水分亏缺对小麦抽穗期穗轴维管束系统的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了水分亏缺对抽穗期小麦穗轴维管束系统的影响。结果表明:穗轴大、小维管束数目、横截面积、导管直径和韧皮部面积沿穗轴由下到上依次减小。但下降幅度因维管束种类、穗轴部位而异。同正常供水处理相比，中度水分亏缺下穗轴大、小维管束数目、面积、导管直径和韧皮部面积有所减小。重度水分亏缺则使穗轴大、小维管束数目、面积、导管直径和韧皮部面积明显减小。表明水分亏缺显著改变了小麦穗轴维管束系统的显微解剖结构。     

抽穗期喷肥和杀菌剂对强筋小麦徐麦27产量及品质的影响

以徐麦27为试验材料,研究了抽穗期喷肥和杀菌剂对强筋小麦产量及品质的影响,以期为高产优质高效栽培措施的选择提供依据。结果表明：喷肥和杀菌剂对小麦千粒重、产量和品质有显著影响。其中喷有氮磷钾或微肥的处理比没有喷的千粒重、产量和品质都有所提高;不同的杀菌剂对小麦千粒重、产量和品质影响不同。杀菌剂和肥料混喷可能产生相互作用,因此建议在混喷时应该更加慎重。在本试验中,氮磷钾、微肥和青霉素混合液混喷效果最好,对产量和品质提高幅度较大。     

气候变化对临沂小麦越冬期变化的影响

为了研究气候变化对临沂小麦越冬期的变化影响,合理应对气候变化,提高当地小麦生产能力,利用临沂气象台1981—2010年小麦发育期观测资料和气象观测资料,采用统计分析方法,分析临沂小麦越冬期期间各气象因素和越冬期变化特征,并利用灰色关联度法分析影响小麦越冬期的主要气象因子。结果表明：临沂市小麦越冬期间各种气象要素也均发生不同程度的变化,1981—2010年临沂冬小麦越冬期日平均气温平均升高0.3℃/10 a,升温趋势较为明显;降水量的平均变化倾向率为-2.8 mm/10 a,有减少趋势;越冬期日照时数的平均变化倾向率为-32.9 h/10 a,有明显减少趋势。临沂小麦越冬开始期平均推迟1.5 d/10 a,返青期平均提前1.6 d/10 a,导致整个越冬期平均缩短3.3 d/10 a;期间日照时数的变化是影响越冬期的主要气象因素。     

小麦挑旗期和抽穗期的QTL分析

挑旗期和抽穗期是小麦重要的农艺性状,与小麦的开花期和成熟期密切相关。本研究利用小麦BS20/Fu3的DH群体的289个系,分别于2005-2006和2006-2007两个年度将该群体种植于北京和安徽阜阳,田间调查挑旗期和抽穗期,采用复合区间作图法,对挑旗期和抽穗期进行QTL分析。研究结果表明,挑旗期共有3个主效QTL,分别位于1BL、1DL和6BL,贡献率为3.34%～14.31%;抽穗期共有4个主效QTL,分别位于1BL、1DL、4AL和6BL染色体上,贡献率为4.93%～19.98%。挑旗期与抽穗期共同的QTL位于1BL、1DL和6BL,分别与cfa2129、cfd65和Xgwm58紧密连锁,与cfa2129的遗传距离为3.49～13.39cM,与cfd65的遗传距离为0.05～2.05cM,与Xgwm58的遗传距离为0.06cM。抽穗期位于4AL上的QTL,只在阜阳两年种植的材料中检测到,与最近标记Barc170的遗传距离为1.7～6.1cM,可能由于不同生态环境诱导不同基因的表达。挑旗期和抽穗期的QTL基本一致,推测由于基因的多效性或控制不同性状的基因紧密连锁所致,同时从分子水平验证了两个性状的高度相关性。     

