宣化牛奶葡萄架式和栽培技术改进研究

连续五年的田间试验证明,宣化牛奶葡萄长时期内表现产量低、大小年严重,是与传统的漏斗架式栽培技术落后有密切关系。通过改造架式、改革整形修剪方式及其它栽培技术,达到了大幅度增产和克服大小年的良好效果。本试验为牛奶葡萄的老园改造提供了有效的途径。本文并对进一步提高牛奶葡萄的品质进行了讨论。     

Impact of branch reorientation on breaking stress in Liriodendron tulipifera L.

It has been observed that during ice, snow, and wind storms, branches oriented vertically tend to incur more damage than branches oriented horizontally. A study was conducted to determine breaking stress and breaking position of branches reoriented nearly horizontal and nearly vertical. Branches oriented 40–50° from horizontal with mean diameter 4.9 cm (SD ± 0.73) were removed from two trees and transferred to a custom branch pulling station. Branches were reoriented either nearly horizontal (76–89°) or vertical (6–29°) to a reinforced vertical post. Branches were pulled vertically downward from three equidistant positions along the branch until they broke. Failure stress for horizontal oriented branches (64 MPa) was double the stress required to pull vertical oriented branches to failure (32 MPa). Nine of ten horizontal branches failed between the branch base and the pull point closest to the base (proximal pull point); whereas seven of ten vertical branches failed farther from the base, between the proximal and middle pull points. Average length from branch base to failure point for horizontal branches was 12.8 cm, and 74.6 cm for vertical branches. Despite requiring less stress to break, branch angle change at the distal and middle pull points from the original position to the position at failure for vertical branches was greater than for horizontal branches; whereas angle change at the proximal pull point was greater for horizontal branches. Branch taper was not different between reorientation treatments. Implications on pruning strategies are discussed.     

The cold requirement of tulip cultivars

Results of 8 years of trials have been used to assess the cold requirements of 116 tulip cultivars, expressed as the number of days of cold (9°C) required to produce flowers in 21 days at 18°C. The data are compared with commercial recommendations for the dates of transferring tulips to the glasshouse for forcing.     

Research on the horizontal reduction effect of urban roadside green belt on atmospheric particulate matter in a semi-arid area

In this study, the horizontal abatement effects of green belts on atmospheric particulate matter at different horizontal distances and plant community structures were investigated in urban roadside green belts in semi-arid areas.We collected mass concentrations of six types of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) per unit time of PM_0.3, PM_0.5, PM_1.0, PM_2.5, PM_5.0, and PM₁₀ and various meteorological indices, to compare the horizontal reduction efficiency of different distances and plant community structures on different particle sizes, and to establish a support vector machine model. The results showed that 1) the horizontal abatement efficiency of green belts was different for six particle sizes, while the horizontal abatement rate strengthened as the particle size increased. The abatement rate was significantly correlated with microclimatic factors such as temperature and humidity, but less correlated with wind speed. 2) The horizontal abatement rate of roadside green belts on atmospheric particulate matter varies with the increase of horizontal distance in a "single-peak" or "double-peak" pattern, with the best abatement effect of green belts on each particle size at a horizontal distance of 45m. Among the four types of plant community structures, the strongest abatement ability was in the arbor-shrub-herb structure. 3) The correctly tuned prediction model, based on Support Vector Machines, resulted in better horizontal abatement ability of green belts on atmospheric PM. The prediction results showed that the average horizontal abatement rate has the best abatement effect at 45–55 m, peaked at 50 m, and formed stagnant dust at 65 m. In the design of urban road green spaces in semi-arid areas, to achieve the best dust retention effect, the green belt width should be ≥40 m and it is desirable to choose arbor-shrub-herb structures. This study provides a design basis and theoretical support for urban road green space planning in semi-arid areas.     

