亚洲玉米螟的寄主植物种类

为探明亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)的寄主植物种类,对13科38种植物进行了田间笼罩接虫试验和室内生物测定,并通过组建实验种群生命表分析了不同寄主植物对亚洲玉米螟生长发育和繁殖的影响。田间试验结果表明,亚洲玉米螟寄主植物有8科20种,酸模叶蓼是最适宜寄主植物,其次为玉米、谷子、薏苡等;在酸模叶蓼、玉米等11种植物上还发现了第2代幼虫。室内试验结果表明,在室内饲养条件下,亚洲玉米螟能在9科25种寄主植物上完成生活史,其中以向日葵为寄主植物的亚洲玉米螟种群增长最快,其次为玉米。研究表明,亚洲玉米螟的寄主植物共有9科27种,较适宜寄主植物有酸模叶蓼、玉米、谷子、苍耳和葎草,其中在玉米上的生长发育和繁殖最佳。     

The role of mite pocket-like structures on Agama caudospinosa (Agamidae) infested by Pterygosoma livingstonei sp. n. (Acari: Prostigmata: Pterygosomatidae)

Pterygosoma livingstonei sp. n. collected from the Kenyan lizard Agama caudospinosa Meek shows morphological affinities with other South African congener species parasitizing lizards of the genus Agama, especially with P. triangulare Lawrence, 1936, but it differs in having glabrous genua II and III. P. livingstonei shows affinities with the Lawrence's hispida species group in the characters of genital and peripheral setae. This new species was found concentrated in a nuchal "mite pocket-like structure", a behaviour previously unreported among species belonging to the genus Pterygosoma. Mite pockets (or acarodomatia, acarinaria) of lizards typically house damaging chigger mites, and are usually interpreted as the evolutionary host's response to limit damage caused by parasites. Because scale mites are permanent ectoparasites and less damaging than seasonally occurring larval trombiculids, the heavy infestation by P. livingstonei in the nuchal skin folds of its host is interpreted as a consequence of the best utilisation of an available protected site by these mites that spend their entire life cycle on their host and whose primitive body shape prevents them from seeking shelter beneath the scales of their lizard host.     

大麦虫作为替代寄主和人工饲料繁育花绒寄甲对其繁殖生物学的影响

花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides是防治多种蛀干害虫天牛的重要天敌,为了解决人工大量繁育花绒寄甲的技术问题,本文选用大麦虫Zophobas atratus蛹作为繁育花绒寄甲幼虫的替代寄主,利用配置的人工饲料饲喂成虫,在实验室中连续饲养4代花绒寄甲,统计分析所繁育出的每代花绒寄甲成虫的产卵量、产卵前期...     

外来广聚萤叶甲在我国大陆潜在分布区的预测

豚草是传入我国的恶性外来入侵杂草,广聚萤叶甲(Ophraella communaLeSage)是新近发现、专食豚草的潜在有效天敌。为预测广聚萤叶甲的潜在分布范围,利用CLIMEX软件对该叶甲与豚草及其近缘植物三裂叶豚草、向日葵等潜在寄主植物的适生区进行了分析和预测;采用由生态气候指数(EI)衍生的生物-气候风险指数(BCRI),分别分析了该叶甲与这3种植物同域分布的范围。广聚萤叶甲在我国大陆的潜在分布区向北可以分布到沈阳,向南可能分布到海南;而华东、华南和西南东部地区是其适宜的分布区域。广聚萤叶甲与豚草在我国北部的共同适宜边际区到达山东济南,与三裂叶豚草和向日葵的北部边际区达到辽宁沈阳,而该叶甲与这3种植物的共同适宜区主要分布在华东、华南和西南东部等地。我国北方种植的向日葵受广聚萤叶甲取食危害的风险很低。     

芙新姬小蜂生物学特性及其应用研究进展

芙新姬小蜂Neochrysocharis formosa （Westwood）是一种卵育型抑性单内寄生蜂,可以通过产卵寄生和寄主取食两种方式致死寄主,该蜂在我国分布广泛,是多种斑潜蝇类害虫的优势寄生性天敌.本文综述了国际上其分类地位、分布、寄主种类、寄主取食、繁殖、寿命、性比（尤其是孤雌产雌现象及机理）、控害效果等生物学特性,人工繁殖技术的研究和应用进展,并讨论了雌蜂寄主取食行为的营养生理及其面临寄主的产卵行为和寄生行为的“权衡”,以及成虫期的非寄主营养的补充及营养缺失对其生防效应的影响.     

