基于CFD的轴流泵空化特性预测

基于空泡动力学和汽液两相流理论,应用计算流体动力学（CFD）技术模拟了轴流泵在不同进口压力条件下（包含轴流泵中未发生空化和发生剧烈空化的多种情况）的流场,研究了随着空化发生、发展速度场及压力场变化过程,并对轴流泵能量特性、空化性能进行了预测．结果表明,在非空化条件下,CFD计算可较准确地预测水泵扬程等能量特性,预测值与试验值相差在2％以内;在空化条件下,CFD计算成功地捕获到了空化发生、发展过程;流场中空化发生直接影响叶轮叶片上的压力分布,进而影响水泵的扬程、轴功率等外特性;在发生空化条件下,导叶背面进水边靠近轮缘位置也会出现空化现象;在叶轮各个通道内空化区域分布相似,轴对称性明显,而导叶体内各个通道的空化区域分布差异大,呈明显的非轴对称分布,该非轴对称性的空化区域也是空化造成轴流泵不稳定运行的一个因素．     

基于CFD的发动机冷却水泵汽蚀性能预测

以雷诺时均N-S方程为基本控制方程,采用标准k-ε双方程湍流模型及多相流模型,利用计算流体动力学软件CFX模拟了发动机冷却水泵内部的三维湍流流场,对某一叶轮严重损坏的发动机冷却水泵外特性性能和汽蚀性能进行预测,并分析叶轮损坏原因,观察冷却水泵叶轮内部汽蚀情况．模拟结果表明:在85 ℃下模型泵的临界汽蚀余量约为107 m,在表压为0时已发生了较为严重的汽蚀现象,叶轮破坏主要是由汽蚀引起．通过与试验数据进行对比验证,水泵在285 L／min设计流量下扬程为61 m,远远低于常温下的数值模拟结果,说明该泵在实际运行工况下已发生严重汽蚀,试验结果与数值预测结论基本吻合．研究结果对于改善发动机冷却水泵的汽蚀性能、防止和减轻空化现象产生提供理论依据,也为判断和模拟发动机冷却水泵的汽蚀破坏提供了一个快速、准确的计算方法．     

汽车冷却水泵高速运行时密封件损伤数值模拟与优化

以某种型号的汽车冷却水泵为研究对象,观察耐久性试验时汽车水泵的失效现象,发现轴封处密封件因为水封出现干烧现象而损伤.为研究该汽车水泵失效原因,以时均N-S方程作为控制方程,采用SST k-ω双方程湍流模型及均相流空化模型对汽车水泵内空化两相流进行数值模拟.模拟计算结果表明,在高温、高速工况下,叶轮后盖板与机械密封之间出现了压力缺失,产生气体,导致橡胶件处水封流动不充分,发生空化现象.文中通过增加泵壳扰流筋及挡水环,改变叶轮平衡孔位置及平衡孔大小,并将数值模拟和试验研究结果进行对比验证.优化结果表明:改变叶轮和泵壳模型,使得叶轮和密封件之间液体流动更加充分,改善了密封件处的空化性能,消除失效现象.研究成果对工程实际具有一定的指导意义.     

蜗壳式混流泵空化工况扬程下降机理

基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的空化模型和剪切应力输运湍流模型(SST),应用计算流体动力学技术,对比转数n s为449的蜗壳式混流泵设计工况下的流场进行空化数值模拟分析.根据模拟结果获取了该泵的空化特性曲线,对开始发生空化、临界空化和空化严重3种工况下叶轮内的空化现象进行分析,并找到混流泵空化断裂和扬程下降的原因.数值模拟结果和试验结果一致,误差在5%以内.模拟分析结果表明:流道内的空泡增多到一定程度后会使液体发生边界层分离,产生旋涡,通过叶轮流道内空泡体积分数和叶片背面流线分布图可以看出,旋涡是导致该混流泵空化断裂工况下扬程下降的最主要原因,初步揭示了混流泵内空化流场的分布规律.     

对旋轴流式喷水推进泵空化流动数值模拟

基于ANSYS CFX软件,利用Rayleigh-Plesset空化模型和SST湍流模型,在设计工况下,分别对首、次级叶轮单独以及对旋轴流式喷水推进泵整体进行了空化定常模拟,得到了各自的空化特性曲线.选择空化开始发生、临界空化点以及空化严重时3个工况比较分析首、次级叶轮内空化流动的发展情况.计算获得了不同净正吸头下叶片工作面、背面静压、背面空泡体积组分分布.计算结果表明,空化最初发生在首级叶轮叶片背面进口靠近轮缘的局部低压区,随着NPSH的减小,该空泡区域从轮缘向轮毂方向延伸.首、次级叶轮空化发展不同步,由于次级叶轮处于首级叶轮的预压下,首级叶轮发生空化时,次级叶轮并没有发生空化.计算结果从理论上较好地揭示了对旋轴流式推进泵空化性能的特点及其内部空化流动的特征.     

