饲料粗蛋白质测定中催化剂的剂量与终点判定

本文对饲料粗蛋白质测定中最常用催化剂—CuSO_4和K_2SO_4的使用剂量以及不同时期粗蛋白质含量进行了比较。结果表明,Cu SO_4·5H_2O应为0.2～0.4克,K_2SO_4应为2～6克;消煮液清绿后即为终点,继续消煮是不必要的。     

冰温结合SO_2两段释放影响葡萄的贮藏品质

正据《果树学报》2016年第2期《冰温结合SO_2两段释放对"玫瑰香"葡萄贮藏品质的影响》(作者冯志宏等)报道,为了指导葡萄低硫、安全贮藏,研究了冰温结合SO_2两段释放对"玫瑰香"葡萄贮后品质及贮藏效果的影响。试验结果表明,与对照相比,冰温(-1.0、-1.5℃)结合SO_2两段释放避免了果     

SO2湿沉降对桑树叶片的形态和其利用光能的影响

以桑树(Morus alba)为材料,用亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠的混合溶液模拟SO_2湿沉降,探讨SO_2湿沉降对桑树叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明,与清水对照(CK)相比,100mmol·L~(-1) SO_2湿沉降明显伤害了桑树叶片,表现出叶片失绿发黄、边缘焦枯、含水量下降,细胞皱缩且边缘模糊,气孔数量减少,叶片最大净光合速率显著下降(P0.05)。在50mmol·L~(-1) SO_2胁迫下,桑树幼苗表现出一定的抗性,叶片边缘略呈焦枯状态,叶色浓绿,内部细胞体积减小,密度增大,气孔数量增多,最大净光合速率下降,光呼吸速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率增加。说明桑树叶片可通过调整叶片结构,降低呼吸消耗和增大光呼吸及蒸腾速率来适应50mmol·L~(-1) SO_2胁迫。两种浓度SO_2处理的叶绿素荧光与光强的响应参数变化趋势相似,差异不显著(P0.05),当光强大于400μmol·mol~(-1)时,实际光化学效率、光化学淬灭系数和电子传递速率随着光强的增加而显著降低(P0.05),非光化学淬灭系数和非光化学淬灭值均显著增加(P0.05)。说明SO_2湿沉降降低了桑树叶片净光合速率,增强了呼吸消耗,促使叶片早衰。桑树可通过调整叶片自身结构、增加热耗散和提高水分利用效率等多种途径适应SO_2胁迫,且对低浓度SO_2胁迫表现出抗性。     

硫素形态对苗期菘蓝生长生理特性及次生代谢的影响

为探讨不同硫素形态对菘蓝生长、生理及次生代谢的影响,设置CK(无硫)、Na_2SO_4、Na_2SO_3、NaHSO_3、Na_2S和Na_2S_2O_3 6个试验处理,通过盆栽试验研究不同硫素形态对菘蓝生长、光合生理、氮硫代谢、营养物质和靛蓝、靛玉红含量的影响。结果表明,Na_2SO_4处理最有利于菘蓝叶片鲜重和干重的积累,NaHSO_3处理次之,与CK相比其他处理组对其生长和生物量积累无显著促进作用。硫素处理后叶片的光合色素含量及光合效率均显著高于无硫处理,其中以NaHSO_3处理后净光合速率最高,Na_2S处理叶绿素含量最高。不同形态硫素处理对氮硫代谢的影响显著不同,其中以Na_2SO_3处理对氮代谢酶活性促进作用最显著,Na_2SO_4处理可显著提高硫代谢酶活性,而缺硫(CK)对氮硫代谢酶活性无显著的抑制作用。叶片中营养物质含量对不同硫素的响应存在差异,其中缺硫显著降低叶片中可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量以NaHSO_3处理下最高,而游离氨基酸含量以Na_2SO_4处理最高。不同于生理响应,次生代谢物质靛蓝和靛玉红含量以Na_2S处理最高。综合分析不同硫素形态对菘蓝叶采收品质的影响,以Na_2SO_4处理菘蓝后其生长状态处于最佳水平,且叶内活性成分也相对较高。可为菘蓝栽培选用适宜的硫素形态提供理论参考。     

Effects of L-lysine·H_2SO_4 product on the intestinal morphology and liver pathology using broiler model