Inhibition of pheromone response in Sesamia nonagrioides by the pheromone of the sympatric corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis

Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. and Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübn.) are two corn borers present in the Mediterranean area that share a similar feeding habitat. The female sex pheromones of the two species consist of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol, (Z)-11-hexadecenal and dodecyl acetate (77:8:10:5 w/w) and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (97:3 w/w) respectively. Although the pheromones share no common components, previous work had shown the inhibition of the response by O. nubilalis males to their own pheromone owing to the presence of S. nonagrioides pheromone. In this study, the pheromone of O. nubilalis and its two components separately were shown to inhibit the attraction of S. nonagrioides males to the synthetic female pheromone in both laboratory wind-tunnel bioassay and field trapping studies. In the wind tunnel, the number of contacts of S. nonagrioides males with the source were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by the single pheromone components of O. nubilalis. In the field, the addition of 1% of O. nubilalis pheromone significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the catches of S. nonagrioides males. The components of both pheromones also elicited electroantennographic responses from antennae of male S. nonagrioides moths. The ecological consequences and the possibilities of applying this cross-inhibition for mating disruption techniques are discussed.     

影响松毛虫赤眼蜂性比的因素

本文用柞蚕卵作室内繁殖松毛虫赤眼蜂的代寄主进行有关影响该蜂性此因子测定。试验在雌蜂不同年龄、寄主卵量、和雌蜂密度等三方面进行。结果表明,一粒柞蚕卵被超过4头雌蜂寄生时,产卵量多,未能完成发育子代数亦增加,而羽化率低,子代雌蜂比例下降。说明过少的寄主卵,复寄生机会增多,成蜂性比受影响。     

Differential host utilisation by different life history stages of the fish ectoparasite Argulus foliaceus (Crustacea: Branchiura)

In this study we examine differences in the occurrence of life history stages of the destructive fish ectoparasite Argulus foliaceus (L., 1758) on eight fish species (stickleback, rudd, roach, gudgeon, bream, tench, crucian carp and common carp) sampled from a mixed-species recreational fishing lake on nine occasions during late spring and summer. Total numbers ofA. foliaceus, as well as the number of larval, juvenile and adult parasite stages, from each fish were recorded along with the fish species. Lice generally exhibited an aggregated distribution approximating a negative binomial distribution. Significant differences in the prevalence, intensity and intensity frequency distribution were observed between life history stages and between host species. In general, all life history stages of A. foliaceus exhibited an over-dispersed distribution. However, larval lice did show some degree of aggregation particularly within the stickleback samples. Infection data for parasite larval stages suggested that sticklebacks are more likely to be infected than other host species. For adult lice, however, carp appeared to be the main host. We propose that A. foliaceus infection characteristics are predominantly determined by the level of host exposure to the parasite and its life history stages (larval, juvenile and adult) rather than by an innate difference in host susceptibility related to individual host factors such as immune responses. We conclude that host exposure is determined by the parasite-host behavioural interplay related to species-specific ecology and behavioural traits such as microhabitat preference and normal swimming speed.     

Age,body size and sex-related feeding response of the predatory coccinellid Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of age, body size and sex on feeding rate of the predatory coccinellid Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The body size of the adult C. montrouzieri did not influence the feeding rate in either sex and the large body size was more common in both sexes. A significant increase in feeding (4.64 mealybugs/ day) and excretion (47.91 excreta deposits/ day) was observed in females compared with males (2.47 mealybgs/ day and 25.78 excreta deposits/ day, respectively) under mated conditions. The feeding rate throughout adulthood showed an inverse trend with age in both sexes and the curvilinear relationship explained much of the variability in the feeding response in relation to age. The feeding differences in relation to age, body size as well as sex of adult C. montrouzieri are discussed in detail.     

Component population study of Acanthocephalus tumescens (Acanthocephala) in fishes from Lake Moreno,Argentina

Seasonal samples of all fish species from Lake Moreno were taken in order to determine the presence of paratenia, to evaluate the status of the hosts and to characterise the transmission of Acanthocephalus tumescens (von Linstow, 1896) at the component population level. Prevalence, mean abundance, mean intensity, numbers of gravid females, relative abundance of the different fish species, relative output of eggs and relative flow rates for each host species were computed. Acanthocephalus tumescens showed low host specificity, successfully parasitizing six out of eight fish species present in the lake. No paratenic infection was registered. If prevalence, mean abundance, and number of gravid females are considered, host species can be placed in a continuum from the most to least suitable as follows: Galaxias platei Steindachner, Diplomystes viedmensis (Mac Donagh), Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), Percichthys trucha (Cuvier et Valenciennes) and Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns). However, when parasite flow rates and egg output were calculated, including relative abundance of each fish species, the continuum was rearranged as follows: P. trucha, O. mykiss, G. platei / G. maculatus, S. fontinalis and D. viedmensis. The first four species would be the main contributors to the population of A. tumescens in this lake, P. trucha being the major one. Different regulatory and non-regulatory mechanisms are suggested.     

