磷对花生氮素吸收和利用的影响

磷是植物必需营养元素之一,以多种方式影响作物氮吸收、利用。花生属于豆科作物,氮素营养来源包括土壤、肥料和根瘤固氮。本研究以山东省主推品种花育22号(大花生)和花育20号(小花生)为材料,设置5个施磷(P2O5)水平(0、45、90、135和180 kg hm–2),利用15N示踪技术,进行了2年桶栽试验。结果表明,施磷提高了两花生品种肥料氮、土壤氮及根瘤固氮积累量,其中根瘤固氮积累量的增幅大于土壤氮和肥料氮,年份和品种间表现基本一致;随施磷量增加,根瘤数量、鲜重及根瘤固氮积累比例呈增加趋势,土壤氮、肥料氮积累比例呈降低趋势;施磷量在45～90 kg hm–2范围内,氮肥利用效率、荚果氮素利用效率及产量均呈增加趋势,施磷量超过90 kg hm–2,上述三指标呈降低趋势或不再增加;磷肥农学效率随施磷量增加而降低;根瘤固氮积累量与荚果产量、植株全氮积累量呈极显著正相关,与土壤氮、肥料氮积累比例及氮素荚果利用效率呈极显著负相关。根瘤固氮积累比例与土壤氮和肥料氮积累量、供氮比例及氮肥利用率呈极显著负相关。综上,施磷能增加花生根瘤固氮供氮量及供氮比例,降低对肥料氮和土壤氮的依赖,但过量施磷不利于氮、磷效率和产量的提高。45～90 kg hm–2 (P2O5)为花生适宜施磷量。     

浮床栽培空心菜对罗非鱼养殖池塘水体中氮和磷的控制

摘要：总氮和总磷一直被认为是引起水体富营养化的重要因子,而氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮是养殖过程中引起鱼类疾病的关键环境因子。本试验利用PVC管构建浮床,研.究了浮床栽培空心菜对罗非鱼养殖池塘水体中氮和磷的控制效果。数据表明,在试验后期,池塘水体中总氮水平降至淡水养殖池塘废水排放二级标准,而总磷水平达到地表水环境质量二类标准,氨氮的水平控制在1mg/L以下,而亚硝酸盐氮水平则控制在0.1mg/L以下。从各处理组对污染物的去除情况来看,空心菜种植时间与种植面积均与氮、磷的去除效果呈现较好的正相关关系,种植时间越长（>60d）,种植面积与去除效果的正相关性越明显。结果表明,在集约化养殖池塘中采用浮床栽培空心菜能够对氮和磷实现有效的控制,并且空心菜浮床覆盖率为20%时比10%和15%处理组更具有经济效益。该试验为淡水池塘罗非鱼的健康养殖提供了一个新的思路。     

Efficiency in the use of phosphorus,nitrogen and potassium in topless faba beans (Vicia faba L.) – variability and inheritance*

In a field experiment with topless faba beans, parental inbred lines and FI hybrids of a 7 × 7-diallel were evaluated for traits related to the P, N and K efficiency. In addition, the parental inbreds were cultivated in a pot experiment at two P levels (100 vs. 700 mg P per pot). Significant heterosis for grain yield, uptake and utilization efficiency of nutrients in the field experiment highlighted the enhancement of nutrient efficiency in the hybrids. Amongst both parental inbreds and hybrids, significant genotypic variation was found for nearly all recorded traits. In the diallel analysis, the GCA effects generally proved to be highly significant and in most cases considerably higher than the SCA effects. In the pot experiment, grain yield ranking of the parental lines at the high P level (= P700) was very similar to that in the field experiment, whereas at the low P level (= P100, – P deficiency) the ranking of the lines changed considerably. Correspondingly, the P level-line interaction was highly significant. High tolerance towards P deficiency was found for those two parental inbreds derived from cultivars bred under Syrian conditions. At the high P supply, P efficiency was more favoured by a high P uptake, but at P deficiency by a high internal P utilization.     

Inheritance of nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiency in spring barley at the vegetative growth stages under high and low nutrition

Inheritance of the nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiencies (NUE and PUE, respectively) and that of the tolerance (T) to limited NP nutrition was investigated in spring barley crosses at the vegetative growth stages. Plants were grown in sand-vermiculite cultures under high and low NP nutrition. In a diallel set (Ps and F₂s), both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were significant for the variation in NUE and PUE, while the variation in T was mainly associated with GCA effects. The contribution of nonadditive genes for the utilization efficiencies was found to increase under nutrient shortages. Overdominance of genes was detected. The characters exhibited low heritabilities (0.10-0.42). Generation means analysis in two cross-combinations revealed significant effects of epistatic gene interactions. It was assumed that the involvement of both the dominance effects and epistatic interactions would not facilitate selection efforts to improve the characters in spring barley at its vegetative growth. Such selection should be performed among families of later generations. The genotype-nutrition interactions observed suggest that selection under diverse nutrition rates would be necessary for the more precise evaluation of barley efficiency under less favourable soil fertility.     

