Effects of moisture stress and nitrogen fertilization on tuber nitrate-nitrogen content

Moisture stress in potato plants results in a significant increase in tuber NO_3?N levels. Research plots with three irrigation treatments and four nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 100, 200, and 500 lb N/A) (0, 112, 224, and 560 kg N/ha) were established to test the influence of soil moisture and nitrogen rate on tuber NO_3?N content. Data from these plots showed that regardless of nitrogen rate, potato tubers from plants subjected to moisture stress had NO_3?N levels approximately twice as high as tubers from plants under optimum or excessive irrigation. With low nitrogen fertilizer rates, tuber NO_3?N levels were 78 to 80 ppm under optimum and excessive irrigation treatments as compared to 144 ppm under the deficient irrigation treatment. With excessive nitrogen fertilizer rates, tuber NO_3?N levels were 151 to 154 ppm under optimum and excessive irrigation treatments compared to 370 ppm under deficient irrigation. Correlation between tuber NO_3?N and petiole NO_3?N levels suggest that moisture stressed plants have a different relationship between tuber and petiole than plants under proper to high soil moisture conditions.     

Optimizing legume content and forage yield of mown white clover–Italian ryegrass mixtures through nitrogen fertilization and grass row spacing

Mixed swards of white clover–grass mixtures in highly productive environments often fail to reach the minimum recommended annual clover proportion of about 0·30. This study assessed the effect on clover content and total dry matter (DM) yield of two spring N applications (0 and 45 kg N ha^?1) and two distances between drilled grass‐rows (0·18 and 0·36 m) over 3 years for mown swards of white clover–Italian ryegrass (Trifolium repens–Lolium multiflorum) in binary mixtures in northern Italy. An additional aim was to determine the advantage of association of grass–clover compared with grass and clover monocultures. On average, N fertilization of mixtures resulted in almost 9% higher total yield (P < 0·01; mean response = 18·1 kg of total DM per kg of N) but decreased the clover proportion (0·250 vs. 0·312). Wider grass‐row spacing increased clover proportion (0·327 vs. 0·234; P < 0·01) with no reduction of total DM yield. N fertilization × grass‐row spacing interaction occurred only for clover content (P < 0·01). Without N fertilization, mixtures out‐yielded clover and grass pure stands. With N fertilization, at double rate to pure grass, yields from mixtures were greater than from clover and comparable to Italian ryegrass.     

不同蛋白含量大豆品种氮代谢关键酶活性及叶片氮同化物含量变化

以高蛋白野生大豆、普通野生大豆和栽培大豆为材料,研究大豆籽粒蛋白质含量与各生育期叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性(GSA)、硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)以及叶片不同氮同化物含量之间的关系。结果表明:高蛋白野生大豆在V6期到R8期的NRA、R3期开始各个时期的GSA都明显高于其它品种。R3期以外的其它各生育期,高蛋白野生大豆可溶性蛋白含量高于其它品种。叶片游离氨基酸含量则表现为R2期之前野生大豆高于栽培大豆,R2期及以后各个时期又明显低于栽培大豆。籽粒蛋白质含量与R3期到R8期的NRA以及R3、R8期的GSA呈正相关关系。V3期可溶性蛋白质含量和V6期游离氨基酸含量与籽粒蛋白质含量呈正相关。叶片硝态氮含量与籽粒蛋白质含量没有相关性。     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization and rice stubble management techniques on soil moisture content,soil nitrogen status,and nitrogen uptake by wheat

