小麦籽粒形态及千粒重性状的QTL初步定位

为研究小麦籽粒形态及千粒重性状的QTL,以普通小麦6044和01-35为杂交组合构建的F8重组自交系（RIL）群体作为试验材料,在山东泰安（山东农业大学试验站）和莱阳（青岛农业大学试验站）两个环境下进行两年田间试验,利用Mapmaker/version 3.0和WinQTLCart软件通过复合区间作图法进行QTL初步定位,在两年两个环境下共检测到12个相关QTL位点,其中关于粒长的2个QTL分别位于2A和2B染色体上,可解释表型变异的25%和12%;4个粒厚QTL位于2A和6A染色体上,可解释表型变异的7%～10%;6个千粒重相关QTL位于染色体2A、4A和6A连锁群上,可解释表型变异的6%～25%;而粒宽QTL在两个地点上都没有检测到。其中相关性高的性状间有一些共同的QTL,表现出一因多效或紧密连锁效应。     

辣椒花器性状的遗传分析

估算辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)花器性状的遗传变异系数和遗传力,结果表明,柱头外露长、柱头宽和花宽的遗传变异系数较大,花宽、花长/花宽、花药长和柱头宽的遗传力较大,且遗传型变异系数较大的性状,它的遗传力不一定大。相关和通径分析结果表明,辣椒柱头外露长与花长、柱头长和花长/花宽间的遗传相关达显著或极显著水平,大多数情况下都是遗传型相关系数绝对值大于表型相关系数绝对值,花宽和花长/花宽对柱头外露长的直接作用较大。估算26个辣椒品种、9个花器性状的主成分值,并将其分为6类,数量分类的结果符合实际情况。当主成分的特征值的累计贡献率接近85%时,主成分值就能基本反映花器性状的遗传特征。比较不同的系统聚类方法,离差平方和法较好地适合用于辣椒品种花器性状的数量分类。     

Genetic analysis of seed‐related traits in smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis) under well‐watered and water‐stressed conditions

In forage grasses, knowledge about the genetic basis of seed production and its association with related traits under water stress is very limited. Half‐sib families derived from the polycross of twenty five smooth bromegrass genotypes were evaluated in the field in well‐watered and water‐stressed environments during 2012 and 2013. Results showed that drought stress had a negative effect on seed yield and reduced phenotypic variation for seed yield and agro‐morphological traits. High genotypic variation was observed among families for seed yield and its components. Narrow‐sense heritabilities (h²) ranged from 0·22 (flag leaf weight) to 0·81 (days to anthesis). These moderate‐to‐high heritability estimates for seed yield and its components indicate that phenotypic selection can be successful to achieve genetic progress for these traits. Seed yield had a positive correlation with 1000‐seed weight, number of ears per plant, number of seeds per panicle, seed weight per panicle and panicle length.     

Boll size affects the insecticidal protein content in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic cotton has been planting in large-scale for more than 10 years in China. It was observed that resistance to bollworm was reduced with the application of big-boll cultivars in China. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of boll size on the contents of CryIA insecticidal protein in boll shell and cotton seed during the course of boll development. Two experiments were conducted at the Yangzhou University Farm, Yangzhou, China. In 2004, three cultivars including Sikang 1 (small-boll), Xiangza 3 (medium-boll) and Kemian 3 (big-boll) were compared for boll shell volume and 100-seed weight from 10 to 40 days after flowering (DAF), and insecticidal protein contents in boll shell and cotton seed from 10 to 50 DAF. As expected, the differences between cultivars were significant for all the four characteristics. Cultivars with bigger boll shell volume had higher 100-seed weight but lower insecticidal protein contents in both of the boll shell and cotton seed. The correlation between boll size and boll insecticidal protein content was negative (−0.653). The correlation between 100-seed weight and cotton seed insecticidal protein content was significantly negative (−0.645). In 2005, leaf cut (LC) and square removal (SR) treatments were applied to Sikang 1 and Sikang 3. The boll shell volume and 100-seed weight were decreased by LR, but increased by SR. LC significantly enhanced and SR significantly reduced the insecticidal protein contents of boll shell and cotton seed. The correlation between boll size and boll insecticidal protein content (−0.870) and the correlation between 100-seed weight and cotton seed insecticidal protein content were both highly significant and negative (−0.841). Therefore, the results of the study indicated that the boll insecticidal protein content was significantly affected by boll size. The implications of the observed results in breeding, cultural practices and pest management were discussed.     

