Effects of the herbicide methabenzthiazuron on the physiology of wheat plants

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. “Caribo”) was grown in vermiculite containing methabenzthiazuron (N-(benzothiazol-2yl)-NN′-dimethylurea) presowing. Effects of the herbicide on plant development and plant composition were analysed up to an age of 4 weeks. Inhibition of photosynthetic oxygen evolution represented the primary effect induced by the herbicidal treatment and led to a decreased concentration of soluble reducing sugars. Photosynthetic activity however recovered after 3 weeks and even increased above control values. Secondary effects following methabenzthiazuron treatment included a delayed chlorophyll breakdown, a decreased chlorophyll a/b ratio, enlarged chloroplasts, an increased concentration of soluble amino acids and of soluble protein, and an increased in vitro nitrate reductase activity. These responses are taken to indicate an increased photosynthetic and metabolic capacity in methabenzthiazuron treated wheat plants. Comparable results can be obtained with plants grown at low light intensities. It is concluded that the “physiological effects” observed in wheat plants after treatment with methabenzthiazuron are similar to a natural adaptation reaction to low light intensities. It is assumed that this adaptation reaction is caused by a low concentration of soluble reducing sugars. Experiments with plants growing at different light intensities indicated that effects due to herbicidal action were more pronounced at high light intensities. Measurements on daily fluctuations revealed a peak around noon for the sugar content and the nitrate reductase activities measured in vivo as well as in vitro. In vivo nitrate reductase activity in plants treated with 5 parts/million methabenzthiazuron was very low, presumably because of lack of sugars for the production of NADH. The protein concentration was increasing and the amino acids were decreasing during the day in herbicide treated plants, possibly indicating increased protein synthesis in the light in plants treated with methabenzthiazuron.     

The influence of the herbicide methabenzthiazuron on the synthesis of plastidic lipids in Hordeum vulgare seedlings

The herbicide methabenzthiazuron, and inhibitor of the Hill reaction, was applied to Hordeum seeds at the time of sowing, and the greening process under continuous Fluora light was investigated to the age of 13 days. Chlorophyll and xanthophyll contents were increased by methabenzthiazuron relative to the controls, with degrading ratios of chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b and rising xanthophyll/carotene values. The enhanced ratios of chlorophyll a to lipoquinones, like the absolute values, indicate an inhibition of the lipoquinones. These metabolic alterations are similar to those found in shade-adapted leaves. It is suggested, therefore, that inhibition of the photosynthetic electron transport, like deficiency in light of shade leaves, is compensated by metabolic reactions leading to a greater amount of photosystem II with an enhanced accumulation of the light-trapping chlorophylls and carotenoids.     

Effect of atrazine and methabenzthiazuron on oxygen evolution and cell growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa Pringsheim were grown photoautotrophically in the presence of two concentrations (0·25 and 0·50 μm ) of atrazine and methabenzthiazuron. The cell density and chlorophyll content were greatly reduced in presence of both herbicides. These herbicides affected net photsynthesis equally without affecting oxygen uptake. However, cell division was more inhibited by atrazine than by methabenzthiazuron, but chlorophyll content per cell was more inhibited by methabenzthiazuron than by atrazine.     

Influence of wheat streak mosaic virus infection on phenylpropanoid metabolism and the accumulation of phenolics and lignin in wheat

Wheat plants infected with wheat streak mosaic virus were studied for their physiological response to infection. Previous histological data suggest that wheat streak mosaic virus-induced deposits of phenolic nature are present along the bundle sheath and mesophyll cell walls. In this study, we examined this phenomenon further by analysis of phenolic compounds and enzymes involved in their synthesis. In infected plants, the amounts of free and wall-bound phenolic compounds increased slightly, and chromatography showed that the type of free phenolic compounds present had changed. The amount of lignin did not change due to infection. Enzyme assays showed that while phenylalanine ammonia lyase and tyrosine ammonia lyase activities decreased as they do in healthy plants, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity stayed high throughout infection. In addition, peroxidase activities in infected plants decreased around the time that the leaves ceased to expand. These results suggest that the general phenylpropanoid pathway is stimulated upon infection, but that lignification is not.     