“库尔勒香梨”根系分布及不同流量点源入渗湿润体特征

以"库尔勒香梨"为试材,采用剖面网格取样法,调查"库尔勒香梨"根长密度的水平及垂直分布特征,探索"库尔勒香梨"根系分布的深度、广度与集中分布区。同时设置5种不同梯度滴头流量,监测每隔1 h点源入渗湿润体含水率,根据湿润锋运移特征与香梨集中分布区吻合程度,筛选节水灌溉的最佳滴头流量及最适宜滴灌时间。结果表明:"库尔勒香梨"整个生育期的根系垂直方向集中分布区为20~60 cm,水平方向集中分布区为50~80 cm。在香梨根系水平方向集中分布区域50~80 cm范围内,滴头流量为9.2 L·h^-1的处理能够较为平稳的让水分自滴头正下方向两侧运移,且在滴灌开始后预计5 h让0~80 cm垂直范围内的水平剖面水分达到饱和状态。在香梨根系垂直方向集中分布区域20~60 cm范围内,滴头流量为9.2 L·h^-1的处理能够较为平稳的让水分自表层向下层运移,且在滴灌开始后5 h让0~100 cm水平范围内的垂直剖面水分达到饱和状态。综合在不同滴头流量下土壤湿润体水平、垂直运移规律,在该地块滴灌推荐使用9.2 L·h^-1的滴头流量,滴水时间最佳时间为5 h。     

桑粮间作田条桑根系分布格局及其对土壤水分、养分的影响

条桑在河北省东部平原沙地和丘陵梯田广泛种植,与农作物间作是其主要栽培模式。2006年在河北省迁安市进行了桑粮间作田条桑根系断面积、根量、根系直径分布特征及其对土壤水分、养分影响的研究。结果表明:根系分布主要集中在20~40 cm土层内,此范围内的根系重量占总根量的60%~80%。根系以直径小于3 mm的细根居多,占总根量的30%~40%,大于7 mm的粗根数量很少,占总根数的5%~15%。平原沙地条桑根系主要分布在距桑丛中心100 cm范围内,桑丛外缘100 cm处的根量仅为总根量的6.52%,水平延伸幅度较窄,根系垂直分布明显;丘陵梯田条桑根系水平延伸可达桑丛外250 cm处,只有少量根系垂直深入岩石中,水平分布趋势明显。条桑根量、根系直径、根系断面积分布依立地条件及土层深度的不同而异。桑丛中心外1 m处深层土壤含水量增加,桑丛附近2.5 m内没有存在严重的土壤水分亏缺。平原沙地和丘陵梯田桑丛附近条桑富集土壤养分作用明显。     

设施温室智能化平台技术研究

为解决设施温室因空间限制导致农机设备进门难、掉头难的问题,提高耕整地、田间管理与收获环节的作业效率,实现设施蔬菜生产机械化作业的智能操作,北京市农业机械试验鉴定推广站研发了设施温室智能化平台。平台以电源为动力,可将设施蔬菜生产中各环节所需的农机具集合安装在该平台上,实现一机多用;并采用程序化设计实现自动化或半自动化控制功能。工作时,主机平台配套农机具后可实现纵向行走、横向行走和上下升降三维化运动,作业高效无死角,大幅度提高设施蔬菜生产综合机械化作业水平和作业质量。在同一园区,可实现主机平台在设施温室间转移作业,充分发挥主机效率,提高设备利用率。     

龙眼葡萄棚架栽培条件下的根系分布

通过对棚架龙眼葡萄根系分布的研究,可以了解龙眼葡萄从种植到结果不同时期的根系水平分布、垂直分布变化,为合理施肥、灌水提供依据。采用改良壕沟法,对棚架栽培的龙眼葡萄定植后3～5年的架下和架后根系分布进行了观察。结果表明,定植后3年内,根系伸展速度快。进入结果期后,延伸速度逐渐变缓。根系集中分布区从定植穴逐年外移,结果后稳定在距离树干1.5m处,并在距离地面0.4～0.6m处分布最多。根系和地上部表现出明显的同侧生长的相关性,葡萄架下根系生长快,根数多,分布范围广。架后的总根数仅为架下的2/3左右,并随着树龄的增加,这个比例有逐年下降的趋势,呈不对称的“∞”型分布。对葡萄施肥时应以架下为主,架后为辅的原则。     

Pruning and Rootstock as Factors in the Production of Primary Branches on Apple Trees

