大豆蛋白源在冷水性鱼类饲料中的应用研究进展

本文综述了大豆蛋白源在冷水性鱼类饲料中的应用、影响鱼类对大豆蛋白源利用的因素,以及提高其利用率的途径,以期为大豆蛋白源的深入研究和合理应用提供理论依据。     

营养物质对鱼类食欲的影响

寻找理想鱼粉替代物是近20年动物营养学的研究热点之一,尽管在肉食性鱼类中鱼粉替代物因适口性差、消化率低、氨基酸不平衡和存在抗营养因子等原因导致其替代比例较低,然而,随着鱼粉供求关系的进一步不平衡,替代鱼粉已成为肉食性鱼类养殖可持续发展的必然要求。因此,如何提高肉食性鱼类对鱼粉替代物的利用率成为了鱼粉替代研究的瓶颈。本文从食欲的角度,综述各种营养物质对食欲的影响,以便利用营养措施来人为调控鱼类的食欲,从而提高饲料利用率。     

鱼类对微量元素利用性研究

鱼类对微量元素利用性研究在鱼的饲料方面，人们对于无机盐的研究最迟，特别是微量元素利用方面研究还很少。本研究以日本重要的养殖鱼类──虹鳟和鲤鱼为对象，研究其对含鱼粉饲料中的无机盐的利用性。１．含鱼粉饲料中添加微量元素的必要性鱼粉作为养鱼饲料的主要原料，...     

大豆蛋白替代鱼粉在水产中的研究概述

近年来,渔业资源日益紧缺,鱼粉价格不断上涨,寻找新的优质廉价蛋白源替代鱼粉成为当务之急。大豆蛋白因蛋白含量高、氨基酸组成平衡、价格低廉、资源丰富等特点成为替代鱼粉的最佳选择。本文就水产饲料中大豆蛋白替代鱼粉的研究成果及进展做简要概述。     

植物蛋白源在鱼类配合饲料中的应用研究

鱼粉作为鱼类配合饲料中最重要的蛋白源,受其供应及市场价格波动的影响,大量研究者致力于寻找鱼粉替代物。近年来,植物蛋白源以其相对低廉的价格、稳定的供应,日渐成为关注的热点。随着研究的不断深入,植物蛋白源显示出广阔的应用前景。本文从鱼类的蛋白需求、植物蛋白源对鱼类的影响及改善植物蛋白源在鱼类配合饲料中的应用等3个方面阐述了植物蛋白源在鱼类配合饲料中的应用现状和前景。     

高通量测序分析5例进口鱼粉鱼源性成分构成

为揭示鱼粉原料构成,保证鱼粉质量,本研究应用高通量测序技术对来源于不同国家的5例进口鱼粉样品进行测序,并基于COI基因及其丰度对鱼粉鱼源性成分构成进行分析。提取鱼粉样品DNA后应用鱼类通用COI基因扩增引物进行PCR扩增,得到鱼类混合COI基因序列产物,将扩增产物送测序公司进行高通量测序,将COI基因测序数据与鱼类相关数据库进行比对,通过比对结果进行鱼粉的物种源性成分分析。结果显示,成功获得了5例鱼粉样品中原料鱼成分,其中白鱼粉原料鱼主要成分为鳕鱼;而红鱼粉原料鱼成分较为多样,涉及鲱鱼、竹刀鱼等。通过Python对数据进行统计分析,绘制PCR扩增后鱼类COI基因丰度图,进一步直观提示鱼粉样品中原料的成分构成。本研究结果表明,高通量测序技术可应用于鱼粉质量评估,有助于快速了解鱼粉构成,对其质量及用途进行指导,同时,提示该技术可进一步应用于鱼粉掺杂掺假及致病微生物的监测工作中,对保障鱼粉产品质量、维护正常市场秩序具有重要意义。     

高通量测序分析5例进口鱼粉鱼源性成分构成

为揭示鱼粉原料构成,保证鱼粉质量,本研究应用高通量测序技术对来源于不同国家的5例进口鱼粉样品进行测序,并基于COI基因及其丰度对鱼粉鱼源性成分构成进行分析。提取鱼粉样品DNA后应用鱼类通用COI基因扩增引物进行PCR扩增,得到鱼类混合COI基因序列产物,将扩增产物送测序公司进行高通量测序,将COI基因测序数据与鱼类相关数据库进行比对,通过比对结果进行鱼粉的物种源性成分分析。结果显示,成功获得了5例鱼粉样品中原料鱼成分,其中白鱼粉原料鱼主要成分为鳕鱼;而红鱼粉原料鱼成分较为多样,涉及鲱鱼、竹刀鱼等。通过Python对数据进行统计分析,绘制PCR扩增后鱼类COI基因丰度图,进一步直观提示鱼粉样品中原料的成分构成。本研究结果表明,高通量测序技术可应用于鱼粉质量评估,有助于快速了解鱼粉构成,对其质量及用途进行指导,同时,提示该技术可进一步应用于鱼粉掺杂掺假及致病微生物的监测工作中,对保障鱼粉产品质量、维护正常市场秩序具有重要意义。     