The effects of nitrogen fertilization and stubble treatment on soil mineral-N content, moisture status and subsequent crop N uptake were studied in a series of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops planted soon after rice (Oryza sativa L.) harvest. The experiments were part of a programme to define optimum management systems for intensive rice/upland cereal rotations. Stubble management, N application time and rate all influenced amount of soil mineral-N, accounting for up to 52, 67 and 75%, respectively, of the mineral-N variation. In turn, variation in soil mineral-N explained up to 70% of the variation in N accumulation by wheat. N accumulation was highly correlated with crop yield (r² up to 0.95).Incorporating large quantities of rice stubble at wheat sowing reduced soil NO-₃-N concentration by 36% at stem elongation. Both N uptake and yield were reduced by 38% on these plots. Increasing quantities of rice stubble retained on the soil surface increased soil NO₃-N concentration by 46%, and wheat on these plots had a 29% increase in N uptake and a 37% increase in yield. Stubble burning rather than retention on the surface resulted in lower soil NO₃-N concentration, and this was ascribed to ammonia volatilization resulting from fertilizer contact with ash, and to reduced mineralisation in the drier soil.Application of N at wheat sowing significantly increased mineral-N status at least until stem elongation, while fertilization at tillering or stem elongation significantly increased soil mineral-N content at least until anthesis.It was concluded that stubble and fertilization management techniques can be manipulated in order to regulate soil mineral-N status, which in turn determined plant N uptake. Plant N uptake determined yield.     

Effect of nitrogen supply on leaf growth,leaf nitrogen economy and photosynthetic capacity in potato

Literature reports show little effect of nitrogen supply on radiation use efficiency in potato and in other dicotyledonous C₃ species. This paper tests the hypothesis that potato reduces leaf size rather than leaf nitrogen concentration and photosynthetic capacity when nitrogen is in short supply. Four pot experiments with different rates of nitrogen supply were conducted in glasshouses. For two leaf numbers measurements were made of leaf area, P_max (rate of photosynthesis for saturating irradiance), specific leaf weight, and concentrations of total nitrogen and nitrate, all as a function of leaf age.Area per leaf was sensitive to nitrogen supply (about a factor 3 between extreme N treatments). P_max declined with leaf age. There were no systematic effects of nitrogen supply on P_max and on its change with leaf age, except that in some cases P_max of leaves of high N treatments was lower than P_max of low N treatments during part of the life span (leaf age of ca. 20–50 days). The dominant effect of nitrogen supply was on leaf size and not on P_max or leaf N content. P_max versus areal organic nitrogen concentration (g N m⁻² leaf area) showed considerable scatter and, for a given nitrogen concentration, a slightly lower P_max for high N treatments than for low N treatments. Comparison with other species showed a comparatively low value of P_max in potato.     

Petiole analysis and the nitrogen fertilization of Russet Burbank potatoes

The effect of nitrogen rates on the yield of Russet Burbank potatoes was studied in field experiments in Idaho. Petioles were sampled at the 6-to-8 leaf stage and thereafter at two week intervals until mid August. Petiole nitrate concentrations were very high early but decreased rapidly as the season progressed and declined to a very low level as the plants matured. The nitrate content of the petioles reflected the amount of N applied to both locations. Nitrogen applications increased total yield and the quantity of the larger size tubers. A highly significant correlation was found between the early season petiole nitrate concentrations and total yield. Suggested ranges of petiole nitrate concentrations were developed as a guide to efficient N fertilization of Russet Burbank potatoes in Idaho.     

氮肥用量对油菜产量及氮素利用效率的影响

通过大田试验研究了氮肥用量对油菜产量、养分含量、养分累积量及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与不施氮相比,施氮肥75、150和225kg/hm2平均分别增产41.9%、70.3%和66.2%,籽粒含氮量分别提高9.1%、14.2%和13.1%,植株地上部氮素总累积量分别增加59.6%、111.6%和108.0%。施氮促进油菜生长发育,显著提高油菜对氮素的吸收、累积和籽粒需氮量,但氮肥农学利用率、偏生产力和表观利用率均随氮肥用量的增加显著下降。氮肥用量在150kg/hm2时,能较好地协调油菜较高产量水平与合理氮肥利用率的统一。     

Safflower yield,chlorophyll content,photosynthesis, and water use efficiency response to nitrogen fertilization under rainfed conditions

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a deep-rooted crop which can tolerate water stress and can be grown in rotation with other crop species. Nitrogen is very important for the growth and yield of safflower, however, the effect of N level on chlorophyll content, assimilation rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, substomatal CO₂ concentration, and water use efficiency (WUE) have not been determined. A 2-year field study was conducted with the objective to determine the effect of N fertilization on yield, yield components, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic characteristics, and WUE of safflower grown under rainfed conditions. Three rates of N were used (0, 100, and 200 kg N ha⁻¹) and two hybrids (CW9048 and CW9050). N fertilization increased seed yield by an average of 19%, the seed weight per plant by 60%, the seed weight per head by 18%, the number of heads per plant by 32%, and the number of seeds per plant by 41% compared with the control. N level also affected chlorophyll content, N concentration at anthesis, protein, and oil yield. N application increased assimilation rate by an average of 51%, stomatal conductance of water vapour by an average of 27%, and WUE by an average of 60% over the 2 years of the study when compared to the control. The present study indicates that N fertilization can affect yield, yield components, photosynthetic efficiency, and physiology of safflower under rainfed conditions.     

