杜仲次生代谢物部位差异性的研究

对同一生态环境下生长的杜仲不同部位次生代谢物含量的测定和分析表明 ,各次生代谢物个体间差异显著 ,同一个体不同部位之间差异也显著。就某一种次生代谢物而言 ,各部位含量高低的顺序为 :绿原酸 :叶 >雄花 >皮 >果 ;桃叶珊瑚甙 :果 >叶 >皮 >雄花 ;总黄酮 :雄花 >叶 >皮 >果 ;杜仲胶 :果 >皮 >叶 >雄花。就某一部位而言 ,各种次生代谢物含量的高低顺序为 :叶 :绿原酸 >总黄酮 >杜仲胶 >桃叶珊瑚甙 ;皮 :杜仲胶 >桃叶珊瑚甙 >绿原酸 >总黄酮 ;雄花 :总黄酮 >桃叶珊瑚甙 >绿原酸 ;果 :杜仲胶 >桃叶珊瑚甙 >总黄酮 >绿原酸。分析结果显示 ,所测定的绿原酸、桃叶珊瑚甙、总黄酮等天然活性物质的含量 ,均是叶部高于皮部 ,这为“以叶代皮”提供了新的科学依据 ;果实中除富含亚麻酸油 (α 亚麻酸含量高达 5 1% )外 ,还富含杜仲胶和桃叶珊瑚甙 ,是亟待开发的新资源 ;杜仲雄花中的黄酮类化合物含量最高 ,绿原酸和桃叶珊瑚甙的含量也较高 ,是杜仲资源开发的又一个新的部位     

杜仲叶次生代谢物生态学研究初报

通过对不同产地杜仲叶中次生代谢物（ 有效成分）含量的测定及其生态因素分析,对杜仲叶次生代谢物进行了生态学研究,结果表明：不同产地杜仲叶次生代谢物含量差异显著：遵义地区的京尼平甙、绿原酸、桃叶栅瑚甙、总黄酮含量最高,慈利地区的京尼平甙酸含量最高;洛阳地区的京尼平甙含量最低,宜昌地区的绿原酸、桃叶珊瑚甙、总黄酮、京尼平甙酸含量最低,但杜仲胶含量最高,从而说明了生态因素也是调控次生代谢物的重要因素。对各生态因子进行逐步回归分析和通径分析的结果表明：影响杜仲叶次生代谢物合成与积累的主要因素是微量元素;土壤中微量元素（ 有效态） 与杜仲（ 叶） 中微量元素（ 植物吸收） 不完全呈正相关关系;以两者为主因素各进行的逐步回归分析和通径分析的结果不一致。通过系统聚类分析和模糊综合评判得出：贵州遵义、湖南慈利、陕西略阳、四川通江４ 个地区杜仲叶中次生代谢物含量较高     

杜仲叶次生代谢物生长积累动态的研究

通过对杜仲叶中次生代谢物含量的测定,对其生长积累动态作了以下有关分析：不同无性系的次生代谢物含量差异显著：绿原酸在略１中含量最高（４０７％）,略４９中含量最低（１２７％）;桃叶珊瑚甙在略１中含量最高（３９８％）,略４９中含量最低（１０８％）;京尼平甙酸在灌３中含量最高（０１２％）,略４９中含量最低（００５％）;总黄酮在略１１中含量最高（１６７％）,略４１中含量最低（０１８％）;杜仲胶在略１中含量最高（３８０％）,略０中含量最低（１７６％）;表明树木的遗传基因（决定个体生长发育）也是调控次生代谢产物的重要因素。在年周期中,杜仲叶次生代谢物生长积累的动态变化为：绿原酸含量以６月、１１月份最高,５月份最低;桃叶珊瑚甙在６月、１１月份含量最高,７月、８月份最低;京尼平甙酸在６月份含量最高,５月、１１月份最低;总黄酮以５月份含量最高,１０月份最低;杜仲胶含量以５～６月份最高,以后逐渐下降。似乎与树体年生长速率存在一定的相关关系。     

杜仲树皮含胶特性的个体变异规律

采用选择典型样株和随机取样的方法,对杜仲皮含胶特性的个体变异规律及其与若干宏观性状的相关性进行了系统研究。结果表明,不同无性系的胸径、树皮厚度、树皮含胶率的差异均达到了极显著水平。杜仲无性系树皮的含胶率与木栓层厚度和木栓层占树皮厚度的百分比呈极显著的负相关关系,与胸径的大小呈显著的负相关关系。胸径生长量越大,木栓层越厚,杜仲胶的积累相对越少;杜仲胶密度与树皮含胶率和树皮密度呈极显著的正相关关系。     

秦仲(1～4号)繁殖技术研究

杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)为杜仲科杜仲属植物,不仅是名贵的中药材和提取天然橡胶的工业原料,也是一种重要的绿化和水土保持树种.张康健等(1997;1999;2001;2002)对杜仲次生代谢物的生态学、合成积累、个体发育特性和部位差异性等方面进行了系统研究,并以次生代谢物含量为首选指标,结合生长量和抗性指标等(张博勇等,2003;翟金兰等,2003),历时16年选育出了秦仲1～4号杜仲新品种,其次生代谢物(药用有效成分)含量高,生长快,尤其是秦仲1、2号的杜仲胶含量也高,经专家鉴定认为居国际领先水平.     