小麦栽培和越冬管理

小麦作为我国三大粮食作物之一,为维护国家粮食安全作出了重要贡献,然而,全球气候变暖对小麦生长构成了威胁。因此,需要科学改进小麦栽培和越冬管理技术,通过处理土壤为优质麦种提供养料充足且安全的生长环境,在小麦生长到成熟全过程的田间管理中落实好科学施肥的观念。栽培管理中整地质量、品种选择、水肥运筹和病虫草害防治环节的改进能为麦苗越冬提供全面的保障,为小麦稳产高产奠定了坚实的基础。基于此,从品种选择和种子处理、整地精细播种、田间管理等方面分析了小麦栽培技术要点,阐述了小麦越冬管理技术,并以青岛市即墨区为例,介绍了即墨区小麦高产、优产的种植经验,以期促进小麦产业发展,并为相关人员提供参考。     

积温和播种密度对小麦越冬前生长状况的影响

为评价积温和密度对冬小麦越冬前生长性状的影响,以周麦22为供试材料,于2017-2020年在商丘市农林科学院双八试验基地进行了连续3年的试验,设置4个播期（10月5日、10月10日、10月15日和10月20日）和3个播种密度（120.0万、270.0万和420.0万株/hm²）。结果表明,随着播期的推迟,冬小麦次生根数、主茎叶龄、单株茎蘖数、单株地上部干物质重、株高、单株叶面积、单位面积茎蘖数均逐渐降低。处理间的主茎叶龄、单株地上部干物质重和单株叶面积差异均达到显著水平;随着播种密度增加,次生根数、主茎叶龄、单株茎蘖数、单株地上部干物质重和单株叶面积均有降低趋势。株高和单位面积茎蘖数则随着密度的增加,呈逐渐增加的趋势。处理间单位面积茎蘖数达到显著水平,而株高未达到显著水平。株高、主茎叶龄、单株地上部干物质重、单株叶面积的播期效应较大,次生根数、单株茎蘖数和叶面积指数的密度效应较大。通过播期（积温）较易调整冬前次生根数、单位面积茎蘖数,主茎叶龄、单株茎蘖数次之。通过播种密度最易调整冬前单位面积茎蘖数,次生根数、单株茎蘖数次之,通过播种密度很难控制主茎叶龄。基于多年度冬小麦大田冬前生长指标和冬前积温数据,建立了从播种至越冬期前1 d的积温和播种密度与冬小麦越冬前生长指标的定量关系,各指标估测模型的反演值与实测值拟合程度较好,估测模型精度较高,可用于越冬前冬小麦次生根数、主茎叶龄、单株茎蘖数和单位面积茎蘖数的精确估测。     

小麦早熟突变体抽穗期的遗传分析

研究和利用小麦的早熟性状,对于充分利用光热资源,提高复种指数,以及粮食的周年产量具有重要意义.在以冬小麦--夏玉米为主要种植模式的北方吨粮田或粮食超吨生产系统中,则具有更为重要的作用.关于小麦早熟的报道不多,且多从小麦早熟性状的筛选指标、控制因子、化学调控等方面进行研究,而关于其遗传方式的研究,还未见相关报道.     

小麦抽穗期和开花期性状的全基因组关联分析

为揭示控制小麦抽穗期和开花期性状的遗传位点,利用均匀分布在21条染色体上的106对SSR标记,对205份小麦品种构成的自然群体进行关联分析。结果表明,在106对SSR标记中共检测到879个等位变异,主要等位变异频率的变化范围为0.175~0.986,平均为0.548;多态性信息指数的变化范围为0.028~0.900,平均为0.557。采用混合线性模型共检测到7个与抽穗期和开花期显著关联（P<0.01）的位点,其中1个存在极显著关联（P<0.001）。另外,Xgwm182（5D）在灌溉条件下与抽穗期显著关联,Xbarc42（3D）在雨养条件下分别与抽穗期和开花期显著关联,这两个位点与前人的研究结果一致。Xgwm102（2D）在灌溉条件下与开花期显著关联,而Xgwm124（1B）在雨养条件下与抽穗期显著关联。Xgwm130（7A）在雨养和灌溉条件下均与抽穗期相关联。研究结果为小麦抽穗期和开花期性状的分子标记辅助选择育种提供了信息。     