大豆浓缩蛋白的营养价值及在水产饲料中的应用

大豆浓缩蛋白是以低温脱溶豆粕为原料,除去了大豆的胀气因子及豆腥味物质,同时又最大限度地保留了大豆蛋白的营养成分,粗蛋白含量65％以上,必需氨基酸相对平衡.就大豆浓缩蛋白的结构和功能、营养成分及替代鱼粉对鱼类生长、营养成分、消化、免疫、肝脏代谢、抗氧化、血脂代谢等方面的影响等进行综述,旨在为大豆资源的开发和利用提供参考.     

罗非鱼蛋氨酸利用的研究进展

罗非鱼是我国南方最重要的水产养殖品种之一,而且近年来养殖规模迅速发展。但由于鱼粉价格昂贵而且鱼粉中含有较多的磷而不能被鱼类利用,因此,用植物蛋白质替代鱼粉成为最近动物营养与饲料研究的热点。蛋氨酸是罗非鱼饲料中所必需而植物蛋白质中含量不足的第一限制性氨基酸。所以,利用植物蛋白质源替代罗非鱼饲料中的动物蛋白质源,需要补充蛋氨酸以满足鱼类的生理需要。本文就罗非鱼对蛋氨酸等研究进展作一综述。     

鱼类食欲调控研究进展

寻找鱼粉替代物已成为肉食性鱼类养殖可持续发展的必然要求,如何提高鱼类对鱼粉替代物的利用率成为了鱼粉替代研究的瓶颈。食欲是影响鱼粉替代的重要因素,而食欲调控网络通过各种食欲调节因子(包括促进食欲因子和抑制食欲因子)的信号传递作用和中枢信号通路,对摄食进行综合调节。本文综述了常见食欲调节因子和中枢信号通路对食欲的调控,以期为鱼类食欲调控研究提供参考。     

Protein and lipid sources affect cholesterol concentrations of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of protein and lipid sources on cholesterol, AA, and fatty acid content, and on biological performance of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). In Exp. 1, seven isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were prepared using fish meal; soybean meal; casein; fish meal + soybean meal; fish meal + casein; soybean meal + casein; and fish meal + soybean meal + casein. In Exp. 2, seven isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were prepared using fish oil; soy oil; poultry fat; fish oil + soy oil; fish oil + poultry fat; soy oil + poultry fat; and fish oil + soy oil + poultry fat. Nine shrimp (average BW 570 mg) were stocked per 60-L tank, with three tanks per diet in each experiment. Shrimp were fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 28 d. Protein sources affected shrimp cholesterol, feed consumption, feed efficiency, protein consumption, protein efficiency ratio, and crude body fat (P < or = 0.05), but not weight gain, survival, hepatosomatic index, body protein, ash, and AA composition. Body (without hepatopancreas) cholesterol concentrations were the highest in shrimp fed the diet containing fish meal (0.81%), lowest for those fed the casein diet (0.64%), and intermediate in the other dietary treatment groups (range 0.71 to 0.74%). Lipid source also affected shrimp body cholesterol, body fatty acid profiles, and fatty acid profiles in the hepatopancreas (P < or = 0.05), but not growth performance, body protein, fat, ash, and cholesterol concentrations in the hepatopancreas. Shrimp fed the fish oil diet had the highest body cholesterol (0.75%), whereas those fed the soy oil or poultry fat diets were lowest (0.66 and 0.65%, respectively). Results indicate that by replacing fish meal and fish oil with soybean meal and soy oil, shrimp growth performance is not affected, but body cholesterol concentration is reduced.     

固态发酵豆粕营养价值及其应用研究

固态发酵法是一种切实可行的提高豆粕营养价值的方法。豆粕是畜禽最重要的植物性蛋白源,但其含有的抗营养因子限制了幼龄动物对蛋白质的有效利用。研究结果表明,发酵豆粕对动物的生长性能、消化和免疫功能具有积极的影响。作者就固态发酵豆粕的营养价值研究及其在动物饲养中的应用进行了综述。     

Interrelationship between hypersensitivity to soybean proteins and growth performance in early-weaned pigs.

