小麦‘西农291’成株期抗条锈病遗传分析

为明确‘西农291’抗条锈性的遗传基础。对‘西农291’在温室和田间进行多个小麦条锈菌小种的抗条锈鉴定;采用常规杂交方法,将‘西农291’分别与感病品种‘铭贤169’与AvS杂交,构建其F1、F2遗传群体,用小麦条锈菌小种CYR32进行温室抗条锈性鉴定、混合小种（CYR32:CYR33≈1:1）进行田间抗条锈性鉴定。结果表明,在温室条件下,‘西农291’在苗期对条锈菌CYR32与CYR33表现高度感病、成株期对CYR32、CYR33、Su11-4及Su11-7表现高度抗条锈性;田间混合小种接种诱发发病（陕西杨凌）和自然发病（甘肃天水）抗条锈性鉴定均表明‘西农291’在成株期高度抗条锈病。群体抗条锈性鉴定结果表明‘西农291’与感病品种铭贤169和AvS杂交的F2群体的抗:感分离比例均符合3R:1S的理论比例。以上结果说明‘西农291’具有非小种专化性的、广谱抗性的成株期抗条锈性;对CYR32的成株抗条锈性受1对显性基因控制。     

小麦育种方向的创新与实践

针对20世纪80年代中期川、渝麦区育种方向及审定品种与生产实践需要之间的矛盾,从生产发展、市场经济和人民需要出发,分析了当时审定小麦品种较多而推广应用较少的现象,总结了小穗小粒红皮种推广速度慢,农民不愿种植,大穗大粒白皮种推广速度快的原因。提出了“选育商品型高产优质抗病大穗大粒耐穗发芽白皮小麦新品种”的育种新方向。经过二十几年的努力,培育出了‘绵阳25’、‘绵阳26’、‘绵阳27’、‘绵阳28’、‘绵阳31号’、‘西科麦1号’、‘西科麦6号’等白皮小麦新品种,这些品种成为了四川省小麦第6次大更换的当家品种。为四川省和中国的小麦育种、小麦生产及国家的粮食安全作出了巨大贡献。通过以上品种的推广种植,表明白皮小麦品种在产量、品质、抗病性等方面不亚于红皮小麦品种,而在商品价值、推广速度方面明显优于红皮种。由此认为,突破传统红皮小麦品种容易选育审定的束缚,将市场经济、人们需求、社会发展紧密结合,选育商品型高产、优质、抗病、大穗大粒耐穗发芽小麦新品种将是西南麦区小麦育种的新方向。     

广适、高产、优质、多抗小麦绵阳11号及其系列小麦品种的选育研究

绵阳系列小麦品种是以推广良种繁6作中心亲本分别与70－5858和406杂交育成绵阳11、12号后，再对绵阳11号进行系统选育而成。它不仅具有广泛的适应性、良好的稳产性和籽粒商品性以及对条锈病等病害的持久抗耐性，而且，在四川省小麦育种史上，第一次将高产、优质、矮秆、大德大粒、早熟、抗病等众多优良综合农艺性状有机协调于一体。该系列品种已在我国连续种植达15余年之久，累计推广面积2180．68余万公顷。     