杜仲无性系叶片含胶特性的差异及其相关性分析

为了弄清杜仲叶含胶特性的个体变异规律,为杜仲高产胶优良无性系的选择提供科学依据,采用选择典型样株和随机取样的方法进行测验,含胶率的测定采用杜仲胶综合提取法.研究结果表明:不同无性系叶长、叶宽、叶片厚度、叶面积、单叶质量和叶片含胶率的差异均达到了极显著水平;叶片含胶率最高为3.23%,最低仅1.55%;杜仲无性系叶片含胶率与叶长和单叶质量的相关性达到了显著水平,而与叶宽、叶片厚度、叶形指数、叶面积的相关性均未达到显著水平,这说明无性系叶片含胶率的高低在叶片的形态方面的表现并不明显;而单叶含胶量与叶长、叶宽、单叶面积、单叶质量以及叶片含胶率的正相关关系达到了极显著水平.     

不同变异类型杜仲皮含胶性状的变异规律

为了弄清不同变异类型杜仲皮的生长发育特点及其含胶性状的变异规律,为杜仲胶优良资源的选择和有效利用提供理论依据,进行了本试验研究.试验采用选择典型样株和随机取样的方法;含胶率的测定采用杜仲胶综合提取法.研究结果表明,不同变异类型树皮特征及含胶性状表现出不同的特点.深纵裂型的胸径生长量、树皮厚度和木栓层厚均最大,而光皮型的胸径生长量最小、树皮厚度和木栓层厚最薄;树皮含胶率以浅纵裂型最高,深纵裂型的树皮含胶率最低;树皮内杜仲胶体积质量也以深纵裂型的最高,深纵裂型杜仲胶体积质量最低.     

橡胶树不同叶蓬不同芽片籽苗芽接试验

以橡胶树云研77-4两种不同叶蓬3种不同类型芽片作为试验材料,研究其籽苗芽接苗木不同时间的成活率、抽芽率及其生长情况。结果表明,在生长前期,不同处理得到的籽苗成活率、抽芽率以及生长量差异不显著;在出圃期,第3蓬叶的叶腋芽和鳞片芽得到的籽苗则在生长量显著高于其他处理和对照。     

药食同源杜仲茶

杜仲是我国特有的药用树种，第三纪子遗的单种科植物，具有多种药用与保健作用，被称为中国神树。 近代医学研究认为。在药理药效方面，杜仲叶与皮具有同等功效。传统中药用杜仲皮而不用叶，认为杜仲胶丝是其主要成分，故以胶丝多者为上品。而现代化学证实，杜仲胶丝是不溶于水的。相反，杜仲叶中许多有效成分甚至是远高于皮的。如绿原酸含量为皮的５．８６倍，氨基酸总量为皮的２．１９－３６５倍，钙含量是皮的５．６倍，镁和钠含量是皮的３倍，钾含量是皮的４倍。医学界已普遍认为，杜仲叶更适宜用作保健品。从７０年代开始，杜仲以时代…     

基于短周期矮林模式的外源激素提高杜仲胶产量的效果

通过对比外源激素提高杜仲短周期矮林地上部分生物量和杜仲胶产量的效果,筛选出合适的外源激素种类及其田间施用质量浓度,为杜仲胶资源林培育提供技术支撑。以1年生栽植密度为66 666株·hm~(-2)的杜仲短周期密植矮林为对象,采用芸苔素内酯和赤霉素2种外源激素,按完全随机区组设计,通过比较杜仲叶和皮内杜仲胶含量的变化,苗木生长特性以及叶、皮、茎秆等地上部分生物量指标,分析施用外源激素对杜仲胶产量产生的作用效果。结果表明:(1)赤霉素显著促进苗高生长,但对其它指标的增效作用不明显。(2)经质量浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)和5 mg·L~(-1)的芸苔素内酯处理后,杜仲叶片内杜仲胶含量达到了4.74%、5.01%,分别是对照的3.21和3.04倍;苗高分别较对照增加了12.26%和16.09%;平均单株叶片数分别均比对照多8片;单株叶片质量分别是对照的2.21和2.25倍;单株树皮质量分别是对照的1.97和2.05倍;叶片生物量为2 993.54和3 089.83 kg·hm~(-2),树皮生物量为576.87和543.78 kg·hm~(-2),茎杆生物量为2 060.71和1 935.24 kg·hm~(-2),分别是对照的2.16和2.23倍、2.00和1.89倍、2.07和1.94倍。按平均含胶量计算,单位面积杜仲胶产量分别达到了167.28和182.90 kg·hm~(-2),分别为对照的4.58和5.01倍。(3)芸苔素内酯通过提高叶片胶含量、苗高生长量、单株叶片数、单株叶、皮、杆干质量等综合效应,在第一个采伐期即表现出极显著提高高密度杜仲矮林生物量和杜仲胶产量的效果。     