非生物胁迫对水稻抽穗期的影响

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)是重要的粮食作物,其产量与粮食安全和经济发展密切相关。水稻抽穗期是一个重要的农艺性状,对水稻播种季节、产量和适宜种植地区有着极其重要的影响。水稻抽穗期的调控涉及了一系列的基因,而且这些基因彼此之间存在着复杂的相互调控关系。盐、干旱和温度等非生物胁迫严重影响水稻抽穗期,解析非生物胁迫对水稻抽穗期的影响及其分子机理,有助于抗逆水稻新品种的选育。本研究梳理了水稻抽穗期调控的分子机制,以及非生物胁迫对水稻抽穗期的影响,以期为水稻耐逆品种的选育提供理论指导。     

气候暖湿化及其对陇东冬小麦生产的影响

运用甘肃省西峰农业气象试验站1981—2019年冬小麦试验观测及同步气象观测资料,分析了39年气候暖湿化趋势及对陇东冬小麦生产的影响。结果表明,1981—2019年陇东年平均气温以0.0644℃/a趋势持续升高,春季气温升高最明显,冬季次之。1995年以来,陇东年平均气温和年降水量均呈显著增加趋势,暖湿化特征明显。暖湿化对陇东冬小麦生产产生了比较显著的影响：（1）播种期推迟,成熟期提前,全生育期和越冬期缩短,但生长季生长天数并没有明显缩短。（2）营养生长阶段显著缩短,生殖生长阶段显著延长,对产量形成十分有利。（3）水分利用率,产量、千粒重、籽粒数、主要发育期干物重等产量构成要素增加趋势明显,不孕小穗率、越冬死亡率等显著降低,尤其1995年以来,气候产量增加趋势明显。（4）气候暖湿化有效降低了干旱和晚霜冻危害,使冬小麦种植边界北扩,高产适生品种增加。     

Slow Export of Photoassimilate from Stay-green Leaves during Late Grain-Filling Stage in Hybrid Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Hybrid winter wheat (cv. XN901) shows a strong hybrid vigor in terms of yield potential and its leaves and stems stay green when its kernels reach maturity. Much of its pre-stored carbon reserve is left unused in its stems and leaves. In this study, photosynthesis and translocation of carbon assimilates of the hybrid wheat were investigated at its late grain-filling stage. Feeding labelled ¹⁴CO₂ to flag leaves of XN901 showed that its export to grains was much slower than that of an ordinary cultivar (Shaan 229) that is currently used in production. Within 24 h of labelling, Shaan 229 and XN901 exported 59 % and 40 %, respectively, of the ¹⁴C from their flag leaves. At the sink side, 52.1 % of the fed ¹⁴C in Shaan 229 was exported to its grains within the first 24 h while XN901 deposited only 15.8 % of the fed ¹⁴C in the grains at the same period. Photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll contents in the flag leaves declined much more slowly in XN901 than in Shaan 229 during the late grain-filling stage. Hybrid wheat XN901 also had a longer grain-filling period (6 days longer), higher grain yield (15 % more), but lower harvest index (19 % less) than Shaan 229. Its grain-filling rate was lower but declined more slowly at the late grain-filling stage than that of Shaan 229. Results indicate that the strong hybrid vigour of XN901 leads to an unfavourably delayed senescence which results in the much unused carbon reserve in its straws. Raising harvest index should be the key aim to materialize its yield potential.     