株型对冬小麦冠层叶面积指数与植被指数关系的影响研究

利用PROSAIL模型和地面实测数据分别探讨了冠层株型特征对建立VIs-LAI拟合模型的影响,并基于Beer定律分析了消光系数KVI随株型的变化特征,其中共考虑了3种株型品种(披散型、中间型、紧凑型),VIs则选用了增强型植被指数(EVI)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)以及比值植被指数(RVI)。结果表明,不同VIs与LAI间的相关性程度会受到株型特征的影响,而同一株型内部VIs与LAI的相关性较混合株型好。不同植被指数比较,EVI-LAI相关关系受株型的影响较大,划分株型后其复相关系数R2可提高30%以上;而NDVI-LAI相关关系受株型的影响较小,并且这种影响仅在LAI<3时略有表现,可能与NDVI在较高LAI时的饱和有关;RVI-LAI相关关系对株型变化的反映则稍强于NDVI,且当株型趋于紧凑型时,其拟合模型有从指数型向直线型转化的趋势。此外消光系数KVI会随株型趋于紧凑而降低,3种植被指数的消光系数符合:KNDVI>KEVI>KRVI。     

Influence of R-40244 on pigment content of wheat and corn

Chlorophyll production by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Mericopa’) and corn (Zea mays L. Merit) was severely curtailed by the experimental herbicide l-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-chloro-4-chloromethyl-2-pyrrolidone (R-40244). A 96% loss in chlorophyll content was observed in wheat seedlings treated with 320 μmol/1 R-40244. In corn 320 μmol/1 R-40244 caused a 40% drop in chlorophyll content. Carotenoid production in both wheat and corn was inhibited by R-40244, 320 μmol/1 of the herbicide causing a 97% reduction in wheat and a 44% reduction in corn. The inhibition of carotenoid production which, in turn, allows chlorophyll to be photooxidized, may represent the mode of action of R-40244. Hill reaction activity was not detected for R-40244.     

气候变化对山西省冬小麦种植的影响

以1961-2005年地面气象观测资料和冬小麦生长发育资料为基础,分析了山西省气候要素及关键界限温度等变化趋势和特征。结果表明:山西省年平均气温增温明显,最冷月平均气温稳定上升,其倾向率为0.42℃/10 a;冬、春两季增温明显,其中冬季气温上升尤为显著;年平均气温和极端最低气温等值线北移较明显;降水量总的趋势在减少,秋、夏两季节降水量下降趋势以及阶段性都较明显,冬、春季总降水趋势不太明显,但阶段性起伏比较大;年平均日照时数也呈下降趋势。≥0℃积温、降水量和日照时数较1960年代在区域分布上东南部地区则较正常,其余地区呈增加、减少趋势。经M-K检验可知,自上世纪70年代末、90年代初开始温度升高、降水减少趋势开始明显,并在1998年通过U0.05显著性检验,从1990年代开始的气候暖干旱化趋势明显。气候变化使冬小麦播种和越冬期推迟,从返青开始各发育期均有提前,冬小麦种植北界较1960年代北移约15km左右。     

土壤盐分对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及产量性状的影响

分析了栽培在4块含盐量不同的土壤中的4个春小麦品种（系）的籽粒蛋白质含量及产量性状与土壤盐分含量及各盐离子含量的关系。结果表明：随土壤全盐含量的提高，各品种籽粒的蛋白质含量都有显著提高，千粒重和产量有所下降，各品种的产量在土壤全盐含量小于0.3％时下降不明显，只有当各时期土壤平均含盐量达到0.36％时才会显著下降；籽粒蛋白质含量与其产量的负相关不显著，说明低浓度的土壤盐分对春小麦蛋白质含量的影响要大于对产量的影响，籽粒蛋白质与产量的矛盾不是绝对的，大多数土壤盐离子含量与春小麦籽粒蛋白质含量间存在着正相关关系，而与产量和千粒重呈负相关。对籽粒蛋白质影响最大的离子是：Na^ 、K^ 和SO4^2-，对产量影响最大的离子是Mg^2＋和Cl^-；SO4^2-，Ca^2 ，K^ 和Na^ 对千粒重有显著的影响。     