马尾松木材化学组分的遗传控制及对木材育种的意义

本文利用 1 3年生马尾松子代测定林的 2 0个自由授粉家系的木材试样 ,着重研究木材化学组分的遗传学问题。研究结果表明 ,木材化学组分、基本密度和生长性状在家系间的差异都达到了极显著水平 ,并受中等至强度的遗传控制。在 6个木材化学组分中 ,灰分、戊聚糖和 1 %NaOH抽出物含量的遗传力较高 ,木质素、综纤维素和热水抽出物含量的遗传力稍低。生长性状与木材密度呈显著的负相关 ,而与木材化学组分相关性很小 ,似相互独立。遗传相关认为灰分和热水抽出物含量可分别作为综纤维素和木质素的间接选择指标。由于综纤维素和木质素含量在家系间的绝对差异较小 ,仅为 2 %～ 3% ,对选育的实际意义不大。可选择综纤维素含量高的优株进行无性繁殖加以利用     

杨小舟蛾产卵行为对2种黑杨派无性系叶片的营养物质及抗性物质的影响

目的 以2种黑杨派无性系为研究对象,观察杨小舟蛾产卵后产卵植株和邻近植株对幼虫生长的影响并测定各处理叶片营养物质和次生代谢物质的含量变化,探讨2种黑杨派无性系在杨小舟蛾产卵后是否产生诱导抗性。 方法 杨小舟蛾在欧美杨108号（108杨）和欧美杨111号（111杨）产卵后,观察幼虫取食产卵植株、邻近植株和对照植株叶片的存活状况,再分别测定3种处理叶片的可溶性糖、全N、游离氨基酸、单宁和总酚5个指标的含量变化,研究2种黑杨派无性系诱导抗性的产生情况。 结果 取食2种黑杨派无性系3种处理叶片的幼虫存活率均差异不显著。108杨的产卵植株和邻近植株的可溶性总糖含量均显著低于对照;111杨的产卵植株和邻近植株的二糖和全N含量均显著低于对照植株,且产卵植株的游离氨基酸含量显著低于对照,同时,108杨邻近植株的游离氨基酸总量显著高于产卵植株和对照;111杨的产卵和邻近植株的总糖/全N值都显著高于对照。108杨产卵植株的单宁和总酚含量都显著高于对照,而邻近植株的二者含量与对照差异不显著。111杨产卵植株的单宁和总酚含量都显著高于对照;同时邻近植株的单宁含量显著高于对照,而总酚含量与对照差异不显著。 结论 杨小舟蛾产卵使2种黑杨派无性系的产卵植株和邻近植株的营养物质含量都发生改变并且次生代谢物质含量不同程度增加。所以,2种黑杨派无性系的产卵和邻近植株都产生了一定的诱导抗虫性。     

Multiscale analysis of the contents of palmatine in the Nature populations of Phellodendron amurense in Northeast China

Palmatine is a valuable ingredient in Chinese medicine that is produced by Phellodendron amurense Rupr.The contents of palmatine content in root bark, trunk bark,perennial branch bark, annual branches, and leaves of the trees with different ages and geographies in Northeast China were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.The contents of palmatine in the barks of root, trunk, and perennial branch were significantly higher than those in annual branches and leaves. The contents of palmatine in trunk bark and root bark from Lesser Khingan Mountains increased with age, which is significantly opposite to other three vegetation types. The contents of palmatine in perennial branch bark, annual bark and leaves had no significant regularity. Moreover, the contents of palmatine in samples of root bark, trunk bark, perennial branch bark and annual bark varied significantly with latitude. The nature populations of P. amurense growing at low latitude contained significantly more palmatine than those growing at high latitude. These results provide a scientific basis for the reasonable cultivation and efficient utilization of P. amurense.     