Effect of nitrogen supply on leaf appearance,leaf growth,leaf nitrogen economy and photosynthetic capacity in maize (Zea mays L.)

Leaf area growth and nitrogen concentration per unit leaf area, N_a (g m⁻² N) are two options plants can use to adapt to nitrogen limitation. Previous work indicated that potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) adapts the size of leaves to maintain N_a and photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf area. This paper reports on the effect of N limitation on leaf area production and photosynthetic capacity in maize, a C4 cereal. Maize was grown in two experiments in pots in glasshouses with three (0.84–6.0 g N pot⁻¹) and five rates (0.5–6.0 g pot⁻¹) of N. Leaf tip and ligule appearance were monitored and final individual leaf area was determined. Changes with leaf age in leaf area, leaf N content and light-saturated photosynthetic capacity, P_max, were measured on two leaves per plant in each experiment. The final area of the largest leaf and total plant leaf area differed by 16 and 29% from the lowest to highest N supply, but leaf appearance rate and the duration of leaf expansion were unaffected. The N concentration of expanding leaves (N_a or %N in dry matter) differed by at least a factor 2 from the lowest to highest N supply. A hyperbolic function described the relation between P_max and N_a. The results confirm the ‘maize strategy’: leaf N content, photosynthetic capacity, and ultimately radiation use efficiency is more sensitive to nitrogen limitation than are leaf area expansion and light interception. The generality of the findings is discussed and it is suggested that at canopy level species showing the ‘potato strategy’ can be recognized from little effect of nitrogen supply on radiation use efficiency, while the reverse is true for species showing the ‘maize strategy’ for adaptation to N limitation.     

不同年代育成大豆叶片氮含量的变化及其与净光合速率的关系

为了解大豆品种遗传改良过程中叶片氮含量的变化及其与净光合速率的关系,对吉林省1923年-2004年间育成的21个大豆品种的叶片氮含量和光合特性进行了研究。结果表明,叶片氮含量与育成年代在R2期和R6期呈极显著或显著正相关,但在R4期呈不显著负相关。在R2期和R6期,大豆品种间叶片单位叶面积氮含量增长率明显大于净光合速率增长率,导致了氮素光合利用效率与育成年代呈极显著或显著负相关;在R4期,现代品种叶片单位叶面积氮含量低于老品种,而净光合速率仍高于老品种,导致了氮素光合利用效率与育成年代呈显著正相关。叶片氮含量高,叶绿素含量就高,净光合速率也高,但氮素光合利用效率却低;可将R4期氮素光合利用效率作为高产品种选育的一个指标。       

利用小孢子培养技术创建高含油量甘蓝型油菜

以具备高含油量品质的甘蓝型油菜品系1481、1489以及1481×206的F1代为供体材料，对影响游离小孢子胚胎发生的部分因素——供体植株基因型、小孢子培养密度、小孢子培养的合适时期进行了研究，同时采用近红外反射光谱分析技术对高含油量甘蓝型油菜品系1481和1489获得的DH系种子含油量进行了测定。研究结果表明：材料1481的小孢子产胚量较高，达34.9个/蕾；三种材料的小孢子培养合适密度均为3蕾/皿；大田种植的甘蓝型油菜产胚量以初花至初花后1周左右的时间最高；所获得的40个DH系含油量中有21个DH系的含油量与对照中双4号的含油量之间存在显著差异，有13个DH系的含油量比供体亲本高，其中WD-33、WD-34两个DH系的含油量高达47%以上，可以作为选育或转育高含油量新品种的材料。     

The influence of nitrogen fertilization on the chemical composition of vegetables