The objective of this growth trial was to determine the interrelationship between immunological criteria, gut morphology, and performance of starter pigs fed soybean proteins processed by different methods. One hundred twenty-five pigs were orally infused with 6 g/d of either dried skim milk, soybean meal (48% CP), soy protein concentrate, extruded soy protein concentrate, or experimental soy protein concentrate from 7 to 11 d of age and then fed a diet containing the same protein sources from weaning (d 21) to 35 d of age. All pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal diet containing 10% dried whey, 1.25% lysine, and 3% soybean oil for the remaining 21 d of the experiment. Xylose absorption and anti-soy immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were measured on d 6 postweaning, and skin-fold thickness after intradermal injection of protein extracts was measured on d 7 postweaning. A total of 25 pigs (five pigs/treatment) was euthanatized on d 7 postweaning. Villus height and crypt depth from duodenum samples were measured. These measurements were obtained to elucidate a relationship between the hypersensitivity responses to soybean products and growth performance of baby pigs. Pigs fed diets containing soybean meal had a lower (P less than .05) rate of gain (d 0 to 14) and villus height, higher (P less than .01) serum anti-soy IgG titers, and increased skin-fold thickness (d 6 and 7 postweaning) after intradermal injection compared with those fed dried skim milk. Pigs fed other soy proteins also had lower ADG from d 0 to 14 postweaning; however, pigs fed moist extruded soy protein concentrate tended (P less than .09) to have higher ADG and improved feed utilization when compared with pigs fed soybean meal (d 0 to 14).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of select menhaden fish meal in starter diets for pigs

Two trials were conducted to evaluate a select menhaden fish meal (SMFM) as a protein source in starter diets for 390, 3-wk-old weaned pigs. Initial weights averaged 4.8 and 5.5 kg in Trials 1 and 2, and trials were conducted for 5 and 4 wk, respectively. Diets in Trial 1 were formulated by substituting levels of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 or 20% SMFM for soybean meal plus corn on a protein basis. The 20% fish meal diet contained no soybean meal; all diets contained between 19.8 and 20.2% CP, between 1.34 and 1.40% lysine and 25% dried whey. Replacement of soy protein with fish meal elicited a quadratic improvement (P = .01) in cumulative ADG and average daily feed intake (ADFI) by the end of wk 5. The diet containing 8% SMFM resulted in the maximum observed ADG; however, the maximum ADFI occurred in pigs fed the diet containing 12% SMFM. Breakpoint analysis indicated that 4.5 and 9.3% SMFM maximized ADG and ADFI, respectively. Addition of SMFM did not affect efficiency of feed utilization (F/G). In Trial 2, a 2 X 3 factorial with two levels of dried whey (10 or 20%) and three levels of SMFM (0, 4 or 8%), a SMFM X dried whey interaction (P less than .05) was observed for cumulative ADG and F/G by the of wk 4 with greater benefit from SMFM with 10% than with 20% dried whey.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

酵母蛋白粉替代肉鸡日粮中鱼粉的效果研究

选用1日龄AA肉鸡600羽随机分成5组,每组设6个重复,每个重复20羽,分别饲喂鱼粉对照日粮和用酵母蛋白粉等能等蛋白替代对照日粮中25%、50%、75%和100%鱼粉的试验日粮,研究用活性酵母蛋白粉替代鱼粉作为蛋白源对肉鸡生长性能以及养分利用率的影响。结果表明:100%替代组的后期增重较对照组提高0.84%(P>0.05),100%替代组的后期及全期料重比较对照组降低2.20%和1.56%,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。各组之间营养物质的利用率差异不显著(P>0.05)。100%替代组可以降低饲料成本和增重成本。酵母蛋白粉替代肉鸡日粮中的鱼粉是可行的。     

Protein utilization of mixed feed rations in lactating pigs with reference to the essential amino acid content of the feed proteins. 2. Report. Utilization of the feed proteins in the use of soy bean extraction residue, waste liquor yeast, horse bean meal fish meal and maize gluten for a basic ration]

Nitrogen trials were performed on lactating pigs to investigate the utilization of protein from some feeding rations. The basal ration fed to the sows consisted of ground barley+oats+flaked potatoes or ground barley+sugar beet chips. The basal ration was supplemented with a protein source. The protein feeds used were extracted soya bean meal, horse bean meal, fish meal, maize gluten and waste liquor yeast. Data for the average biological value of the dietary proteins were as follows (in the given order of protein feeds): 61%, 59%, 54%, 58% and 37%. PPV data were: 44%, 43%, 39%, 44% and 28%. The proteins of nearly all rations were deficient in lysine when compared with the range of amino acids present in the proteins of sow milk.     