2004-2009年甘肃省小麦条锈菌生理专化研究

小麦条锈菌新毒性小种的产生和发展是造成条锈病大流行及品种抗锈性丧失的主导因素。本文通过常规监测、致病性测定、毒谱分析等方法对2004-2009年采自甘肃省不同麦区1966份小麦条锈菌标样进行系统研究,共监测到37个小种和致病类型,基本反映了这期间甘肃省小麦条锈菌优势致病类群及生理小种的消长变化情况。除2005年‘条中32号’、‘条中33号’并列第一位外,出现频率为24.1%,2004、2006-2009年‘条中33号’均占居首位,出现频率分别为29.3%、26.2%、33.5%、37.6%、21.5%,‘条中32号’2004、2006-2008年为第二位,这2个小种总出现频率一直波动在37.5%~57.1%之间,第三、四位小种2004-2006年为‘水源11-4’、‘水源11-7’、‘水源11-5’及‘条中31号’,2007年为‘水源11-7’（尤Ⅱ感）、‘水源11-7’,2008年为‘条中33’（F.抗）、‘水源11-4’,出现频率在4.1%~11.6%之间。而2009年‘条中33’（F.抗）已上升为第二位,出现频率达18.9%,‘水源11-4’（F.抗）占据第四位,其它小种类型出现频率均比较低。Hybrid46致病类群和水源11致病类群出现总频率已由2004年的93.1%上升到2008年的99.4%。条锈菌已进入以‘条中33号’、‘条中32号’为代表的Hybrid46和水源11致病类群占优势的新阶段,‘条中32号’、‘条中33号’、VYr9、VYr3b+4b、VYrSu为危害我国小麦生产的主要流行小种及致病基因,这将对全国小麦条锈菌群体组成产生重要影响,为小麦抗锈育种及锈病治理提供了科学依据。     

3个受白粉菌诱导的小麦抗病相关基因的表达分析

小麦白粉病是小麦生产上的重要病害。研究小麦抗白粉病的分子机理,利用抗病基因是控制小麦白粉病的有效途径。此研究根据前期白粉菌诱导后获得的可能与农家小麦品种红蚰麦抗病相关序列的分析结果,合成了几丁质酶,交替氧化酶（Alternative oxidase,AOX）以及MAP激酶（促分裂素原活化蛋白激酶mitogen-activated protein kinases）类似物3个基因的定量PCR引物,实时分析了在白粉菌诱导条件下‘红蚰麦×豫麦13’的F3代纯合抗病植株与感病植株两种互作组合中3个基因的时空表达模式,该研究为揭示‘红蚰麦’抗白粉菌的分子机理提供了依据。     

大穗型小麦新品种绵阳35号

绵阳35号是四川省绵阳市农业科学研究所从自育的中间材料05363-8-1(组合为自育品系绵阳87-24与引进材料81026-0-1-2杂交育成)作母本、绵优2号(绵阳11号/Alondro‘S'∥77-D301)作父本组配的杂交组合中,采用系谱法选育最新育成的大穗型丰产、优质、白皮大粒、籽粒商品性特佳的优良小麦新品种,2003年10月通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定.     

丽江低纬高原马铃薯的杂交效应分析

摘 要：马铃薯高度杂合的同源四倍体遗传背景使马铃薯新品种选育的预见性较差,但对大量亲本杂交效果及其配合力的评价仍使马铃薯育种工作有一定的规律性可循。在低纬高原条件下杂交15份马铃薯亲本,配制93份杂交组合,授粉花朵1937朵,坐果621朵,平均坐果率32.06%,共计60个杂交组合坐果结实。适合做母本的品种有：‘丽薯6号’、‘高淀2’、‘丽薯7号’、‘米拉’、‘宁蒗A’、‘转心乌’等,‘CIP004’、‘CIP005’、‘阿乌洋芋’、‘高淀1’、‘老鼠洋芋’等则适合做父本;‘高淀2’和‘丽薯7号’做父本完全不结实,‘宁蒗A’做父本的结实率也仅有2%,均属雄性不育类型。在坐果率超过70%的19个组合中,云南地方种和CIP亲本的杂交组合居多。     

‘苹果梨’杂交后代部分性状遗传倾向研究

为了提高苹果梨产品的优势,克服其弱点及提高梨树育种工作的研究水平,以‘苹果梨’为中心的7个杂交组合、228株实生树为试材,进行了各组合亲本和后代的性状分析,探讨了各主要性状的遗传趋势。结果表明,‘苹果梨’杂种后代可溶性固形物含量的遗传传递力平均为100.3%,趋近于亲中值。果实风味出现较高比例的是酸甜、甜酸和甜,‘苹果梨’与脆肉杂交后代中没有分离出软肉类型,‘苹果梨’与软肉类型杂交后代都以脆肉类型为主,‘苹果梨’杂种后代果汁含量较亲本有降低的趋势。因此,‘苹果梨’的优良果实经济性状遗传力较强,作为育种亲本,在北方梨新品种选育中具有广泛的应用前景。     