蜗壳式混流泵空化特性分析

基于Rayleigh－Plesset空化模型和剪切应力输运湍流模型(SST),应用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术,对比转速ns=449的蜗壳式混流泵设计工况下的流场进行数值模拟．根据模拟结果获取了该泵的空化特性曲线,捕捉到混流泵内空化的发生和发展过程,对开始发生空化、临界空化和空化严重3种工况下叶轮内的空化现象进行分析．分析结果表明:该泵空化性能满足设计要求; 混流泵叶轮内的空化现象最初发生在叶轮流道内,随着净正吸头的降低,叶片背面靠近轮缘处开始出现空泡,该空化区域从轮缘向轮毂方向延伸．在空化严重时会造成叶轮流道的严重堵塞,导致混流泵扬程的下降.     

立式多级筒袋泵吸入装置的优化设计

通过试验和数值计算,研究了立式多级筒袋泵的空化性能及泵内空化流场．为改善立式多级筒袋泵的吸入性能,分析了几种叶轮几何参数对泵空化的影响。研究结果表明：采用叶片进口断面面积较大的双吸式首级叶轮,且在首级叶轮的两侧进口加设诱导轮,大幅提高了立式多级筒袋泵的空化性能,使泵的空化比转速达1479;基于均衡混合流假设的空化模型,可合理预测泵的平均空化性能,模拟的空化流场有助于了解水力设计诸因素对泵内空化发展的影响;在设计诱导轮及首级叶轮时,选取较大的叶片进口安放角有利于改善泵装置的吸入性能,同时有利于发挥诱导轮的功效．     

交错叶轮双吸离心泵空化特性研究

为了探究交错叶轮双吸离心泵的空化性能,结合Rayleigh-Plesset空化模型和RNGk-ε湍流模型,对一叶轮两侧叶片进行交错布置结构的双吸离心泵内部空化流动进行了数值模拟,分析了空化对泵内压强分布的影响,绘制了空化特性曲线,并分析了不同工况下叶轮所受径向力,同时研究了空化对叶轮叶片空泡体积分数及泵内湍动能分布的影响。结果表明,交错叶轮双吸离心泵空化特性同常规离心泵空化特性具有一致性,空化对叶轮所受径向力大小以及湍动能分布都有较大影响。     

离心泵内部空化流动的数值预测

为了研究离心泵内的空化流动,将完整空化模型和混合流体两相流模型相结合,对比转速为95的离心泵叶轮在设计工况下的空化流动进行数值模拟.介绍了空化流动的模拟方法,通过计算获得了叶片表面压力分布,并得出了该离心泵的有效空化余量一扬程落差特性曲线,有效地预测了流道内空蚀发生的部位和发展情况.结果证明,叶轮内空化区域的增长使离心泵的扬程下降,影响到泵的运转特性;当泵内发生少量空泡时,不会影响到外特性的变化,而当空泡大量发生时,会堵塞流道,使液流连续性破坏,性能下降,这与理论结果基本吻合,计算值与规定值的误差在5%以内.数值模拟计算方法较好地模拟了离心泵内的空化两相流的静态特征.     

n_s=68离心泵全流道空化性能的数值研究

以低比转速ns=68的离心泵为研究对象,对其全流道的非空化流和空化流进行了数值模拟研究。首先,基于k-ε湍流模型和SIMPLEC算法,数值模拟了离心泵内的湍流特性,预测的外特性性能曲线与试验数据比较一致。其次,采用完全空化模型和混合流体模型对离心泵的空化区域进行了预测,计算结果表明,空化首先发生在叶片背面的进口处稍后的位置,此处的气体含量最高且压力最低。同时,数值分析了不同流量工况下空化流的空化特性,预测的离心泵必需汽蚀余量曲线与试验数据比较一致,并预测了设计工况下不同NPSH值时叶轮内的气体体积分布,详细地体现了叶轮内空化发展的过程,从而验证了数值模拟方法对空化和空蚀研究的高效性和准确性。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。