长期定位施肥对冬小麦－夏玉米叶片叶绿素含量的影响

摘要：叶绿素含量是反映作物光合能力的一个重要指标,与作物产量形成有着极其密切的关系。为了通过施肥定量调控叶绿素含量,本研究通过长期定位施肥来揭示氮肥－有机肥配合施用对冬小麦－夏玉米叶片叶绿素含量的影响规律。结果表明：随着氮肥或有机肥施用量的增加,无论是冬小麦还是夏玉米,叶片叶绿素含量（SPAD值）均会增大,与氮肥和有机肥的施用量的函数关系分别表达为：     

Adjustment for Competition Between Genotypes in Single-Row-Plot Trials of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Several statistical methods were investigated for improving yield estimation for 72 genotypes of winter wheat tested in a single-row-plot (SRP) trial. The different analytical models were compared using several criteria: the residual mean square fit; the standard error of differences of genotype means; the correlations of genotype means with means from six-row-plot (6RP) reference trial; the expected genetic gains relative to 6RP trial from selecting the 10 top yielding genotypes. There was no significant correlation between the unadjusted genotype means for SRP and 6RP. Genotype yields were positively correlated with height in SRP, but this correlation was reversed in 6RP. Using the mean height difference of a plot with its two neighbours as a covariate to adjust for competition in SRP reduced the standard error of difference of genotype means and substantially increased their correlation with the 6RP means. The predicted selection efficiency in SRP trial increased from zero, before adjustment, to 83 % of 6RP trial. Including the difference in heading date and the effect of guards at borders as covariates in the SRP analysis improved the residual mean square fit but had no effect on correlation with 6RP means or selection efficiency. A producer-competitor model in which individual competitor effects were estimated for each genotype gave a substantial improvement in fit over the covariate models but a much lower correlation with 6RP means and selection efficiency. Yield selection in early generation wheat trials based on single-row plots could be considerably strengthened by use of a plot covariate derived from height difference between neighbours.     

Inheritance of Cold Hardiness in Triticum aestivum × Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat Crosses

Synthetic hexaploid wheat, produced by combining tetraploid wheat (AB genome) with Triticum tauschii (D genome), was crossed to modern hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum ABD genome) in an attempt to introduce new cold hardiness genes into the common hexaploid wheat gene pool. The cold hardiness levels of F) hybrids ranged from similar to parental means to equal to the hardy parent, indicating that cold hardiness was controlled by both additive and dominant genes. As expected when dominant gene action is involved, differences between F₂ and parental means were smaller than comparable differences in the F., Frequency distributions of F₂—derived F₃ lines also suggested that dominant genes were involved in the control of cold hardiness in some crosses. Heritability estimates for cold hardiness ranged from 63 to 70 % indicating that selection for cold hardiness should be effective in populations arising from crosses between common and synthetic hexaploid wheat. However, high selection pressure on the progeny of crosses that included the most hardy T. aestivum, T. durum, and T. tauschii accessions as parents did not identify transgressive segregates for improved cold hardiness. These observations indicate that the close wheat relatives, sharing common genomes with T. aestivum, are not promising sources of new genes to increase the maximum cold hardiness potential of common hexaploid wheat.     

安徽省冬小麦灌浆期连阴雨灾害等级指标的确定

为确定冬小麦灌浆期连阴雨灾害等级指标,利用1980—2012年安徽省冬小麦灌浆期间逐日气象观测数据、连阴雨灾害样本和灾情资料,遴选出连阴雨灾害过程的阴雨日数、累计雨量和日照时数3个主要致灾因子,采用主成分法(PCA)、有序样本最优分割法等数理统计方法,构建了冬小麦灌浆期间连阴雨灾害综合指数(D),并结合危害特征和产量损失情况进行了灾情等级划分。结果表明,冬小麦灌浆期间的连阴雨灾害可由连阴雨综合指数(D)表达,并划分为轻、中、重、严重4个等级,对应的连阴雨综合指数(D)的分级阈值分别为：＜0.2、[0.2, 0.4)、[0.4,0.6)、≥0.6。经对典型连阴雨年的验证,研究中构建的连阴雨等级指标较单要素指标,对连阴雨灾害具有较高识别能力,可作为冬小麦灌浆期连阴雨灾害监测与评估业务指标使用。     