The selectivity of methabenzthiazuron between barley, perennial ryegrass and Poa trivialis

In field experiments methabenzthiazuron at 1.1 kg ai/ha applied pre-emergence gave good control of Poa trivialis L. in perennial ryegrass S23 which was undersown in spring barley (Zephyr); no significant damage to barley or perennial ryegrass resulted from 2.2 kg ai/ha. However this dose applied when barley had three to four leaves decreased the subsequent barley yield. In pot experiments in the glasshouse methabenzthiazuron was active mainly due to uptake through the soil. Much greater damage to barley and perennial ryegrass resulted when herbicide-treated soil was placed below seed level than above the seed. The difference was less marked with P. trivialis. The latter started to develop secondary roots near the soil surface earlier than either perennial ryegrass or spring barley.     

一个小麦茉莉酮酸酯诱导蛋白基因的克隆和鉴定

 用基因芯片技术结合分池法(bulked segregating analysis,BSA)对参与小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)"兰考90(6)"抗白粉病反应或与抗病基因连锁的EST进行了分析。从"中国春"中克隆了一个与Ta-JA1高度相似的新的小麦茉莉酮酸酯诱导蛋白基因(GenBank登录号:EU035635),命名为Ta-JA2。Ta-JA2和Ta-JA1的cDNA序列有99%相同,编码304个氨基酸组成的多肽。Ta-JA2具有植物病原应答诱导蛋白-dirigent-类蛋白的典型保守功能域和jacalin-类植物血球凝集素的典型保守功能域。Ta-JA2主要在叶片和茎中表达,在根和幼穗中几乎不表达;在幼叶、壮叶和旗叶中的表达水平依次增强;在"中国春"和一个二粒小麦(Triticum dicoccoides)品系幼叶中的表达受白粉菌(Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici)的诱导而增强;在"兰考90(6)21-12"叶片中的表达保持稳定而较高的水平。根据氨基酸序列的相似性建立了Ta-JA2类似蛋白的树形图,提供了植物中此类基因的进化信息。     

种植模式、种植密度及施肥水平对小麦白粉病发生的影响

小麦白粉病是由布氏白粉菌Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer.f.sp.tritici Marchal.引起的我国小麦生产上的重要病害。近年来,受品种、病原变异、气候、耕作制度及栽培条件等因素影响,其危害呈逐年加重的趋势,一般可减产5~10%,重病田减产20%以上,已成为制约小麦高产的重要因素^[1]。研究表明,该病菌是一种专性寄生的子囊菌,分生孢子萌发温度范围为0.5~30 ℃,以10~20 ℃最适宜。小麦白粉病流行没有明显的周期性,一般中度或重度流行年后2~5年轻度流行。目前在我国广大小麦产区常采用含三唑酮成分的单剂或混剂进行防治,小麦白粉病菌产生了较为严重的抗药性。本试验在四川雅安小麦产区研究了小麦种植模式、密度及施肥水平对小麦白粉病发生及小麦产量的影响。     

Influence of crop management on take-all development and disease cycles on winter wheat

ABSTRACT Wheat was assessed at four crop growth stages for take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) in a series of field trials that studied the effects of five wheat management practices: sowing date, plant density, nitrogen fertilizer dose and form, and removal/burial of cereal straw. An equation expressing disease level as a function of degree days was fitted to the observed disease levels. This equation was based on take-all epidemiology and depended on two parameters reflecting the importance of the primary and secondary infection cycles, respectively. Early sowing always increased disease frequency via primary infection cycle; its influence on the secondary cycle was variable. Primary infection and earliness of disease onset were increased by high density; however, at mid-season take-all was positively correlated to the root number per plant, which was itself negatively correlated to plant density. At late stages of development, neither plant density nor root number per plant had any influence on disease. A high nitrogen dose increased both take-all on seminal roots and severity of primary infection cycle but decreased take-all on nodal roots and secondary infection cycle. Ammonium (versus ammonium nitrate) fertilizer always decreased disease levels and infection cycles, whereas straw treatment (burial versus removal of straw from the previous cereal crop) had no influence.     