Summary During the period of 1972–1974, analyses were made at the Experimental Station at Aarslev to determine the chemical composition of the edible parts of vegetables grown in soils to which different amounts of nitrogen fertilizers had been applied, namely, 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg N per ha.The experiment comprised 19 different species of vegetables divided into the following 5 groups: 1. Cucumbers and dwarf beans, 2. Leaf crops, 3. Head cabbage, 4. Root crops and 5. Leeks and onions. Once or several times during the period of growth sets of samples were taken from each of the 19 species, each set comprising 5 samples, one from each of the 5 N levels, totalling 66 sets of samples.The variation ascertained from one set of samples to another was often greater than the variation between the individual samples taken on the various N. levels from the same set of samples.The variation between the different species was great, especially as regards the nitrate concentrations.

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Zusammenfassung Von 1972–1974 wurden an der Versuchsanstalt Aarslev Analysen durchgeführt um die chemische Zusammensetzung der essbaren Teile von Gemüssen zu prüfen. Die Gemüse mit verschiedenen Stickstoffdüngern in verschiedenen Böden herangezogen waren nach folgendem Düngeplan 0, 50, 100, 200 unr 400 kg/ha mit Stickstoff versorgt.Die Versuche umfaszten 19 verschiedene Gemüsearten. Sie waren in folgende 5 Gruppen eingeteilt: 1. Gurken und Buschbohnen, 2. Blattgemüse, 3. Kopfkohl, 4. Würzelgemüse und 5. Poree und Küchenzwiebeln. Einmal oder mehrmals während der Vegetationszeit wurden Üntersuchungsproben von jeder der 19 Arten entnommen. Jede der 5 Proben enthielt 5 N-Steigerungen, insgesamt 66 Versuchsproben.Die Variation, die von einer Probe zu anderen ermittelt wurde, war oftmals gröszer als die Variation zwischen den einzelnen Proben, die von den verschiedenen N-Stufen derselben Probeentnahme stammten.Die Variation zwischen den verschiedenen Arten war grosz insbesondere bezüglich der Nitrat-Konzentrationen.

     

The effects of phosphorus and form of nitrogen supply on leaf cell size and nutrient content in Trifolium repens and Lotus uliginosus

White clover (Grasslands Huia) and lotus (Grasslands Maku) were grown in pots of soil at a range of phosphorus supply, and reliant on symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SN plants) or entirely on mineral nitrogen (MN plants). Shoots increased in weight with phosphorus supply. White clover MN shoots were bigger than those of SN plants except at the lowest level of phosphorus supply; lotus MN shoots were only bigger than SN shoots at the highest level of phosphorus supply. Leaf growth rate and size increased with phosphorus supply but were not significantly affected by the nitrogen treatments.
Estimates of cell size were made by determining DNA concentration, by digestion of tissue followed by counting and by taking vinyl impressions of epidermal cell surfaces. Lotus cells are bigger than those of white clover. 'Digested' cell sizes were not significantly affected by changes in phosphorus supply. Epidermal cell size increased with phosphorus supply, but the relationship was weaker in SN than in MN plants. Methods which give values for 'average' cell size are capable of detecting large-scale differences, but methods able to resolve cell heterogeneity are necessary for an accurate picture of the relationship between leaf growth and cellular nutrition.
Average concentrations of total and inorganic phosphorus on a DNA basis did not differ between the species, contrary to concentrations on a dry weight basis, indicating that differences in phosphorus efficiency can be partly explained on the basis of average differences in cell size. Differences in inorganic phosphorous on a DNA basis at higher levels of supply suggested an additional intrinsic difference in cellular accumulation of inorganic phosphorus between the two species.     