Multiscale analysis of the contents of palmatine in the Nature populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phellodendron amurense</Emphasis> in Northeast China

Palmatine is a valuable ingredient in Chinese medicine that is produced by Phellodendron amurense Rupr. The contents of palmatine content in root bark, trunk bark, perennial branch bark, annual branches, and leaves of the trees with different ages and geographies in Northeast China were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The contents of palmatine in the barks of root, trunk, and perennial branch were significantly higher than those in annual branches and leaves. The contents of palmatine in trunk bark and root bark from Lesser Khingan Mountains increased with age, which is significantly opposite to other three vegetation types. The contents of palmatine in perennial branch bark, annual bark and leaves had no significant regularity. Moreover, the contents of palmatine in samples of root bark, trunk bark, perennial branch bark and annual bark varied significantly with latitude. The nature populations of P. amurense growing at low latitude contained significantly more palmatine than those growing at high latitude. These results provide a scientific basis for the reasonable cultivation and efficient utilization of P. amurense.     

Multiplex real-time PCR detection of pathogen colonization in the bark and wood of Picea sitchensis clones differing in resistance to Heterobasidion annosum

A quantitative multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was developed to assess the extent of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. growth in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) bark and wood and to determine correlations between lesion length and fungal colonization. Based on lesion length and real-time PCR, the responses of four 3-year-old Sitka spruce clones to inoculation with H. annosum were characterized as showing either resistance or susceptibility to the pathogen. In susceptible clones, the extent of bark colonization did not differ from the visible length of the bark lesion, whereas lesions were longer than the extent of fungal colonization in resistant clones. The resistant clones contained considerably less fungal DNA than the susceptible clones, relative to the amount of host DNA in both the bark and the wood, indicating less resistance and more host cell death in the susceptible clones following inoculation. In both resistant and susceptible clones, fungal colonization in the wood extended beyond the visible necrotic lesion in the bark, indicating that host defense responses are weaker in wood than in bark. The spread of the pathogen in both bark and wood was less in the resistant clones than in the susceptible clones, indicating that defenses in both bark and wood of the resistant clones were superior to those in the susceptible clones.     

Dynamic changes of phenolic compound contents in leaf and bark of poplar during autumn temperature drop

We investigated seasonal dynamics of phenolics substance in leaf and bark of two cultivars of poplar, Populus alba×berolinensis and P. ×’Zhonglin Sanbei 1’, during autumn temperature drop for analyzing the roles of phenolic secondary metabolites in cold resistance. Results show that the contents of condensed tannin and flavonoid in poplar leaf and the flavonoid contents in bark of P. ×’Zhonglin Sanbei 1’ were increased with the decrease of autumn minimum temperature, showing a significantly negative correlation between the contents of soluble phenolic substance in the leaves and changeable temperature. In contrast, lignin content in the poplar leaves is decreased in the process of temperature drop, showing a significantly positive correlation. These results indicate that the variation in phenolic substance has a close correlation with its cold-resistance during the autumn temperature drop.     

我国银杏遗传变异研究之二——种仁营养成分和无机元素含量的变异

做为重要多目的树种之一的银杏 (Ｇｉｎｋｇｏｂｉｌｏｂａ) ,其种核 (白果 )是我国的传统干果及药用品 ,它是在未认识到从中可提药物之前人工长期栽培的重要目的产品。其种核的营养成分 ,大量和微量元素含量究竟如何 ,遗传变异模式怎样 ,至今系统研究很少。故对其营养和药用价值的宣传还具一定盲目性 ,理由是过去文献所载白果营养成分测定结果相当矛盾。另外迄今未见有关其营养物质和元素含量遗传变异研究的报道。如许慕农等 ( 1 993)在综述已有白果营养成分的文献后就说 :“白果营养成分的数值差异极大 ,自相矛盾的也不少”。史继孔等 ( 1…     

Foliar chemistry of juvenile Eucalyptus grandis clones does not predict chemical defence in maturing ramets

The tendency for managers of eucalypt plantations to plant large, homogeneous (i.e. clonal) stands presents a new suite of problems. Perhaps foremost among them is the elevated risk of disease or predation. One way to counter this risk is to select material with high natal resistance, such as material with high concentrations of plant secondary metabolites. This would be much simpler if we could predict future defences from the chemistry of juvenile plants. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between the concentrations of formylated phloroglucinol compounds (FPCs) in the leaves of newly established Eucalyptus grandis (Hill ex Maiden) clones in the nursery and those in the same genetic material in experimental plantations. There was almost no relationship between the concentrations of defensive chemicals in the leaves of newly established E. grandis clones growing in pots in the nursery and of those in the same genetic material growing in plantations. This implies that age effects and probable gene × environment interactions prevent evaluating the defensive qualities of clones until they are several years old and even then the results are site-specific.