空间变异理论在土壤特性分析中的应用研究进展

空间变异理论是研究随机变量空间变异性的理论。该理论是建立在地统计学基础之上,其研究的主要对象就是那些在空间上具有一定变异性的随机变量。空间变异理论被广泛的应用到土壤学、生态学、地质学、水文学、气象、资源环境以及其它存在“空间变异性”的领域。对空间变异理论的研究方法进行了简要的介绍,并且对空间变异理论在土壤的物理、化学特性及微量元素中应用的研究进行了介绍。在对空间变异理论的研究方法和在土壤特性中应用的归纳和分析中,指出了空间变异理论在理论和应用中的存在的问题并为其提出了展望。     

土壤特性空间变异研究进展

对土壤特性空间变异的影响因素作了扼要分析；对土壤特性空间变异研究方法的发展概况作了初步讨论，并对土壤特性空间变异定量研究中涉及的主要分析方法及其参数作了初步介绍；对土壤养分空间变异定量研究的进展作了简要回顾。     

土壤特性空间变异研究进展

对土壤特性空间变异的影响因素作了扼要分析 ;对土壤特性空间变异研究方法的发展概况作了初步讨论 ,并对土壤特性空间变异定量研究中涉及的主要分析方法及其参数作了初步介绍 ;对土壤养分空间变异定量研究的进展作了简要回顾     

分形方法在土壤特性空间变异研究中的应用

土壤特性空间变异研究对土壤制图、精准施肥、农业可持续发展等方面具有重要意义。分形几何学是一种探索复杂性的事物的新科学方法和理论,在研究土壤特性空间变异中将有大有可为。本文主要综述了 2000 年以后分形理论在土壤物理特性、化学特性、水分特征及状态参数的空间变异研究中的应用进展,最后对分形理论在土壤特性空间变异研究中的发展方向进行了展望。     

县域农田土壤养分空间变异及合理样点数确定

以武功县为例,应用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,对土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮等土壤养分空间变异特征进行研究,并对不同采样密度下有机质的空间插值结果进行分析比较,用均方根误差和相关系数检验不同密度下的插值精度,以确定县域有机质合理采样数。研究结果表明:各土壤养分均存在中等强度空间变异,土壤养分变异系数的顺序是速效磷速效钾有机质碱解氮。各土壤养分均存在正的基底效应,其中,有机质和速效钾的空间变异性受人为因素影响较小,控制其空间变异性的主要因素与成土母质、土壤类型、气候条件等有关。而碱解氮和速效磷的空间变异性受人为因素影响较大,控制其空间变异性的主要因素与耕作方式及农业生产中施肥等有关。随着采样点密度的增加,克里格插值精度提高,适当减少样点数可以满足插值分析的需要,充分考虑土壤养分空间变异评价的精度分析,确定县域土壤有机质合理采样数应控制在2213个以上,即最大以17.8 hm2为一个采样单元。     

非饱和水分运动参数空间变异的研究

田块尺度土壤特性的空间变异性对水分与溶质运移具有明显的影响。该研究在野外30m×30m面积、土壤类型为砂壤土的田块的100个空间点上,分别利用张力计和取土样室内测定的方法测定了30cm土层深处土壤水张力、土壤容重ρ、饱和含水率θ_s,与初始含水率θ_i,同时利用圭尔夫仪,测定了该田块同样深度108个空间点上的饱和水力传导度K_s与孔隙大小分布参数α。利用经典统计分析与地质统计分析方法分析上述参数的空间变异特征,研究结果表明:ρ,θ_i,θ_s,K_s和容水度C遵从正态分布,而α具有对数正态分布;K_s,α和C具有较大的空间变异性,而ρ和θ_s的空间变异性则较小;K_s和logα是空间统计相关的;土壤水张力的空间变异具有时不变特征,且土壤水张力方差是其均值的二次函数     

土壤空间变异研究进展

本文主要综述了土壤空间变异研究的进展,包括土壤水分特征及状态参数、物理性质、化学性质、重金属及其它元素的空间变异研究。讨论了尺度效应及套合结构模型在空间变异研究中的应用和研究进展,指出应根据不同研究目的采用不同的研究方法,并确定恰当的研究尺度,分析统计结果应结合区域生态系统进行分析。     

坡面尺度土壤特性的空间变异性

通过对20m长坡面土壤特性空间变异性的经典统计学分析,结果表明:(1)在同一土壤剖面内,各级粒径含量呈弱变异性,而有机质含量随土层深度的增大而逐渐降低,呈中等变异性;(2)土壤干容重的空间变异性较小,呈弱变异性,但土壤饱和导水率的空间变异性较大,呈中等变异性;(3)水分特征曲线具有一定的空间变异性,比水容量空间变异性较大,呈中等变异性。坡面土壤饱和导水率和干容重的等值线图表明,土壤饱和导水率的变化趋势并不仅仅取决于土壤干容重的相对大小,可能与有机质含量、黏粒含量以及根系分布情况等也有一定的关系。     

基于不同插值方法的于田绿洲盐渍化土壤特性空间变异分析

以于田绿洲为例,基于地统计学的反距离加权法(IDW)、径向基函数法(RBF)、普通克里金法(OK)及局部多项式法(LPI)等4种不同插值方法,经过交叉验证对比确定了适用的方法进行插值,揭示了盐渍化土壤含盐量、电导率、PH值和含水量的空间变异特征。研究表明:(1)于田绿洲含盐量均值为9.29 g kg-1属重盐土类型,同时土壤电导率、含盐量、含水量和pH分别表现为强、中等、弱空间变异性;(2)土壤特性的结构性因子C/(C0+C)均大于75%,表现出空间自相关较强,是结构性因素主导作用的影响;(3)在电导率和含盐量的空间变异分析采用IDW法较为适合,对pH值的空间插值采用OK法精度最高,含水量则除了LPI法,其他三种方法都可以任意选用;(4)土壤含盐量和电导率空间分布表现出北高南低的分异规律,绿洲外围高于绿洲内部,pH值呈现从东部至西部递减的趋势,易受随机性因素的影响,含水量则出现南北方向明显的差异,研究区中、东部绿洲内高值存在。通过不同插值方法对于田绿洲盐渍化土壤特性的空间异质性研究,揭示了土壤特性空间变异特征及空间分布规律,可为解决土壤盐渍化问题提供基础参考。     

土壤特性空间变异研究的定量方法：时域分析和频谱分析

介绍了土壤特性空间变异序列平稳性检验方法和平稳化方法；阐述了土壤特性空间变异定量研究的目的和方法，综合比较了时域分析，频谱分析两种方法的优缺点，异同点及适用范围。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.