Effect of nitrogen root zone fertilization on rice yield,uptake and utilization of macronutrient in lower reaches of Yangtze River,China

Improper application of nitrogen (N) has led to high N losses and low N use efficiency in the lower reaches of Yangtze River in China. An effective method to solve such problems is the deep fertilized N in root zone (RZF). Limited information is available on the effect of RZF on the uptake of macronutrients (N, P and K) and rice yield. Field experiments, conducted from 2014 to 2015, compared the farmer fertilizer practice (FFP, with 225 kg ha^?1 of N, split into three doses) and RZF using the same rate but placing N 5 cm away from rice roots in holes 10 cm deep (RZF10) or 5 cm deep (RZF5) as a single application. The highest mean yield (10.0 t ha^?1) was obtained in RZF10, which was 19.5% more than that in FFP. Root zone fertilization of urea (whether 10 cm deep or 5 cm deep) resulted in greater accumulation of N, P and K in stem, leaf sheaths, leaf blades and grains compared to that in FFP in sandy and in loam soils. The uptake of N, P and K was the highest in RZF10 (average at 176.7, 66.2 and 179.1 kg ha^?1, respectively), higher than that in FFP by 45.0, 17.0 and 22.6%, respectively. N apparent recovery efficiency was markedly higher in RZF10 (53.1%) than in FFP (27.5%). RZF10 significantly increased the N, P, K uptake compared with FFP under different N rates in both sandy and loam soils. These results suggest that the N, P and K input amount should be re-determined under RZF.     

The influence of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on the cooking quality of potatoes

Summary The assessment system, worked out by the “Potato Quality” Working Group of the E.A.P.R. for the investigation of varieties, proved to be a useful system for investigating the influence of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on the cooking quality of potatoes. In addition to the influence of variety and “year” potassium, and especially nitrogen fertilization were in certain cases very important to the texture of cooked potatoes, but the response of the potatoes to fertilization greatly depends on other growing conditions, in this case possibly the quantity of water in the soil. Whenever nitrogen had any influence on texture properties, theEigenheimer variety always responded with a decrease in mealiness and dryness and with an increase in consistency, but the response of theLibertas variety was sometimes curvilinear. The influence of potassium was not very clear, although in most cases the specific gravity of the potatoes showed a marked response. No interaction between nitrogen and potassium fertilization with respect to texture was ever observed. The response of the foliage of the potatoes in the field, the yield and the specific gravity of the harvested potatoes afforded a very poor indication of the response of texture properties to fertilization. The colour of cooked potatoes of theEigenheimer variety was in some cases influenced by nitrogen fertilization, yellowness decreasing with increasing nitrogen fertilization. The influence of “year” on after-cooking discoloration was considerable, but fertilization also had a great influence, especially in the case of theLibertas variety, discoloration increasing with increasing nitrogen fertilization. Potassium fertilization sometimes counteracted to a certain extent the detrimental effect of nitrogen and in some cases the influence of nitrogen was greater when the potassium level was lower. As there were frequent interactions between “years” and fertilization this means that the response of after-cooking discoloration to fertilization probably depends on other growing conditions.