The results from two trials with Cox’s Orange Pippin concerned with the development of primary branches are reported. The first trial, with newly planted one-year-old trees, compared the use of feathers as primary branches with trees where these were removed and new shoots selected as branches. Where feathers were retained the trees had larger girths, more shoots, greater total shoot growth, and the final tree weights were heavier. The crotch angles of all three primary branches were wider where feathers were utilized. On feathered trees there was no advantage in leaving the central leader uncut for the first year. The second trial, in the nursery, showed that by removal of incipient feathers up to 70 cm. from the ground, more and longer feathers were secured in the region where primary branches are required. Trunk renewal, involving the drastic cutting back of the maiden tree to within 5 cm. of the bud union, did not increase the number and length of feathers the following year in this trial.     

Growth in horizontal apple shoots: Effects of stem orientation and bud position

In horizontal apple stems extension shoots were usually produced only from buds on the upper side of the stem, while buds on the lower side remained dormant or grew into spurs, and the same tendency was shown in inclined stems bent so that the “upper” and “under” sides became reversed.

On horizontal stems lateral shoots showed a gradient of vigour, the longest shoots being produced by proximal buds. Xylem of horizontal branches was epitrophic. These responses appear to be due to effects of gravity on the distribution of endogenous growth regulating factors within stems. In trees grown horizontally and rotated, shoots and spurs grew from all sides of the stem and xylem developed concentrically.

In studies of lateral shoots of partly disbudded horizontal stems, including cincturing treatments, it was found that the vigour of basal lateral shoots was a function of bud position in relation to the apex rather than in relation to the roots.

A model for lateral shoot growth in horizontal branches is proposed, in which shoot vigour is related to the position of buds along a postulated inhibitory gradient.     

栽植密度与氮肥用量对茎瘤芥茎瘤形态特征及空心发生规律的影响及相互关系

为探讨栽植密度与氮素施用量对榨菜茎瘤形态特征的影响及茎瘤空心发生规律,设置3个栽植密度(行株距为40 cm×40 cm、40 cm×30 cm、30 cm×20 cm)与3个氮素施用水平(100、300、500 kg/hm²),研究不同栽植密度与氮素施用水平对榨菜单茎质量、茎瘤横纵径、空心率及空心指数等指标的影响,并探讨茎瘤各形态指标与空心率的相互关系。试验结果表明,栽植密度30 cm×20 cm搭配300 kg/hm²氮肥施用时能够调控茎瘤形态指标,降低空心率,具有最优产量表现;而在40 cm×40 cm栽植密度下,增施氮肥显著促进茎瘤横纵径,但由于茎瘤空心高发,导致产量明显降低。同时,茎瘤形态特征指标与空心率的相关关系与通径分析表明,茎叶比、单茎瘤鲜质量、腋芽发生率、单茎腋芽发生数与茎瘤横纵径呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.57~0.75),而与菜形指数呈极显著负相关关系(r=-0.51);对茎瘤空心率直接影响较大的指标分别为茎瘤横径(1.91)与菜形指数(1.38),而其他指标均通过菜形指数作用于空心发生率(-1.24~-0.34),表明菜形指数是影响茎瘤芥空心发生的重要因素,其中横径的伸长为茎瘤空心发生的主要因子。     

Level of anxiety and depression on volunteers in clinic trial

AIM: To assess the mental health level of anxiety and depression and related factors in healthy volunteers in clinic trial. METHODS: Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self -rating depressive scale (SDS) and Eysenck personality question (EPQ) were applied to thirty-five patients. RESULTS: Among the 35 patients, the SAS standard mean value was 35.40±9.64, which was higher than that of nation-norm (P>0.05), and significantly higher than that of volunteers after trials （P<0.05). The SDS standard mean value was 35.17±6.93 before trials and 34.91±6.93 after trials, which was lower than that of nation-norm. As compared with nation-norm, EPQ scores of intro- and extro-version were significantly lower, and neuroticism and psycho were all significantly higher (P<0.05, P<0.01). It showed that the standard mean values of SAS and SDS before trials were positively related to EPQ P and N score. CONCLUSION: Mental problems existed in healthy volunteers on clinic trials and the occurrence of mental problems are related to their personality characteristic and sociological factors.     