Influence of take-all epidemics on winter wheat yield formation and yield loss

ABSTRACT The effects of take-all epidemics on winter wheat yield formation were determined, and disease-yield relationships were established to assess the agronomic efficacy and economic benefits of control methods. Epidemics were generated in naturally infested fields by varying cropping season, crop order in the rotation, and experimental fungicide seed treatment. Disease incidence and severity were assessed from tillering to flowering. Yield components were measured at harvest. Models simulating the formation of the yield components in the absence of limiting factors were used to estimate the losses caused by take-all. Losses were predicted by the disease level at a specific time or the area under the disease progress curve, reflecting accumulation during a specific period. Losses of grain number per square meter and 1,000-grain weight were linked to cumulative disease incidence between the beginning of stem elongation and flowering, and disease incidence at midstem elongation, respectively. Yield losses were accounted for by both cumulative disease incidence between sowing and flowering, and disease incidence at midstem elongation. Results confirm the importance of nitrogen fertilization in reducing the impact of take-all on wheat.     

Influence of crop management on eyespot development and infection cycles of winter wheat

Wheat was assessed at four crop growth stages for eyespot (anamorph Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, teleomorph Tapesia yallundae) in a series of field trials that studied the effects on disease frequency of five wheat management techniques (sowing date and density, nitrogen fertiliser dose and form, removal/burial of cereal straw). An equation expressing disease level as a function of degree-days was fitted to the observed disease levels. This equation was based on eyespot epidemiology and depended on two parameters illustrating the importance of the primary and the secondary infection cycles respectively. Cultural practices were classified according to the importance of their effects on disease, and these effects could be related to infection cycles and host plant architecture. Sowing date had the earliest and strongest effect; early sowing always increased disease frequency through the primary infection cycle, and its influence on the secondary cycle was variable. Disease frequency was increased by high plant density and/or a low shoot number per plant through primary infection; the secondary cycle was, however, decreased by a low shoot number per plant, which reduced late disease development at high plant density. High nitrogen doses increased disease levels and the severity of both infection cycles, but this effect was partly hidden by a simultaneous stimulation of tillering and thus an indirect decrease of disease incidence. When significant, ammonium (vs ammonium nitrate) fertiliser decreased eyespot levels and infection cycles whereas straw treatment (burial vs removal of straw from the previous cereal crop) had no effect.     

小麦蓝矮植原体免疫膜蛋白(Imp)的跨膜区影响其在大肠杆菌中的表达

根据跨膜区预测结果,设计ImpF1/ImpR1和ImpF2/ImpR2两对特异性引物。以ImpF1/ImpR1,ImpF1/ImpR2,Imp-F2/ImpR1和ImpF2/ImpR2共4个组合经PCR扩增得到4个目标片段,即:免疫膜蛋白Imp基因的全长(Imp-B);切除C-端跨膜区的Imp基因的基因序列(Imp-N);切除N-端跨膜区的Imp基因的基因序列(Imp-C);切除N-和C-端跨膜区的Imp基因的基因序列(Imp-S)。经酶切连接到原核表达载体Pmal-c2x,并转入E.coliBL21(DE3)PlysS菌株中。SDS-PAGE电泳验证,只有切除N-、C-端跨膜区的Imp基因的基因序列(Imp-S)得到大量表达,结果表明:小麦蓝矮植原体免疫膜蛋白的跨膜区影响其在大肠杆菌中的表达。根据跨膜区预测结果,设计ImpF1/ImpR1和ImpF2/ImpR2两对特异性引物。以ImpF1/ImpR1,ImpF1/ImpR2,Imp-F2/ImpR1和ImpF2/ImpR2共4个组合经PCR扩增得到4个目标片段,即:免疫膜蛋白Imp基因的全长(Imp-B);切除C-端跨膜区的Imp基因的基因序列(Imp-N);切除N-端跨膜区的Imp基因的基因序列(Imp-C);切除N-和C-端跨膜区的Imp基因的基因序列(Imp-S)。经酶切连接到原核表达载体Pmal-c2x,并转入E.coliBL21(DE3)PlysS菌株中。SDS-PAGE电泳验证,只有切除N-、C-端跨膜区的Imp基因的基因序列(Imp-S)得到大量表达,结果表明:小麦蓝矮植原体免疫膜蛋白的跨膜区影响其在大肠杆菌中的表达。     