不同地区短葶飞蓬总黄酮含量与PAL和4CL酶活性的比较

为了探讨短葶飞蓬总黄酮含量地区差异形成的原因,从酶的角度揭示药用植物有效成分不同的原因;采集云南省不同地区短葶飞蓬野生植株,活体采回实验室4℃条件保存,鲜叶测定酶活性,剩余部分烘干研磨测定化学有效成分,比较它们总黄酮含量和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)及4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4CL)的活性。短葶飞蓬总黄酮含量和相关酶活性都存在空间差异,其中总黄酮含量最低地区仅为最高地区的20.47%;总黄酮含量和PAL及4CL活性都为昆明待补地区最低,并且它们之间有正相关关系,说明产地间短葶飞蓬植株总黄酮含量的差异与合成过程的不同有关,但是合成的不同不能解释全部差异,总黄酮含量的不同还可能有其他原因。     

大豆PIN-Like(PILS)基因家族的鉴定、表达分析及在根瘤共生固氮过程中的功能

植物激素生长素在植物的生长发育过程中发挥了至关重要的作用,它的稳态和浓度梯度建立控制了几乎所有器官的极性建成。生长素在特定细胞中合成、运输、感知以及代谢降解建立了符合器官发育的生长素浓度梯度。在豆科植物中,根与土壤微生物互作形成了根瘤这一特殊的器官,进行生物固氮。然而,生长素稳态控制生物固氮的功能还未知。拟南芥中的研究表明,PIN-Like (PILS)蛋白协助调节的细胞内生长素稳态,并介导下游细胞核内的生长素信号传递。本研究以大豆作为研究模型,在大豆基因组中鉴定获得19个PILS家族基因(GmPILS),不均匀分布于大豆10条染色体上。GmPILS在大豆9种组织部位中表现出多种表达模式,且具有明显的组织表达特异性。GmPILS1e和GmPILS1f在根瘤菌体区域富集表达,使用人工微RNA沉默(artificialmicro RNA interference,amiRNAi)下调GmPILS1e和GmPILS1f在根瘤的表达,导致根瘤的固氮酶活性上升,而过量表达GmPILS1f导致根瘤的固氮酶活性下降,因此GmPILS1e和GmPILS1f可能参与大豆固氮酶活性的调节。这些结果为进一步解析大豆GmPILS家族基因的功能和作用机制奠定了基础,同时也为结瘤固氮在农业育种中的应用提供了有价值的基因资源。     

橄榄总多酚含量及多酚氧化酶活性与组培褐变关系的研究

摘要：本文采集了不同月份下橄榄的不同组织部位,包括老叶、成熟叶、嫩叶、叶柄、幼嫩茎段和去皮的幼嫩茎段、橄榄果实的胚等9个不同部位;研究了这些样品中总多酚含量、多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性和组织培养褐变的关系。研究发现三月份橄榄各部位的总酚含量、PPO活性和褐变率都较低;特别是去皮的幼嫩茎段具有最低的总酚含量和PPO活性, 在组培过程中褐变程度也最低,更易诱导出愈伤组织,是橄榄组织培养过程中选择的理想外植体。实验结果表明,橄榄外植体的褐变是受到酚类物质的含量和PPO的活性影响的,多酚含量与PPO活性越高,越容易引起外植体褐变。     

水稻株高QTL分析及其与产量QTL的关系

分别应用具有112和160个标记位点的两个籼/籼交组合的F2群体的连锁图,对控制水稻株高的数量性状基因(QTL)进行了研究.各定位了4个和3个株高QTL,每个QTL的贡献率在5.6%～22.9%之间.在一个群体中,4个QTL都表现为完全显性或超显性;在另一个群体中,3个QTL均表现为部分显性.分别检测到7对和5对影响株高的双基因互作,其中一个群体以     

磨盘柿叶片、果实及萼片中酚类物质的动态变化初报

磨盘柿（Diospyros kaki L. f. cv. Mopan）,是中国北方主要栽培的涩柿品种。在此,对其叶片、果实及萼片中的酚类物质含量在多个发育时期进行了测定,结果表明：在生长期内,柿萼片中的酚类物质含量呈上升趋势,与果实酚类物质含量变化规律完全不同;叶片的酚类物质含量均高于果肉的酚类物质含量;结果梢叶片与营养梢叶片酚类物质的含量变化不同,8月下旬以前,结果梢叶片的值大于营养梢叶片的,8月下旬以后,前者又小于后者。