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Zusammenfassung Die w?hrend den Jahren 1957, 1958 und 1959 angelegten Feldversuche hatten den Zweck, den Einfluss der Stickstoff- und Kalidüngung auf die Speisequalit?t der Kartoffeln zu überprüfen. Als Düngermengen wurden den beiden VersuchssortenLibertas undEigenheimer 0, 60, 120, 180 und 240 kg N/ha in Kombination mit 0, 150 und 300 kg K₂O/ha abgegeben. Die Bonitierung der Speisequalit?t erfolgte nach dem durch die der Europ. Gesellschaft für Kartoffelforschung angeschlossenen Arbeitsgruppe “Qualit?tsprüfung” ausgearbeiteten Beurteilungsschema. Geprüft wurden jeweils drei Knollenmuster pro Düngungsnorm. Die Prüfungen wurden durch zwei eingearbeitete Experten getrennt durchgeführt. Nebst der Sorte und dem Versuchsjahr war unter bestimmten Bedingungen der Einfluss der Kali-und vor allem der Stickstoffdüngung auf die Textureigenschaften der Knolle bedeutend, doch letzteres trat nicht auf allen Versuchsfeldern in Erscheinung und schien auch ziemlich unabh?ngig vom Einfluss der Düngung auf den Ertrag und auf das spezifische Gewicht der Knolle zu sein. Es konnte auf mehreren Versuchsfeldern ein deutlicher Einfluss der Düngung auf die Krautentwicklung, den Ertrag und das spezifische Gewicht nachgewiesen werden, ohne dass sich dies auf eine Ver?nderung der Textureigenschaften der Knolle ausgewirkt h?tte. Teilweise konnte aber auch das Gegenteilige beobachtet werden. Wenn ein Einfluss der N-Düngung auf die Textur (Zerkochen, innere und ?ussere Mehligkeit, Trockenheit und Konsistenz) festzustellen war, so ?usserte er sich bei der SorteEigenheimer durch eine Abnahme der Mehligkeit und Trockenheit und eine Zunahme der Konsistenz, w?hrenddem sich beiLibertas eine Optimumkurve herausstellte. Der Einfluss von Kali war nicht deutlich. So nahm in einigen F?llen beiLibertas die Konsistenz, beiEigenheimer die Mehligkeit zu, doch konnte auch der umgekehrte Fall eintreten. Auf Grund der bisweilen zwischen dem Jahrgang und der Düngung festgestellten Interaktionen darf angenommen werden, dass der Einfluss der Düngung auf die Textureigenschaften deutlich von den übrigen Wachstumsbedingungen abh?ngig ist. In dieser Beziehung muss auch an die Unterschiede in der Bodenfeuchtigkeit gedacht werden, doch ist diesbezüglich unser Material zu gering, um sichere Rückschlüsse zu ziehen. Im Gegensatz zur SorteLibertas, wo die Düngung auf die Fleischafarbe der gekochten Knollen praktisch keinen Einfluss ausübte, war bei der SorteEigenheimer in einigen F?llen ein Aufhellen des Fleisches mit zunehmender N-Düngung feststellbar. Speziell beiLibertas übten Jahrgang und Düngung einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die Intensit?t der Verf?rbung des Knollenfleisches nach dem Kochprozess aus. Mit steigenden N-Gaben nahm die Verf?rbung merklich zu. Unter gewissen Bedingungen wirkte die Kalidüngung der nachteiligen Wirkung des Stickstoffes entgegen. Anderseits war in einigen F?llen eine Interaktion zwischen diesen beiden N?hrstoffen zu erkennen: mit abnehmender Kali-Düngung nahm der Einfluss des Stickstoffes zu. Im weitern kam manchmal auch eine Interaktion zwischen dem Jahrgang und der Düngung zum Ausdruck, so dass die Schlussfolgerung gezogen werden muss, dass die Reaktion der Verf?rbung des Knollenfleisches auf die Düngung ebenfalls von andern Wachstumsfaktoren beeinflusst wird.

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Résumé Dans le but d'apprécier l'influence de la fumure sur la qualité culinaire des pommes de terre, nous avons organisé nos essais de la fa?on suivante: Les diverses parcelles expérimentales re?urent: 0, 60, 120, 180 et 240 unités d'azote à l'hectare, ainsi que 0, 150 ou 300 unité de potasse à l'hectare pour les variétés considérées:Libertas etEigenheimer, durant les années 1957, 1958 et 1959. Les essais furent successivement conduits en sol sablonneux sec et en sol sablonneux humide. La qualité culinaire fut appréciée au moyen de trois échantillons pour chacune des deux variétés, par deux experts utilisant à cet effet un barème de taxation selon les dispositions définies par le groupe “Qualité de la pomme de terre” de l'Association européenne pour la recherche sur la pomme de terre. En dehors de l'effet attribuable à la variété et à l'année, la fumure potassique et surtout la fumure azotée ont une influence propre sur les propriétés de la texture. Cette influence ne se manifeste pas sur tous les champs d'essais et de plus, le rendement et le poids spécifique n'y sont guère sensibles. On pouvait remarquer dans quelques cas, soit une influence importante de la fumure sur le développement de l'appareil végétatif, sur le rendement et sur le poids spécifique et aucune sur la composition de la texture, soit le contraire. Si on observait une influence de la fumure azotée sur la texture (l'état farineux, la consistance de la chair et la sécheresse) celle-ci se manifestait avecEigenheimer par une diminution de l'état farineux, de la sécheresse et par une augmentation de la fermeté, tandis que surLibertas. on notait une courbe maxima. Dans certains cas, la consistance des tubercules deLibertas et l'état farineux desEigenheimer augmentaient avec la quantité de potasse apportée, mais on pouvait aussi constater le contraire. Comme il y avait un certain rapport entre l'année et la fumure apportée, on pouvait penser que la modification des propriétés de la texture lui est due. On pourrait aussi penser que l'humidité du sol joue un r?le, mais nos données sont insuffisantes pour pouvoir étre affirmatif. AvecLibertas, la couleur des tubercules cuits variat très peu en fonction de la fumure, mais avecEigenheimer ils devenaient moins jaunes avec une augmentation du nombre d'unités d'azote. Spécialement avecLibertas, le noircissement après cuisson, dont l'importance est proportionnelle à la quantité d'azote apportée, était aussi influencé par l'année. On put aussi remarquer que, dans certains cas, la potasse faisait diminuer l'effet du noircissement d? à l'azote. Enfin, comme on a vu qu'il peut y avoir une relation entre l'année et la fumure apportée, le fait d'observer une augmentation du noircissement en fonction de la fumure n'est pas suffisant pour conclure. Il faut aussi rechercher d'autres causes intervenant durant la végétation.