发酵棉粕的营养价值及其在动物生产中应用的研究进展

棉粕是一种仅次于豆粕的优质植物性蛋白原料,蛋白质含量高,氨基酸种类丰富,但由于含有多种抗营养因子而限制了其在饲料中的应用。利用微生物发酵法处理棉粕可以有效降低其抗营养因子含量,还能提高发酵底物中小分子肽、消化酶、有机酸、益生菌等的含量,从而提高其营养价值。发酵棉粕在动物生产中有较为广泛的应用,在生长育肥猪日粮中使用5%~10%的发酵棉粕替代豆粕,对猪的采食量、日增重和料肉比等指标均没有显著影响,且可降低饲料成本;在鸡日粮中添加5%~15%的发酵棉粕可以提高鸡群免疫力,降低发病率,从而节约用药成本,并可改善鸡肉、鸡蛋的品质;发酵棉粕还可作为反刍动物精料补充料中的蛋白质原料,其所含的营养物质可通过促进瘤胃微生物的生长繁殖从而增加反刍动物对粗饲料的利用率;在水产饲料中用发酵棉粕代替鱼粉和豆粕,不仅可以降低饲料成本及饵料系数,还可以改善水质,提高水产动物体内消化酶含量,从而提高营养物质的消化吸收率。作者综述了发酵棉粕的营养价值,并总结了其在动物生产中的应用研究进展。     

A mixture of cottonseed meal, soybean meal and animal byproduct mixture as a fish meal substitute: growth and tissue gossypol enantiomer in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Diets incorporating three different sources of extracted cottonseed meal (CM), soybean meal and an animal protein mixture were evaluated for juvenile rainbow trout. Fish averaging 0.96 g were divided into groups of 30; 3 groups per treatment, and each group was fed one of four diets for a 16-week period. Fish meal (FM) was replaced on a 25% protein basis by each of three different sources of CM from California (CA), Tennessee (TN), and Arkansas (AR), U.S.A. In the three CM-containing diets another 25% soybean meal protein and 50% animal protein mixture were also incorporated to completely replace FM protein. The results of growth rate and feed utilization showed that FM could be entirely replaced by a mixture of plant proteins (CM and soybean meal) and animal by-product proteins. Hematocrit levels were significantly lower in the group fed CM-containing diets than in the control. The findings suggest that CM can be used as a good protein source by the incorporation of at least 15% in diets (25% of fish meal protein replacement), and that the nutritive values of CM in juvenile trout can be different due to their different origin. Significantly higher concentrations of total gossypol were found in faeces of CM-TN (5.8 +/- 0.4 micromol/g) and CM-AR (5.6 +/- 0.6) groups than in that of CM-CA (3.7 +/- 0.4) group. It was documented that gossypol enantiomers, present in an equal proportion in diets, selectively accumulated in liver and bile, whereas equal proportions of (+)- and (-)-enantiomers were found in whole-body and faeces. Depending on CM source, fish can absorb approximately 35-50% of dietary gossypol, and the majority of the absorbed gossypol seemed to be excreted.     

Transient hypersensitivity to soybean meal in the early-weaned pig

An experiment was conducted to determine whether baby pigs develop hypersensitivity to dietary soybean proteins. Thirty-two pigs were orally infused with either dried skim milk (5 g/d; control) or soybean meal (48% CP; 5 g/d) from d 7 to 14 after birth. Sows were fed a corn-corn gluten meal-based diet supplemented with lysine and tryptophan to avoid exposure of pigs to soybean proteins. Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and fed diets containing either soybean meal or milk proteins until d 56. One half of the pigs were killed at 28 d of age and the rest at 56 d of age. Segments of small intestine were collected, and intraepithelial lymphocytes were isolated. At 28 d of age, pigs fed diets containing soybean meal had lower (P less than .05) villus height (221 vs 298 microns) and rate of gain (86 vs 204 g/d) than control pigs did. Pigs fed a diet containing soybean meal had higher (P less than .05) immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers to soybean protein than did pigs fed a milk protein-based diet. Blood and intestinal lymphocytes collected on d 28 and 56 did not exhibit any proliferative response when cultured with purified soy proteins (2.5 or 5 microns/ml). Phytohemagglutinin- and pokeweed mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferations were higher (P less than .05) at d 56 than at d 28, but there were no differences attributable to protein source. There were no differences (P greater than .05) in skin-fold thickness measurements following intradermal injection with soy or milk proteins. Decreased villus height and increased serum IgG titers to soybean proteins coinciding with inferior performance of early weaned pigs fed diets containing soybean meal indicate that conventionally processed, commercial soybean meal may retain some antigens that can cause transient hypersensitivity in piglets.