Background: Lysine is used widely in livestock production due to the shortage of feed protein resources. Llysine·H_2SO_4 contains L-lysine sulphate as well as fermentation co-products which contain other amino acids and phosphorus. However, there are few articles about L-lysine·H_2SO_4 product regarding intestinal morphology and liver pathology of broiler chickens. In this article, we focus on the absorption and metabolism of L-lysine·H_2SO_4 revealed in the variation of intestinal morphology and liver pathology to determine the tolerance of chicks for L-lysine·H_2SO_4.Methods: To evaluate the tolerance of broilers for L-lysine·H_2SO_4, 240 one day old broilers were allocated randomly to one of five dietary treatments which included corn-soybean diets containing 0, 1%, 4%, 7% or 10% L-lysine·H_2SO_4(L-lysine content = 55%).Results: Supplementation of 1% L-lysine·H_2SO_4 in the diet had no negative effects. However, 4%, 7% or 10% Llysine·H_2SO_4 supplementation produced negative responses on broiler performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, and particularly on intestinal morphology and liver pathology compared with broilers fed the control diet.Conclusion: Our results show that supplementation with 1% L-lysine·H_2SO_4 had no negative effects on performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, intestinal morphology and liver pathology in broilers, but supplementation with 4%, 7% or 10% L-lysine·H_2SO_4 produced a negative response, particularly with respect to intestinal morphology and liver pathology.     

3种盐胁迫对蓟幼苗生长及生理生化的影响

采用盆栽试验研究不同浓度(0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%、0.6%)的NaCl、Na_2SO_4、Na_2CO_3对蓟(Cirsium japonicum)幼苗苗高、叶片相对含水量、丙二醛(MDA)、抗氧化酶(POD、SOD、CAT)以及渗透调节物质(可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸)的影响。结果表明,除0.1%NaCl处理蓟苗高和叶片相对含水量高于无盐胁迫(CK)外,其余处理均低于CK,且随盐浓度增加而降低,其中,0.3%NaCl、0.4%Na_2SO_4和0.1%Na_2CO_3处理下苗高依次为CK的62.15%、58.00%和45.77%,而0.5%Na_2CO_3处理幼苗死亡;随盐处理浓度增加和处理时间延长,叶片中丙二醛含量均呈上升趋势;POD、SOD、CAT活性随盐浓度、时间变化的趋势不尽一致,3种酶活性均出现了阈值,POD出现在0.3%NaCl、0.3%Na_2SO_4、0.4%Na_2CO_3胁迫5d,SOD出现在0.3%NaCl处理3d、0.5%Na_2SO_4处理1d、0.4%Na_2CO_3处理3d,CAT出现在0.3%NaCl、0.2%Na_2SO_4、0.1%Na_2CO_3胁迫3d;相同处理时间下,随盐浓度的增加,除NaCl胁迫下游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量先增后减外,Na_2SO_4和Na_2CO_3胁迫下游离脯氨酸含量,以及3种盐胁迫下可溶性糖(SS)含量均逐渐增加。综上认为,蓟对NaCl、Na_2SO_4、Na2CO4这3种盐均具有一定的耐性,可以在低于0.3%NaCl、0.4%Na_2SO_4和0.1%Na_2CO_3条件下生存和生长。     

泼水轮治理废气的研究

隧道窑结构的砖瓦厂,因烟囱低矮(高8米),烟气扩散困难,废气中的HF、SO_2严重影响附近水稻的生长和周围桑园.为解决含氟、SO_2废气对蚕桑和粮食生产的危害,我们根据隧道窑比轮窑排放烟气大一倍,     