河北省不同小麦品种抗旱性研究

通过水培和20%聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）胁迫条件下,比较五个不同小麦品种的发芽率、胚芽鞘长度、胚根数目、主胚根长。结果表明,5个品种间抗旱性存在显著差异,‘麦1’的抗旱性最强,‘麦99’、‘石4185’、‘北农大3383’次之,‘师栾02-1’抗旱性最弱。同时,胚芽鞘长度和种子的相对发芽率可作为小麦萌发期抗旱性鉴定的主要指标,主胚根长和胚根数可作为参考指标来判断品种的抗旱性。     

中国南瓜β-胡萝卜素含量配合力的研究

以16个具有代表性的中国南瓜自交系及其按Griffing双列杂交方法Ⅳ组配成的120个杂交组合为材料,对中国南瓜β-胡萝卜素含量的配合力进行了系统的研究,旨在了解不同南瓜自交系β-胡萝卜素含量的配合力特点。结果表明：在16个南瓜自交系中,从上海黄狼南瓜中选出的自交系‘百泉10’的一般配合力最大,其次是,‘百泉5’（来源于广东）,‘百泉4’（来源于黑龙江）。最小的是‘百泉2’（来源于北京）。在120个杂交组合中,特殊配合力最大的是‘百泉9’（来源于河南）ב百泉10’（来源于上海）,其次是‘百泉7’（来源于河南）ב百泉15’（来源于北京）、‘百泉4’（来源于黑龙江）ב百泉12’（来源于海南）,最低的是‘百泉1’（来源于湖南）ב百泉11’（来源于江西）。因此不同来源的南瓜自交系间一般配合力差异很大。自交系间地理差异越大,其间的特殊配合力往往越高。     

Adaptation of wheat rusts to the wheat cultivars in former Czechoslovakia

Summary In former Czechoslovakia virulence of rusts attacking wheat was studied since the sixties. Since the same time genes for resistance in the registered cultivars were identified. The role of Berberis and Thalictrum as alternate hosts for stem rust and leaf rust, respectively, was investigated as well. Determined changes of virulence in rust populations could only partially be ascribed to changes of resistance genes in the grown cultivars. Unnecessary genes for virulence had no negative effect on the fitness of the pathogen. All tested samples of aeciospores from barberries attacked rye, not wheat. None of Thalictrum species occurring in the Czech and Slovak Republics was found to host wheat leaf rust. However, the sexual stage of wheat stem rust and wheat leaf rust could be induced on Berberis vulgaris and Thalictrum speciosissimum, respectively. General epidemiological conclusions are drawn from the results and experience of the last 35 years.     

Characterization of three wheat cultivars possessing new 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocations

The wheat-rye 1BL.1RS translocation chromosomes have been used widely around the world in commercial wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production because of the presence of several disease resistance genes and a yield enhancement factor on the rye ( Secale cereale L.) chromosome. However, the recent reports of the loss of complete effectiveness of the disease resistance genes on the most commonly used 1BL.1RS chromosome have highlighted the need to seek and deploy additional sources of disease resistance genes. Three new sibling wheat cultivars, 'CN12', 'CN17' and 'CN18', were developed carrying 1RS arms derived from the rye inbred line L155. Genomic in situ hybridization and C-banding analysis revealed that all the three cultivars contained the rye chromosome 1RS arm fused to the wheat 1BL wheat chromosome arm. The three cultivars displayed high yields and high resistance to local powdery mildew and stripe rust pathotypes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis indicated the different structure of 1BL.1RS chromosome between 'CN18' and the other two cultivars. The present study provides a new 1RS resource for wheat improvement.     

