followed by poultry manure, pressmud and cattle manure showing an increase in denitrification with increasing N content and decreasing C:N ratio of manure. Manure-amended nearly saturated soils supported 14–35% greater denitrification than flooded soils due to greater mineralization and supply of C.     

亚优2号高产的温光生态特性及其应用

亚优2号属中熟中稻类型的籼粳亚种间杂交组合,感温性明显强于感光性.生育期对氮素的反应仅次于温度,日长因子影响最小,它们的直接通径系数依次为0.5209、-0.5756、0.3067.它在减数分裂期与抽穗开花期对低温较敏感,要求适宜温度比耐寒性较差的籼稻还显著偏高,而抗高温的能力却明显超过较耐高温的籼稻.抽穗开花期如光强减弱,则严重影响颖花育性,结实率显著下降.因此,该组合抽穗开花期高温强光有利灌浆结实.     

不同水稻品种对铵态氮和硝态氮吸收特性的研究

采用水培方法研究了不同形态氮素对武育粳 3号 (常规粳稻 )和扬稻 6号 (常规籼稻 )生长的影响及其水稻苗期对NH 4 N和NO-3 N的吸收动力学特征。结果表明 :不同形态氮素对水稻生长影响差异显著 ,铵硝混合营养下水稻的生长最优 ;扬稻 6号比武育粳 3号具有更强的氮素吸收能力 ;不论武育粳 3号或是扬稻 6号 ,单一氮源时NO-3 的Km 值均大于NH 4 ,说明水稻对NH 4 的亲和力大于NO-3 ,武育粳 3号对NH 4 的最大吸收速率小于NO-3 ,而扬稻 6号则极为接近 ;NH 4 的存在均显著降低两个水稻品种对NO-3的吸收速率 ,武育粳 3号和扬稻 6号的NO-3 的Vmax分别比单一硝营养减小 1/ 2和 2 / 3,NO-3 的存在不影响武育粳 3号对NH 4 的吸收速率 ,但使扬稻 6号对NH 4 的吸收速率减小     

Micro flora related to the nitrogen cycle in the tropical upland farm soils

Samples of upland-farm surface soils (0–10 em in depth) belonging to various great soil groups were collected in 28 upland sites in Thailand during the rainy season.

Among the microbes related to the transformation of nitrogen, namely ammonifiers, ammonia oxidizers, nitrite oxidizers and denitrifiers, the count of denitrifier showed the maximum value amounting to 10⁴ to 10⁵ per 1 g of dry soil, followed byammonifier. The population level of nitrogen-fixing blue green algae was unexpectedly high, being 10³ to 10¹

The microbial counts in Brown Forest Soils, Rendzinas and Grumusols with high content of organic matter, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium tended to be high.

Non-calcic Brown Soils, Reddish Brown Lateritic Soils, Alluvial Soils, Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils and Gray Podzolic Soils which lack in some nutrients showed intermediate levels of microbial populations, while the counts of nitrogen-fixing blue green algae in Alluvial Soils and those of denitrifier in Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils were markedly high. In the case of Low Humic Gley Soils and Regosols with low content of organic matter, available phosphorus and available potassium, the population of microbes was generally small.

The relationship between the organic matter content and the microbial population of soils was positively significant at 0.1 % level only in the case of fungal population (r=0.551), while the relationship between the available phosphorus content and the microbial population was positively significant at 0.1% level only in the case of Azotobacter (r=0.682).

The relationships between the total nitrogen, the exchangeable potassium, the amount of NH₄+^-N, the amount NO₂ ^--N, or the amount of NH₄ ⁺-N+NO₂ ^--N and each microbial population were not significant in any microbial groups.

The count of denitrifiers in upland farm soils of Thailand was 9 times as high as that in non-volcanic upland-farm soils of Japan and was 23 times higher than that in volcanic soils though large variations were seen among the great soil groups of Thailand. Conversely, the population of non-spore-forming nitrite oxidizers in the upland farm soils of Thailand was 1/100 that in non-volcanic soils of Japan and 1/280 that in volcanic soils. In the case of Azotobacter, the count in upland farm soils of Thailand averaged 2,800 per 1 g of dry soil. while that in non-volcanic upland farm soils of Japan was 77 on the average.

The ratio of aerobic bacteria to actinomycetes in upland farm soils of Thailand was 2.31, while that of non-volcanic soils of Japan was 7.28.