中华卵索线虫人工室内培养技术

为室内大量繁殖中华卵索线虫Ovomermis sinensis,采用个体由大到小的斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和黏虫Mythimna separata作为宿主,测定被中华卵索线虫寄生后3种宿主的体长和体重,研究宿主种类对中华卵索线虫有效率、雌雄比和体长的影响以及寄生强度对线虫雌雄比的影响。结果显示,被中华卵索线虫寄生后,斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫和黏虫生长减缓。在相同感染比例下（除宿主与线虫比为1∶15外）,3种宿主的线虫有效率之间差异不显著。当寄生强度为5时,3种宿主体内脱出的中华卵索线虫均为雌线虫;当寄生强度从10增到40时,斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫和黏虫所脱出的雌性比分别由100.0%、90.0%、83.9%降为0;相同寄生强度下,从斜纹夜蛾体内脱出的雌性比显著高于从棉铃虫与黏虫体内脱出的雌性比。斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫和黏虫体内脱出雌线虫和雄线虫平均体长分别为14.8、13.8、12.8 cm和8.0、7.5和7.5 cm。当中华卵索线虫与宿主按照比例20∶1～25∶1侵染斜纹夜蛾、按照15∶1侵染棉铃虫和黏虫时,能获得线虫最适雌雄比（1∶1...     

Microhabitats of monogenean gill parasites on European eel (Anguilla anguilla)

The distribution of adult Pseudodactylogyrus anquillae and P. bini and postlarvae was recorded on glass-eels and pigmented eels of different size and infection intensity. The two species occupied different microhabitats on the host's gill apparatus but the preferred sites depended partly on host size. Postlarval migration was indicated. Mortality of young parasites, reinforcement of reproductive barriers and competition seems to be less likely explanations of the spatial distribution.     

O3浓度升高对棉蚜取食行为的影响

在加倍O3浓度的开顶式气室(OTC)中培养抗虫棉GK12幼苗30 d,正常O3浓度处理为对照。应用刺探电位图谱(EPG)技术,对棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)在苗期棉花上的取食行为进行了比较研究。结果表明：蚜虫在加倍O3浓度下生长的棉苗上取食的过程中,C波数量显著减少,pd波首次出现时间明显提前,被动取食持续时间(E2波的总时间)明显拉长。棉蚜的取食适合度明显提高的原因可能是加倍O3浓度对棉花叶片组织结构和体内营养物质的变化有影响。     

Disruption of responses to pheromone by (Z)-11-hexadecenyl trifluoromethyl ketone,an analogue of the pheromone,in the cabbage armyworm Mamestra brassicae

The effects of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl trifluoromethyl ketone (Z11-16:TFMK) a fluorinated pheromone analogue, on the responses to sex pheromone of the male cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae, have been investigated in an actograph and by electroantennography (EAG). In spite of its structural proximity with the natural pheromone, Z11-16:TFMK was poorly active in EAG, and not active on male behaviour. When permeated in the air, Z11-16:TFMK reversibly inhibited the electroantennographic responses to (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac), the main component of the sex pheromone. In the actograph, the latency of the activation was increased and the intensity of the behavioural activity of males in response to Z11-16:Ac was significantly reduced in the presence of Z11-16:TFMK. These results, along with others previously reported by us, provide new pointers to the possible use of Z11-16:TFMK in pest-control strategies.     

Seasonal history ofOrthotomicus erosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Israel

Observations on the seasonal history ofOrthotomicus erosus (Wollaston) (Coleop-tera: Scolytidae) were conducted on trap-logs within pine plantations in Israel. Seven annual generations were observed in the coastal plain. The average development period from the entrance of the parents into the host until the emergence of the brood was 60 days in spring, 30 days in summer, 66 days in autumn, and 75 days in winter. Data are presented on duration of the colonization process, parent activity within the host, brood development and brood emergence. To overwinter,O. erosus aggregates on unused bark portions of the breeding host, or on pines, usually with a smooth thin bark, affected by other borers. Overwintering occurred between mid-October and February.O. erosus does not mate before emergence. Mating occurs not only in the nuptial chamber but also during maturation feeding and the overwintering period.     