Global status of wheat leaf rust caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Puccinia triticina</Emphasis>

Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina is the most common and widely distributed of the three wheat rusts. Losses from leaf rust are usually less damaging than those from stem rust and stripe rust, but leaf rust causes greater annual losses due to its more frequent and widespread occurrence. Yield losses from leaf rust are mostly due to reductions in kernel weight. Many laboratories worldwide conduct leaf rust surveys and virulence analyses. Most currently important races (pathotypes) have either evolved through mutations in existing populations or migrated from other, often unknown, areas. Several leaf rust resistance genes are cataloged, and high levels of slow rusting adult plant resistance are available in high yielding CIMMYT wheats. This paper summarizes the importance of leaf rust in the main wheat production areas as reflected by yield losses, the complexity of virulence variation in pathogen populations, the role cultivars with race-specific resistance play in pathogen evolution, and the control measures currently practiced in various regions of the world.     

The reaction of x Tritordeum and its Triticum spp. and Hordeum chilense parents to rust diseases

Summary Hexaploid and octoploid tritordeums and their parents Hordeum chilense and Triticum spp. were screened for resistance to isolates of wheat and barley yellow and brown rusts. All H. chilense lines were highly resistant to both wheat and barley brown rust, few lines were susceptible to wheat yellow rust while susceptibility to barley yellow rust was common. In general the resistance of tritordeum is predominantly contributed by the wheat parent and apparently the genes for resistance in H. chilense are inhibited in their expression by the presence of the wheat genome.Abbreviations WYR wheat yellow rust - WBR wheat brown rust - BYR barley yellow rust - BBR barley brown rust     

Histological studies on the infection of triticale,wheat and rye byPuccinia recondita f.sp.tritici andP. recondita f.sp.recondita

Summary The reaction of eight triticales and of the respective wheat and rye parental lines to infection by the leaf rust fungi of wheat and rye were studied in the seedling stage. The histological observations indicated that wheat and triticale showed a typical nonhost reaction to the leaf rust of rye: sporelings of this fungus were arrested after the formation of primary infection hyphae and before the formation of extensively branched mycelium, mostly without necrosis of plant cells. The rye inbred lines were all susceptible to the rye leaf rust. The reaction of wheat and triticales to the wheat leaf rust was susceptible or resistant. The reaction of resistant lines could be early or late and complete or incomplete, but was associated with substantial necrosis of plant cells, and therefore entirely different from the nonhost reaction to rye leaf rust. In their reaction to wheat leaf rust the rye lines were similar to the resistant wheat and triticale lines. They did not show an important degree of nonhypersensitive early abortion as would be expected in a nonhost species. It appeared that genes for hypersensitive resistance in triticale may be contributed by either the wheat or the rye parental line.A screening of sixty wheat, rye and triticale lines confirmed the nonhost status of wheat and triticale to rye leaf rust and the hypersensitive or moderately susceptible reaction of rye to wheat leaf rust.     

CIMMYT小麦材料的苗期和成株抗叶锈病鉴定

选择来自CIMMYT的103个小麦品种(系)及35个含有已知抗叶锈基因的对照品种,苗期接种17个中国小麦叶锈菌小种以鉴定这些品种中可能含有的抗叶锈病基因, 并于2008-2009和2009-2010连续2年对这些材料进行成株抗叶锈病鉴定。通过苗期鉴定结合系谱分析和分子检测,在46个品种中共鉴定出Lr26、Lr34、Lr42和Lr47等4个抗叶锈病基因,其中9个品种携带Lr26基因,28个品种含有成株抗叶锈病基因Lr34基因,Lr42可能存在于11个品种中,还有2个材料可能含有Lr47,其他57个品种(系)对供试的15个小种多数表现为高抗,没有鉴定出已知的抗叶锈病基因。通过两年的田间抗叶锈病鉴定共筛选出46个表现慢锈的品种。苗期和田间结果表明,CIMMYT材料中含有丰富的对我国叶锈菌小种有效的苗期和成株抗叶锈基因,这些材料均可应用于我国小麦的抗叶锈病育种。     