不同施氮时期对冬小麦根系衰老的影响

采用温室盆栽和田间土柱栽培的方法研究了不同施氮时期对冬小麦根系衰老的影响。结果表明,冬小麦根系从开花后14天开始加速衰老,与籽粒灌浆速率高峰期相对应。20～40cm和40～100cm土层根衰老迟于0～20cm土层根。根系衰老与旗叶衰老、及与籽粒灌浆速率密切相关。20～40cm和40～100cm土层中的根对旗叶衰老有较大影响;在籽粒形成期,0～20cm土层根对粒重形成的作用大,到灌浆期,20～40cm和40～60cm土层根对粒重形成起重要作用。鲁215953和鲁麦14品种分别于拔节期和挑旗期追施氮肥,可延缓小麦根系的衰老,提高籽粒灌浆速率,增加粒重和产量。     

脱驯化对寒地冬小麦抗寒性影响的探析

寒地冬小麦的安全越冬受制于 3个外界因素, 分别是低温驯化程度、 越冬期间温度、 以及返青期温度。为分析低温驯化对冬小麦抗寒性的影响, 笔者以抗寒性不同的 2个冬小麦品种为材料, 在其生长的低温驯化阶段分别对其进行脱驯化及低温处理, 测定不同处理下冬小麦植株的成活率及保护酶活性。研究结果得出, 10℃脱驯化处理 2天对植株造成的伤害较 20℃脱驯化 2天显著降低; 抗寒品种 ‘东农冬麦 1号’ 只有在 11月 10日发生 10℃脱驯化 2天其成活率显著降低, 而不抗寒品种在 10月 26日发生10℃脱驯化 2天其成活率为 50%; 20℃脱驯化 2天再-12℃ 3天处理, 抗寒品种在 10月 31日后其成活率低于 50%, 相同处理下不抗寒品种所有时期成活率均低于 50%。抗寒品种经历 20℃脱驯化 2 天后再经历-12℃ 1天低温植株的 SOD酶活性达到最高。由此得出, 低温驯化期发生脱驯化冬小麦植株的成活率降低。     

中国冬小麦施肥历史演变及阶段特征研究进展

为了对今后中国小麦施肥进行决策导向和科学指导,本研究总结了建国以来中国冬小麦生产发展历程,从阶段产量、面积及相应栽培措施对6个发展阶段进行了相应阐述;重点分析了建国以后冬小麦施肥阶段划分（共划分为7个阶段）、有机肥与化肥施用的阶段特征,并以代表性地区进行了大样本数据说明;特别剖析了2009年以来的现阶段施肥特点、产量效率及生产存在的问题。文末针对当前小麦生产方式与格局的变化,列举了小麦施肥方面的新技术、新方法等重点研究领域,提出了展望。     

花后灌水对小麦籽粒品质性状及产量的影响

在池栽防雨条件下,研究了小麦花后不同灌水时期、不同灌水次数对籽粒产量及品质性状的影响。结果表明,在花前限量灌水条件下（135 mm）,花后灌水（45～90 mm）可显著提高小麦籽粒产量及蛋白质产量;虽然多数品质性状在花后不灌水（CK）条件下获得最大值,但灌1水未引起品质性状的明显变化;随灌水次数增加,各品质性状变劣     

An Analysis of the Response of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Components to Cycocel (Chlormequat) Application

Field-grown winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Avalon) plants were treated with a formulation of 1.25 % Cycocel (2-Chloroethyl trimethylammonium chloride) and 0.5% LI-700 (acidified soya lecithin) at the beginning of stem extension in order to identify the component parts that are most affected and on which an assessment of the effectiveness of Cycocel formulations can be based. Cycocel consistently reduced culm length due to the reduction of the lengths of the first three basal internodes by 43, 37 and 15 % respectively. In absolute terms, the second internode contributed most to stem reduction, a feature retained up till maturity. There was evidence of relative dry matter redistribution from the stem to the leaves, while growth rate was slowed down such that treated plants matured later than the controls. The youngest fully opened leaf at the time of Cycocel application showed a transient reduction in length, area and dry weight, while total leaf area was largely unchanged. From the results, measurement of the lengths of the first two internodes proved to be the most sensitive indicator of effective Cycocel uptake.