A dynamic landscape simulation model for the alkaline grasslands on Songnen Plain in northeast China

a dynamic model was developed to simulate the variation of spatial species distribution patterns of the meadow steppe grasslands on Songnen Plain in northeast China. Simulation was performed to study the interaction between soil alkalization and vegetation development with special consideration given to spatial processes such as horizontal species migration and horizontal diffusion of soil alkali. The coverage of five species,Calamagrostis epigeios, Aneurolipidium chinense, Puccinellia tenuiflora, Aeluropus littoralis andSuaeda corniculata, and soil alkali were selected as 6 state variables. A positive feedback mechanism embedded in the model was that when the total plant coverage is large enough, the soil undergoes de-alkalization, which in turn helps improve further the plant growth condition. The de-alkalization is due to the improved soil physical properties indicated by a large amount of soil non-capillary pores coexisting with a large amount of below-group root biomass which allows alkaline solutes to leach from surface soil to underground water by means of precipitation. On the other hand, when the plant coverage is too small, soil alkalization takes place due to the deterioration of soil physical properties indicated by a small amount of plant root biomass and a large amount of capillary pores which enables evapotranspiration to bring up alkaline solutes to the surface soil. The alkalization of surface soil further hinders plant growth. The model was implemented using a software tool, SPAMOD, developed at Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The simulation results showed that the model was in very close agreement with five year field observations on a one-hectare fenced alkaline grassland, implying that the modeling approach used in this research is very appropriate for grassland landscape studies; that the spatial processes reflected as horizontal species migration and horizontal diffusion of soil alkali are very important for the recovery ofA. chinense, the major grazed species with rhizoma as its main reproduction mechanism; and that the vanishing rate ofS. corniculata, an indicator of serious soil alkalization, is very sensitive to the variation in the soil physical properties.     

Fertilizer Trials on Small Coffee Farms in Uganda

In about 70 trials on small African Robusta coffee farms and 100 similar trials on small Arabica farms mean responses to nitrogen fertilizers were profitable and became increasingly so with continued applications. A soil treatment with magnesia in 21 Robusta trials gave no increase in yield when applied in addition to the nitrogen fertilizer. The other Robusta trials compared urea with ammonium sulphate and showed that there was no significant difference in their effects on yields. The ratio of dried to fresh cherry weight was not decreased by the nitrogen fertilizer.

Over 100 correlations of yields or responses with agronomic details and soil and leaf analyses were tested for significance. Routine soil analyses proved disappointing indicators of coffee yield or response to nitrogen, which confirms other evidence that nitrogen is the only major deficiency in Ugandan coffee. Agronomic practices seemed to have only minor effects on yield. Leaf nutrient contents were often significantly correlated with yields, but none with sufficient regularity to indicate a real and common association. Correlations between leaf nitrogen and yield were never significant even though the treatments significantly affected the levels of leaf nutrients. This is contrary to the results in earlier station experiments.     

日光温室基础保温围护对室内地温及番茄产量的影响

为了减少温室内土壤有效热量从水平方向及垂直方向流失,以无保温基础作对照,在热阻值相同的前提下,设置外置、内置聚苯乙烯泡沫板(EPS)2个处理,探究不同位置隔热层对温室地温及室内番茄产量的影响。结果表明:无论隔热层内置还是外置,温室内平均地温均极显著高于对照。隔热层内置处理的保温效果优于外置处理,水平方向地温较外置处理、对照平均提高0.5、1.3℃;垂直方向地温显著高于外置处理(平均提升0.6℃),极显著高于对照(平均提升1.3℃),5~25cm范围内随耕层深度增加增温幅度先增后减;番茄植株根系活力显著高于外置处理,极显著高于对照;番茄产量较外置处理、对照分别增产10.9%、29.1%。综上,内置隔热层可有效提高温室内水平方向、垂直方向地温,不同位置地温均匀度更好,番茄根系活力和产量均显著提高。     

Enhancement of photosynthesis and growth of tomato seedlings by forced ventilation within the canopy