模拟干旱与盐胁迫对半枝莲种子萌发的影响

以半枝莲(Scutellaria barbata)种子为试验材料,研究干旱和盐胁迫对种子萌发和幼苗生长状况的影响。采用聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟干旱胁迫,NaCl、Na_2SO_4、MgCl_2、复合盐(2NaCl+Na_2SO_4)溶液模拟盐胁迫。结果表明,1)干旱胁迫下,5%、10%浓度对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响不大,15%、20%浓度对种子萌发和幼苗生长有显著的抑制作用(P0.05),25%浓度处理下的种子没有萌发。2)盐胁迫下Na_2SO_4、复合盐处理组的发芽率、发芽指数在浓度为0~0.3%时降低,0.3%~0.6%升高,高于0.6%呈降低趋势;NaCl、MgCl_2盐胁迫下,发芽率、发芽指数与盐浓度呈负相关关系;NaCl盐胁迫下,幼苗无法生长;幼苗叶面积与Na_2SO_4、MgCl_2、复合盐浓度呈负相关关系;胚芽长在0.3%浓度Na_2SO_4、MgCl_2和复合盐受到促进作用,在浓度高于0.6%时受到抑制作用;胚根长在Na_2SO_4、MgCl_2盐胁迫下随浓度的升高而降低,复合盐胁迫下随浓度的升高呈"先升后降"的趋势。干旱和盐胁迫对半枝莲种子萌发和幼苗生长的各项指标影响不同。     

不同剂量硫黄熏蒸当归的二氧化硫残留量与pH值、浸出物含量、挥发油含量的相关性研究

目的:探讨经不同剂量硫黄熏蒸后当归样品的二氧化硫(SO_2)残留量与pH值、浸出物含量、挥发油含量的相关性,为制订科学合理、客观可控的当归SO_2限量标准提供依据。方法:采集新鲜当归药材,分别以高剂量(5.0%)、中剂量(1.0%)、低剂量(0.2%)3个不同剂量硫黄进行熏蒸加工,并与市售硫黄熏蒸当归样品进行比较;采用《中华人民共和国药典》(2015年版)一、四部相应方法测定硫黄熏蒸当归的SO_2残留量、水溶性浸出物含量、醇溶性浸出物含量、挥发油含量。结果:随着硫黄熏蒸量逐渐增加,当归水提取液pH值逐渐降低,刺鼻的酸味越来越明显,SO_2残留量逐渐增加;低剂量(0.2%)硫黄熏蒸当归的SO_2残留量符合《中华人民共和国药典》规定,高剂量(5.0%)和中剂量(1.0%)硫黄熏蒸当归超过了国家规定(150 mg/kg);市售硫黄熏蒸当归样品的SO_2残留量差异较大,渭源硫黄熏蒸当归样品的SO_2残留量超过国家规定量5倍之多,岷县市售硫黄熏蒸当归样品的SO_2残留量最低;水溶性浸出物含量呈增加趋势、醇溶性浸出物含量呈下降趋势;当归挥发油含量变化规律不明显,0.2%硫黄熏蒸当归挥发油含量较高,作为常规硫黄熏蒸剂量较为适宜。结论:不同剂量硫黄熏蒸对当归水溶性浸出物含量、醇溶性浸出物含量、挥发油含量均有一定的影响。     

西部生态文明指标体系中SO_2排放强度的研究

大气污染物SO_2排放强度在西部生态文明建设指标体系中是最富代表性的大气环境质量评价指标,且采用灰色层次分析法计算得到该指标的权重最大。通过与已建立的西部地区基准年生态文明建设指标的比较,采用线性加权法得到西部十二省（市、区）的生态文明建设综合指数（CECI）。内蒙古、重庆、四川、云南和陕西省的生态文明建设处于中等生态文明状态;而西藏和宁夏处于较差生态文明状态,表明今后西部地区生态文明建设还有很长的路要走。另外采用LEAP模型对设定的三个规划时段中SO_2排放量和SO_2排放强度指标值的预测,得到2015年西部SO_2排放强度可以满足生态文明建设评价指标的要求。     

Thiamin deficiency in cats and dogs associated with feeding meat preserved with sulphur dioxide

Thiamin deficiency was diagnosed in cats and dogs being fed fresh minced meat, which contained sulphur dioxide as a preservative and less than 0.5 mg/kg thiamin. Thiamin in the meat and in added dietary ingredients, including a supplementary vitamin mixture, was destroyed by the sulphur dioxide.     

Effects of Sulphur Dioxide on Guinea Pigs and Swine

Guinea pigs and swine were exposed to sulphur dioxide concentrations varying from 5-40 P.P.M.

The average daily weight gains of young guinea pigs were impaired by gas concentrations of 10 P.P.M. and 18 P.P.M. for periods of 96 hours or more. A single experiment failed to indicate any synergism between sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. Studies on the effect of exposure to 5 P.P.M. for an extended period were inconclusive.

