苹果腐烂病发生为害现析及防治技术

天水市位于甘肃省东南部,是全国优质苹果生产基地之一。据2008年统计,全市苹果栽植面积已达8万hm^2,其中优质果园5．73万hm^2,挂果面积3．74万hm^2,产量80万t,产值11．07亿元,苹果产业已成为天水市强市富民的支柱产业。近10年来,天水市苹果腐烂病发生呈逐年加重趋势,已严重威胁苹果的安全生产。     

浙江省葡萄生产现状及存在问题

浙江省葡萄20世纪90年代以来发展较快，至今已形成了一种产业。全省种植面积1983年为27hm^2，1985年为702hm^2，1991年为2300hm^2，1994年为3993hm^2，2001年为6200hm^2。全省葡萄总产量1994年为6．16万t，2001年为13．28万t。种植面积2001年全国第15位，南方第5位，次于四川I、江苏、广西、云南。葡萄总产量2001年全国第6位，南方居首位。葡萄667m^2产量1994     

浅谈云南省茶产业现状与发展对策

到2001年，云南省茶园面积达17．07万hm^2，茶叶产量达8．16万t，居全国第四。茶叶总产值8．72亿元,居全国第十。然而与全国比较，其单产、价格、名优茶产量等均存在较大差距，其原因有：交通不便，信息落后；缺少文化背景；市场意识淡薄，思想观念落后；经济实力弱，科技水平低；缺少新产业突破口。今后发展对策：更新观念，拓展思路；建立茶叶市场，引导产业升级；发展优势产业，加速名优茶工程；东西优势互补；创立名牌效应；保护生态环境。     

抓住机遇,迎接挑战,促进西双版纳茶业发展

分析我国加入WTO后茶业的机遇和面临的严竣问题 ,提出西双版纳茶业发展应加速低产茶园改造 ,推广无性系良种 ;保护茶园生态 ,应用生物技术 ;调整产品结构 ,开拓国内外市场 ;建立龙头产业 ,实施名牌战备等四项建议。随着中国加入WTO步伐的加快 ,为我国茶叶出口创造了前所未有的机遇 ,中国是世界产茶大国 ,19世纪几乎垄断了整个世界茶叶市场 ,进入 2 0世纪 ,肯尼亚、斯里兰卡后来居上。 1999年全国茶叶产量达 6 8万t,出口仅2 0 .2 9万t,云南茶叶产量 7.5万t,出口仅 1.0 3万t,版纳茶叶产量 1.5万t,几乎全部内销。国茶出口不畅 ,其主要原因是受经营机制和产品质量的制约 ,如何抓住中国加入WTO的机遇 ,振兴国茶在国际市场的声誉 ,促进版纳茶业再上新台阶 ,必须认真分析存在的问题 ,改革现行茶叶经营机制 ,依靠科技进步 ,提高产品的产量和质量     

毛竹笋材两用林配方施肥效应研究

对毛竹笋材两用林的配方施肥试验结果表明，施肥区的笋材产量与不施肥区相比有明显增加。施用4种肥料3a累计平均净增产鲜竹材6603.3kg/hm^2、鲜竹笋544kg/hm^2。每公斤肥料（按有效成分N，P，K计算）年均净增产竹材7.7kg、鲜笋0.64kg。最佳施肥配方为A2B1C2D3，即每公顷施菜子饼1125kg,N肥150kg,P肥56.3kg,K肥75kg。其影响次序为A＞C＞D＞B。使用这个配方竹林生产力量高，其中年均产竹材21.96t/hm^2、竹笋1.65t/hm^2，收入1.074万元/hm^2。     

文本加大油茶的科技开发

据调查：广西区内可供食用的油茶物种20多种，现有油茶林40万hm^2，约占全国总面积的14%，油茶籽车产量12万-14万t,年产茶油约4万t,占全国产量的20%。 岑溪软技油茶是经过10多年试验选育成功的我国第一个油茶良种，2004年，通过了广西林木良种审定，2008年3月申报国家林木良种审定。     

“全国林纸一体化工程建设”目标确定

“全国林纸一体化工程建设”具体目标为：“十五”期间，全国新增制浆生产能力280万t，(其中木浆生产能力210万t，竹浆生产能力70万t)，造纸生产能力330万t，造纸林基地200万hm^2(其中木材基地176万hm^2．竹材基地24万hm^2)。木浆新增能力180万t，竹浆60万t，纸及纸板300万t，基地可产木材1000万m^3、竹材400万t，实现造纸工业用材由靠商品材供应向造纸林基地供应逐步过渡。     

晋城市山楂经济林发展应注意的问题

山西省晋城市在20世纪80年代中后期大面积种植山楂，仅泽州县1989年山楂面积就达0．73万hm^2，产量超过350万kg，产值达560万元，跻身全国八大山楂基地之列。但进入90年代后，价格暴跌，全市山楂生产陷入了低迷状态，曾一度出现了果在树上烂掉也没有人采、个别乡村大量砍伐树木的现象。     

福建锥栗产业可持续发展的问题与对策

锥栗为福建中北部山区重要的特色经济林干果树种,人工栽培历史之悠久,面积和产量约占全国的90%。从20世纪80年代初至今,随着农村改革开放的深入,从林业“三定”、划分自留山、落实林业生产责任制到全面实施集体林权制度改革,福建锥栗产业的发展经历了1980年代的“恢复与缓慢增长”、1990年代的“规模快速扩张”和21世纪来的“逐步产业化”3个阶段,全省面积和产量由4 000 hm^2、1 000 t左右增加到2010年的7.2万hm^2、6.3万t左右,2011年起栽植面积开始出现萎缩,产量徘徊在6.5万t左右,笔者从了解掌握锥栗产业发展概况的基础上,分析锥栗产业可持续发展存在的主要问题,提出促进锥栗产业可持续发展的对策。     

毛竹笋用林三笋高产高效技术研究

本文研究表明：毛竹笋用林三笋高产高效经营具有很高的经济效益，经13户示范户1.64/hm^2样地1998-1999年的统计，平均产笋57 705kg/hm^2，产竹材14 954kg/hm^2，平均产值103 177.71元/hm^2。其中冬笋2192kg，产值18 697.76元；春笋50 095kg，产值63 620.65元；鞭笋5 418kg，产值20 859.3元。最高产量可达97 219kg/hm^2，最高产值1 705 559.03元/hm^2，冬笋最高产量达9 767kg/hm^2，产值达83 312.51元/hm^2，春笋最高产量达84 462kg/hm^2，产值达107 266.41元/hm^2，鞭笋最高产量达11 528kg/hm^2，产值达44 382.8元。其竹林结构立竹株数3150株/hm^2，以1-3届竹为主，平均胸径9cm左右，竹鞭分布均匀，以1-6年生鞭为主，经营技术措施调整产笋结构，着重提高冬笋鞭笋的产量。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.