A forced ventilation system that directs airflow upward or downward within a canopy was developed for plant culture in order to enhance photosynthesis and growth of the plant canopy. Tomato seedling canopies including the seedlings, growing medium, and a plastic tray were used for the experiments. In the upward and downward ventilation systems, air flows upward and downward, respectively, within the plant canopy; this is achieved by blowing and drawing air from holes (Ø 6 mm) made in plastic pipes positioned on the surface of the growing medium. A horizontal airflow system was used as a conventional system to compare the performance of the experimental ventilation systems. Using the upward and downward ventilation systems, the effects of air directions and air velocities on the CO₂ exchange rate of the tomato seedling canopy and the growth of the seedlings were compared with those observed using the conventional horizontal airflow system. The forced ventilation within the plant canopy enhanced the CO₂ exchange rate of the canopy and the dry masses of the seedlings by 1.4–1.5 and 1.2–1.3 times, respectively, as compared to the conventional horizontal airflow. When the leaf area index (LAI) increased from 1.2 to 2.4, there was only a 5% decrease in the CO₂ exchange rate per unit leaf area in the downward ventilation system, whereas there was a 20% decrease in the CO₂ exchange rate per leaf area in the horizontal airflow system. The coefficient of variation for the dry mass of the seedlings was higher in the downward system than in the other systems. These results demonstrate that forced ventilation within the canopy is an effective technique to enhance the gas exchange of the plant canopy and the consequent plant growth.     

平菇新品种“驻研2号”的选育

平菇新品种“驻研2号”是由河南省主栽品种“5651”和野生驯化菌株“驻9703”为亲本,经单孢杂交选育而获得的优良菌株,从接种到采收34~44d,子实体叠生,菌盖贝壳型,颜色受温度影响,低温下深灰色,高温下浅灰色,柄长约3.5cm,直径1.8cm,六七成熟时菌盖直径4.5~5.0cm,厚约0.9cm。出菇整齐,茬次明显。2017-2018年区域试验表明,平均每100kg干料产鲜菇71.5kg,比对照品种“黑抗650”增产6.3%;生产试验结果表明,平均每100kg干料产鲜菇79.8kg,比对照品种“黑抗650”增产11.9%。     

寒冷干旱地区温室内温度分布研究

选择秋季阴雨天气,通过对寒冷干旱地区荷兰Venlo型温室内部不同位置的气温定时多点测定与分析,总结出温室内温度随时间的变化规律,以及温室内温度的垂直分布情况和水平分布情况。结果表明:白天温室内温度变化剧烈,而夜晚趋于平缓;温室内温度垂直方向呈显著梯度分布;水平方向上温度呈现南低北高,东西低中间高的分布趋势。在连续阴天时,温室及时采取补温措施,可以维持较高温度,补温用散热片安放位置以靠近东、西、南端为好,这样可使温室内温度分布更加均匀。     

Regional habitat appraisals of wildlife communities: a landscape-level evaluation of a resource planning model using avian distribution data

A simple regional habitat model founded on the relation between vertical habitat complexity and species richness has been used to describe wildlife habitat in response to macroscale patterns in land use and land cover. While the model has a basis in ecological theory, it has not been subjected to rigorous testing. We evaluated the model's fundamental assumption on landscapes in the eastern forested region of the United States and found the model to be supported when we used a measure of avian community integrity during the breeding season. The model was improved by incorporating measures of horizontal heterogeneity, indicating that the vertical and horizontal structure of habitats should be considered in analyzing the response of wildlife to land resource policies that can affect broad land use patterns. In cooperation with Colorado State University.     

美国转基因马铃薯田间试验分析

对1989～2010年6月美国转基因马铃薯田间试验的相关数据进行分析,揭示了美国转基因马铃薯田间试验的变化特点和趋势。20 a间,美国先后受理了925次转基因马铃薯的田间试验申请,占美国转基因作物田间试验总次数的6.1 %,涉及到8个主要目标性状,27家研究机构,32个试验地点,累计试验面积达129 860.69 hm2。此外,还分析了美国转基因马铃薯田间试验变化的影响因素,并对转基因马铃薯的育种趋势进行了探讨。