Young swine under seven days of age were exposed to sulphur dioxide concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 40 P.P.M. for a single eight-hour period for each group. All concentrations caused the animals to display some evidence of irritation from the gas, ranging from eye irritation, nasal secretion, salivation and altered respirations at levels of 10 P.P.M. and higher to slight eye irritation and salivation at levels of 5 P.P.M. Haemorrhage and emphysema were present in the lungs of swine exposed to 40 P.P.M., and sacrificed at twenty-four hours and seven days post-exposure. At 158 days post-exposure, two of two swine exposed to 40 P.P.M., and one of two swine exposed to 20 P.P.M. showed a pulmonary fibrosis that was attributed to the gas.

Impaired weight gains of exposed animals raised to market weight (158 days) could not be attributed to the gas.

     

金川多肋牦牛种群调查

金川多肋牦牛中有529／6的个体具有15对肋骨,比一般牦牛多出1对,是近年来发掘出的具有独特生物学特性和优异生产性能的地方牦牛类群。弄清种群特性,将为金川多肋牦牛资源保护与利用积累基础资料。采用普查和随机抽样调查法在金川多肋牦牛分布区进行种群密度、畜群结构、繁殖率、死亡率等调查。结果显示,金川多肋牦牛分布区的牦牛密度为0．3牦牛单位／hm^2,现实载畜量为1．5羊单位／hm^2,与麦洼牦牛和甘南牦牛分布区的牦牛密度一致;畜群中适龄母牦牛比例为45．2％,母牦牛繁殖率85．9％,15对肋骨牦牛的繁殖率为90．7％,两者都显著高于其他地区牦牛;15对肋骨牦牛的繁殖率、个体终生产犊数均高于14对肋骨牦牛,且雪灾致死率前者也低于后者;金川多肋牦牛母牛的初产年龄为3岁,比一般牦牛提前一年投产;金川多肋牦牛具有种群快速增长的年龄金字塔,但受到狼害、雪灾等生态因素的强烈制约。金川多肋牦牛种群参数具有重要特异性,显示其具有较强的综合生产性能。     

Thiamine deficiency in a cat associated with the preservation of 'pet meat with sulphur dioxide

A cat with allergic dermatitis was fed a diet of fresh meat and a multi-vitamin supplement for 38 days to exclude food allergy as a cause of its dermatopathy. The cat died as a result of acute thiamine deficiency, which was caused by inac-tivation of thiamine by the preservative, sulphur dioxide. The continuing undeclared usage of sulphites in the Australian pet food industry is discussed.     

金川区兽医从业人员人畜共患病救助与防治经验

近年来,随着养殖规模不断扩大,跨区调运牲畜逐渐频繁,金川区兽医从业人员感染布病等人畜共患病的情况不断增多,为了使感染人员得到积极救助,消除畜牧兽医工作人员的职业焦虑,有效稳定畜牧兽医队伍,金川区采取了一系列科学有效的防治措施,通过这几年的努力,取得了较好效果,现将金川区畜牧兽医从业人员布病防治和医疗救助经验总结如下。     

Population genome of the newly discovered Jinchuan yak to understand its adaptive evolution in extreme environments and generation mechanism of the multirib trait

The adaptation and diversity of animals to the extreme environments of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) are typical materials to study adaptive evolution. The recently discovered Jinchuan yak population has many individuals with multiple ribs. However, little is known about this yak's origin, evolution, and the genetic mechanisms that formed its unique multirib trait. Here, we report a valuable population genome resource of the Jinchuan yak by resequencing the whole genome of 150 individuals. Population genetic polymorphism and structure analysis reveal that Jinchuan yak can be differentiated as a unique and original yak population among the domestic yak. Combined with geological change, the Jinchuan yak's evolutionary origin is speculated to be about 6290 years ago, which may be related to the unique geographical environment of the eastern edge of the QTP during this period. Compared with other domestic yaks, this new population has 280 positively selected genes. The genes related to skeletal function hold a considerable and remarkable proportion, suggesting that the specific skeletal characteristics have been enhanced in the adaptive evolution of Jinchuan yak in the extreme plateau environment. The genome-wide association study has revealed that TUBA8 and TUBA4A, the genes that regulate the cytoskeleton, are potential genes associated with the multirib trait. Our findings provide a basis to further understand the generation mechanism of the adaptive evolution of this new population in high-altitude extreme environments and the multivertebrate trait of domestic animals.     