甘肃河东地区小麦条锈病发展成因及预测预报技术

利用甘肃河东麦区5地(市)8县(区)39个冬小麦条锈病病田率样本调查资料,采用统计学方法建立了小麦条锈病秋、春季发病面积预测预报气象等级模型,分析了甘肃河东麦区小麦条锈病发展成因并提供精准的预测预报技术,为农业及时采取防灾减灾措施,减免经济损失提供科学依据。该区小麦锈菌于夏季最热时段8d日滑动平均气温24～25℃以下地区越夏,或外地菌源随风漂移入侵感染以后,随秋季气温的下降和大气湿度的增加,适宜的温湿气候使小麦锈菌大量滋生蔓延,造成当地小麦条锈病迅速发展流行;入冬以后,锈菌在冬季最冷时段7d日滑动平均气温-9～-10℃以上地区越冬,并随春季气温的回升和降水量的增加而诱发小麦锈病大面积发展蔓延并迅速侵染下游区域。统计建立的预测预报气象等级模型经回代检验,秋季准确率89%,春季准确率91%,预测预报准确率较高。     

Transfer of rust resistance from Aegilops ovata into bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and molecular characterisation of resistant derivatives

An interspecific cross was made to transfer leaf rust and stripe rust resistance from an accession of Aegilops ovata (UUMM) to susceptible Triticum aestivum (AABBDD) cv. WL711. The F₁was backcrossed to the recurrent wheat parent, and after two to three backcrosses and selfing, rust resistant progenies were selected. The C-banding study in a uniformly leaf rust and stripe rust resistant derivative showed a substitution of the 5M chromosome of Ae. ovata for 5D of wheat. Analysis of rust resistant derivatives with mapped wheat microsatellite makers confirmed the substitution of 5M for 5D. Some of these derivatives also possessed one or more of the three alien translocations involving 1BL, 2AL and 5BS wheat chromosomes which could not be detected through C-banding. A translocation involving 5DSof wheat and the substituted chromosome 5M of Ae. ovata was also observed in one of the derivatives. Susceptibility of this derivative to leaf rust showed that the leaf rust resistance gene(s) is/are located on short arm of 5M chromosome of Ae. ovata. Though the Ae. ovatasegment translocated to 1BL and 2AL did not seem to possess any rust resistance gene, the alien segment translocated to 5BS may also possess gene(s) for rust resistance. The study demonstrated the usefulness of microsatellite markers in characterisation of interspecific derivatives. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic protection of wheat from rusts and development of resistant varieties in Russia and Ukraine

Leaf rust represents the major threat to wheat production in Russia and Ukraine. It has been present for many years and epidemics of the pathogen occur in different regions on both winter and spring wheat. In some regions there is evidence of more frequent epidemics, probably due to higher precipitation as a result of climate change. There is evidence that the virulence of the leaf rust population in Ukraine and European Russia and on winter wheat and spring wheat is similar. The pathogen population structure in Western Siberia is also similar to the European part, although there are some significant differences based on the genes employed in different regions. Ukrainian wheat breeders mostly rely on major resistance genes from wide crosses and have succeeded in developing resistant varieties. The North Caucasus winter wheat breeding programs apply the strategy of deploying varieties with different types of resistance and genes. This approach resulted in decreased leaf rust incidence in the region. Genes Lr23 and Lr19 deployed in spring wheat in the Volga region were rapidly overcome by the pathogen. There are continuing efforts to incorporate resistance from wild species. The first spring wheat leaf rust resistant varieties released in Western Siberia possessed gene LrTR which protected the crop for 10–15 years, but was eventually broken in 2007. Slow rusting is being utilized in several breeding programs in Russia and Ukraine, but has not become a major strategy.