高剂量性信息素环境对草地贪夜蛾求偶和交配行为的影响

本文在风洞中模拟形成高浓度性信息素Z7-12:Ac、Z9-14:Ac和 Z11-16:Ac 环境,研究草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith)的求偶和交配行为,为进一步开发交配干扰技术提供技术参数和依据。研究结果表明,在高剂量性信息素环境下,草地贪夜蛾雄蛾的暗期活动时间延后,而雌蛾的活动节律则没有变化,雌雄蛾之间产生了活动节律的时间差。同时,雌雄交配率和交配持续时间显著下降,交配日龄则显著延迟2 d。由于交配日龄延迟,产卵量及其孵化率也相应降低。性信息素喷射时间间隔对草地贪夜蛾性信息素释放滴度有显著影响,当间隔时间为5、10、20 min时,雌蛾释放的性信息素滴度显著下降,以5 min为最低。因此,高剂量性信息素环境不仅影响雄蛾对性信息素的定向,对雌雄蛾间化学通讯和交配也有显著影响。     

Myxidium biliare sp. n. (Myxozoa) from gall bladder of Galaxias maculatus (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae) in Patagonia (Argentina)

Myxidium biliare sp. n., a new myxosporean species parasitizing the gall bladder of Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns), in Patagonia, is described. Its coelozoic plasmodia were floating free in the bile. Spores are fusiform 13.7 +/- 0.9 microm long and 6.9 +/- 0.6 microm wide, with rounded ends in frontal view and slightly pointed ends in sutural view; shell with ridges and sinuous sutural line. Both maximum prevalence and maximum percentage of immature plasmodia occurred in summer. In winter the prevalence and the percentage of immature plasmodia fell to their lowest values. Prevalence was independent of host sex but increased with host length. Prevalence in 15 Patagonian Andean lakes (situated from 39 degrees 25'S to 41 degrees 30'S) ranged between 4.2% and 70%.     

Descriptions of two new freshwater neotropical species of Rhinebothrium (Cestoda: Rhinebothriidea) from Potamotrygon motoro (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae)

Two new species of Rhinebothrium (Cestoda, Rhinebothriidea) from potamotrygonid stingrays in the Neotropical region are herein described, which raises the total number of Rhinebothrium species known from Neotropical freshwaters to five. Rhinebothrium corbatai sp. n., and Rhinebothrium mistyae sp. n. were both collected from Potamotrygon motoro (Müller et Henle), captured in four tributaries of the Paraná River in Santa Fé Province, Argentina. The new species can be distinguished from their congeners, and from each other, by a combination of various features, including worm size (length and number of proglottids), number of loculi per bothridium, microthrix pattern, size of the cirrus sac, and the extent of the vas deferens. The discovery of these new species from P. motoro supports the pattern of high host specificity in this cestode genus, and reinforces the notion that some of the previous records of the enigmatic R. paratrygoni may correspond to new species of Rhinebothrium yet to be described.     

Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) zabensis sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from freshwater fish in northern Iraq

Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) zabensis sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) is described from Capoeta damascina (Valenciennes, 1842) (type host) and Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843) in the Greater and Lesser Zab Rivers, northern Iraq. The new species is unique among all other species of the genus by its characteristic paired para-vaginal muscular appendage and fragmented giant nuclei in the lemnisci. Eleven of the other 88 valid species of Neoechinorhynchus and N. zabensis have middle and posterior hooks of equal length. However, N. zabensis is distinguished from the others by size of trunk, proboscis, proboscis hooks and lemnisci, number of giant nuclei, position of female gonopore, and geographical and host distribution. It is also distinguished from six other species of Neoechinorhynchus previously reported from Iraq. Other distinguishing features are also included.     

Determination of Festuca filiformis seedbank characteristics,seedling emergence and herbicide susceptibility to aid management in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)

Festuca filiformis is a common perennial grass in lowbush blueberry fields, but little is known about the general biology, seedbank characteristics, seedling recruitment or susceptibility of seedlings to currently registered herbicides. The objectives of this research were to determine (i) the presence of F. filiformis seedbanks in lowbush blueberry fields, (ii) whether F. filiformis seedbanks accumulate near the soil surface in lowbush blueberry fields, (iii) the dormancy status of fresh F. filiformis seeds, (iv) the temporal patterns of seedling recruitment in established F. filiformis populations, (v) whether F. filiformis has a vernalisation requirement for flowering in lowbush blueberry and (vi) susceptibility of F. filiformis seedlings to various herbicides currently registered in lowbush blueberry. Festuca filiformis formed a seedbank in lowbush blueberry fields, with an average of 1660 ± 272–5680 ± 1409 seedlings m^?2 emerging from soil cores collected from two infested fields. Most seeds were located at the soil surface, providing opportunities for seedbank management through predation or burning. Fresh seeds lacked dormancy and readily germinated, although germination was reduced by dark conditions. New seedlings emerged in spring and autumn and required vernalisation to flower. Seedlings were susceptible to several currently registered herbicides in lowbush blueberry, although mortality rates were highest in plants treated with glufosinate, flumioxazin, glufosinate + flumioxazin and terbacil. Growers should avoid movement of seeds on machinery, and additional research should be conducted to determine the effects of registered herbicides on F. filiformis seedling recruitment under field conditions in lowbush blueberry.