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The author was stationed at the Provinciaal Onderzoekeentru voor de Landbouw in Drenthe, Oostersingel 21a, Assen, Netherlands, by the Institute for Storage and Processing of Agricultural Produce (I.B.V.L.), Wageningen.     

Nitrogen fertilization value of compost and dried dung in soils with contrasting synthetic nitrogen fertilization histories

If the production of forage for dairy cattle is to become less reliant on synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers, there is need to better understand and account for the N contributed by on-farm and imported organic amendments. A 254-day aerobic soil incubation study (typical length of a growing season in many temperate dairying regions) quantified the inorganic (mineral) N supply from a commercial compost and dried bovine dung (i.e., on-farm effluent solids). Amendments were incubated in soils with contrasting synthetic N fertilization histories (i.e., 70–100 vs. 350–400 kg N/ha per year) to evaluate if higher synthetic N fertilization histories would reduce the lag time that often exists between organic amendment application and significant release of inorganic N for plant uptake. This proposition was based on previous research, which showed greater soil inorganic N availability accelerating organic amendment decomposition. Our experiment did find that the release of inorganic N from evaluated organic amendments was greater in soils with higher synthetic N fertilization histories, but that this effect was not apparent until after the first 6-months of this 9-month experiment. Despite this finding, soils with contrasting synthetic N fertilization histories were not found to differ in their initial inorganic N content, nor microbial activity or other physiochemical properties known to affect N mineralization. Our study highlighted the long-term vision needed when transitioning from synthetic N fertilizers to organic amendments, with most of the N present in the compost and dried dung remaining unavailable for forage production (i.e., remained bound in organic carbon-based molecules).     

Higher yields of hybrid rice do not depend on nitrogen fertilization under moderate to high soil fertility conditions

Background

Increasing rice yield with fewer external inputs is critical to ensuring food security, reducing environmental costs, and improving returns. Use of hybrid rice has expanded greatly in China due to its higher yield potential. Meanwhile, large and increasing amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizers have been used for expanding rice production in China. It is not clear to what extent the success of hybrid rice in China is associated with N fertilizer inputs.

Findings

We observed that the higher grain yield with N fertilizer in hybrid rice was driven more by a higher yield without N fertilizer than by increases in grain yield with N fertilizer under moderate to high soil fertility conditions.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that greater application of N fertilizers is not needed to benefit from hybrid rice production under moderate to high soil fertility conditions, and that improving and maintaining soil fertility should be a focus for sustaining hybrid rice production. Moreover, our study also indicates that zero-N testing may be a potentially useful tool to develop hybrid rice with high yield and without requirement of greater external N inputs under moderate to high soil fertility conditions.

     

平贝母不同表现类型的总生物碱含量测定

目的确定平贝母不同表现类型是否在总生物碱含量上存在差别,为其育种做准备。方法超声法提取总生物碱,比色法测定含量。结果平贝母常见的绿茎绿叶品系的总生物碱含量为0.1703%,另2种品系——紫茎紫叶、紫茎绿叶分别为0.1807%、0.1830%。结论不同平贝母表现类型在总生物碱含量上没在显著差异,需要转向对其他性状进行分析。