宏基因组学揭示AFB1对牦牛瘤胃微生物多样性及CAZy谱影响

采用宏基因组学方法探讨黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)对牦牛瘤胃微生物多样性及碳水化合物酶类(CAZy)功能谱的影响。试验设E1、E2两个试验组和对照组C,日粮中添加AFB1量分别为20μg·kg^-1、60μg·kg^-1和0。采集瘤胃液,提取DNA,进行宏基因组分析。结果表明,AFB1降低拟杆菌门及厚壁菌门的丰度,在属水平上较高水平的AFB1对普雷沃氏菌具有抑制作用。牦牛瘤胃中降解植物纤维素主要的CAZy是糖苷水解酶(GH)和糖基转移酶(GT)。AFB1对CAZy中6类酶以及3种纤维小体构成组分均产生影响,且高水平影响更大。研究揭示,AFB1降低瘤胃细菌多样性,影响CAZy功能。研究结果有利于探讨AFB1影响反刍动物瘤胃微生态的机制,为饲料安全使用及牦牛健康养殖和产品安全生产提供参考。     

三华李化学脱叶药剂筛选试验研究初报

迫使三华李提早落叶,可以实现三华李二次开花,从而进行反季节促早栽培。以4～5年生三华李果树为对象,通过喷施脱落酸、乙烯利、噻苯隆、石硫合剂等药剂进行生长季脱叶试验。结果表明：全株喷施45%石硫合剂10～15倍液总体效果最好,药后30天脱叶率可达80%以上,老叶脱叶彻底,只剩树体顶端嫩叶,且脱叶速度较缓,有利于树体营养的积累,同时还可起到清园的作用;乙烯利脱叶速度快,效果好,喷药后15天脱叶率达到100%,但易产生药害,对三华李树体影响较大,不推荐后续使用。     

金川牦牛BCL2A1基因克隆及生物信息学分析

为探讨金川牦牛抗凋亡因子--B淋巴细胞瘤2相关蛋白A1（B cell lymphoma 2 related A1，BCL2A1）基因特点，本试验采用PCR方法以金川牦牛血液DNA为模板扩增BCL2A1基因，用DNAStar、ExPASy、ABCpred等生物信息学软件分析基因序列和蛋白质结构。结果显示，克隆获得的片段长622 bp，GenBank登录号：MG459158，开放阅读框为516 bp，共编码171个氨基酸，其中缬氨酸（V）、赖氨酸（K）的含量较多，分别为9.4%和8.8%。BCL2A1分子质量为19.46 ku，理论等电点为4.99，不稳定系数为17.44，具有跨膜螺旋结构域（Scores>500）。二级结构主要为α-螺旋，占60.82%，有一个BCL2结构域，三级结构模型与人BCL2A1同源性最高（72.79%），BCL2A1存在潜在的B细胞抗原表位。与野牦牛氨基酸序列进行比对显示，金川耗牛BCL2A1存在5个氨基酸差异位点。NJ法系统进化分析显示，金川牦牛与野牦牛同源性为98.5%，亲缘关系最近。本试验成功克隆了金川牦牛BCL2A1基因，其在哺乳动物中具有较高的保守性，为深入研究牦牛BCL2A1基因功能提供理论依据。     

金川牦牛和中国西门塔尔牛肉品质差异研究

[目的]为从分子水平探究隆林黄牛的遗传多样性及父系起源。[方法]利用PCR测序及生物信息方法,对20头隆林黄牛公牛的2个Y-SNPs标记(UTY-19和ZFY-10)进行多态性检测。[结果]结果显示,20头隆林黄牛中有14头为Y3单倍型组(70%),有6头牛为Y2单倍型组(30%),Y染色体单倍型多样度为0.4421±0.0875,表明隆林牛具有丰富的Y染色体遗传多样性。[结论]隆林黄牛具有瘤牛和普通牛2个父系起源,以瘤牛父系起源为主。