Influence of cytokinins on isoflavone and anthocyanin synthesis in red clover seedlings

Kinetin and N-6-benzyladenine stimulated isoflavone production in red clover, particularly if applied at an early stage in the nutrient solution. The cytokinins induced a reduction in yield and moisture content and an increase in anthocyanin synthesis. Anthocyanin also appeared in mature red clover leaves when petioles were girdled but isoflavone level remained unchanged, suggesting that certain enzymes synthesising isoflavones may become inactive during maturation of the leaf. The anthocyanin was tentatively identified as cyanidin-3-bioside. Isoflavone leaching was retarded from red clover discs when these were floated on kinetin, benzyladenine or benzimidazole solution.     

地下水埋深对冬小麦和春玉米产量及水分生产效率的影响

利用排水式蒸渗仪,通过设置6种地下水位控制处理(地下水位埋深分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 m和3.0 m)试验,探讨了太原盆地不同地下水埋深对冬小麦和春玉米生长指标、产量、产量构成因素及水分生产效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明,地下水埋深对冬小麦和春玉米千粒重的影响较小,对冬小麦干.物质重影响显著(P=0...     

Influence of time of emergence of wild oat on competition with wheat

The influence of time of emergence of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) on its competition with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied, using boxes that allowed separation of root and shoot competition. The relative yield total for mixtures of wild oat and wheat, grown under different forms of competition and with different wild oat sowing times, was very close to unity, indicating that the two species competed fully for limiting resources. Wild oat was more competitive than wheat when the two species were sown simultaneously, due largely to its greater root competitive ability; the two species had similar shoot competitive abilities. When wild oat was sown 3 or 6 weeks later than wheat, wheat was more competitive than wild oat and the production of wild oat panicles was prevented. This was mainly the result of greater root competitive ability of the wheat, although shoot competitive ability was also greater. The effects of root and shoot competition were additive. It is concluded that in order to prevent the return of wild oat seeds to the soil, and hence obtain long-term benefit, it is necessary to control the wild oat seedlings emerging within the first 3 weeks after drilling a wheat crop.     

不同覆膜方式对地温及冬小麦地上干物质累积规律的影响

在大田试验条件下,采取全膜覆土穴播（C）、全膜穴播（B）、膜侧条播（A）3种覆膜种植方式,并以露地条播为对照（CK）,研究了不同地膜覆盖方式对地温及冬小麦地上干物质积累规律的影响。结果表明：覆膜方式对冬小麦地温效应主要表现在地表(0～10 cm),在5 cm土层处的影响最大,随土层深度增加而减弱;温度效应可使冬小麦的灌浆期延长,全膜覆土处理在拔节期表现出明显的降温效应,全膜穴播处理在灌浆期地表温度最高;测定期内,全膜覆土方式下干物质积累量比露地条播CK高18.01%～19.48%。产量为全膜覆土>膜侧>全膜穴播>露地。全膜覆土穴播 方式有效穗数和干物质累积量对籽粒产量的贡献率较大,是该方式产量最高的关键因素。