春小麦新春31号种子活力与穗位和籽粒成熟度的关系

为确定新疆主栽春小麦品种新春31号的种子活力与穗位、成熟度的关系,分别在花后15d、20d、25d、30d、35d收获穗上部、中部和下部种子,测量种子长、宽、厚、千粒重等性状,并通过发芽实验分析发芽率、幼苗高度、干鲜重等种子活力指标。结果表明,花后35d收获的穗中部种子发芽率、发芽势均最高。在同一部位,随着收获期的延迟,种子长度、宽度、厚度、千粒重、幼苗干鲜重和种子活力指数呈明显的上升趋势,种子活力指数表现为中部穗位下部穗位上部穗位。经逐步回归分析,种子活力与千粒重和籽粒宽度的相关性最好,因此这两个指标可用作筛选高活力种子的主要指标。     

小麦粒重相关分子标记Xgwm46等位变异的鉴定与评价

为评价粒重相关SSR标记Xgwm46在小麦分子育种工作中的应用效果,以442份黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)为材料,鉴定了Xgwm46标记等位变异类型及其分布频率,分析了Xgwm46标记等位变异类型与千粒重、粒长、粒宽和籽粒面积的关联性,并进一步探讨了各种等位变异的育种价值。结果表明,Xgwm46标记可以检测出A、B、C三种类型的等位变异,分布频率分别为31.90%、55.20%和12.90%。关联分析表明,B类型与C类型材料的千粒重(P0.001)、粒长(P0.05)、粒宽(P0.001)和籽粒面积(P0.001)等粒重性状的差异都达到显著水平,而且B类型与粒重性状均呈显著正相关,C类型与粒重性状均呈显著负相关。B类型比C类型的材料平均粒长长0.16mm,粒宽宽0.10mm,籽粒面积大0.81mm2,千粒重重1.98g,其等位变异效应较突出。总之,Xgwm46标记适合用于小麦粒重农艺性状的鉴定与筛选,其中,B类型是粒重性状优异的等位变异,可应用于小麦分子标记辅助选择育种。     

麻疯树优良单株筛选重要性状评价指标研究

利用方差分析、相关分析、因子分析和通径分析等方法,对筛选到的20株麻疯树优良单株的产量性状指标和种子特性等进行分析,结果表明:(1)单株果数、单株种子数、单株果重和单株种子重的变异系数均大于60%,具有较大的选择潜力,而百粒重、种子长度、种子宽度、种子厚度、种子含水量和种子含油量的变异系数分别为9.09%、1.67%、1.99%、2.04%、11.84%和7.02%,相对选择潜力较小;(2)单株果数、单株种数、单株果重和单株种子重4个性状反映了单株产量,且相互间呈极显著正相关,百粒重则反映了种子饱满程度,因此可选取单株种重和百粒重作为麻疯树优良单株筛选评价的主要指标;(3)种子含油量可在将来获得麻疯树高产稳产品种的基础上作为高油品种的筛选评价指标;(4)优良单株CPT1的单株种重、百粒重和种子含油量分别为676.84g、62.04g和34.43%,其产量性状和含油量表现较好,可作为生产上优良品种进一步筛选和培育的对象。     

怒江流域杧果种质资源果实性状评价与分析

2005～2011年,对怒江流域杧果种质资源进行收集及鉴定评价(主要包括果实形状、果实重量、果皮颜色、果肉颜色、胚性、可食率、可溶性固形物和风味等)。结果表明：在调查的50份杧果种质资源中,无论是从果实的大小、颜色、胚性等方面都存在着一些优良的种质资源;在杧果果实品质性状间相关性分析发现,单果重、果实长度、果实宽度、种子长度间的相关系数均呈极显著正相关,可食率和种子重量间的相关系数呈显著正相关,可溶性固形物除与果宽和果厚呈显著负相关外,与其他性状间的相关系数均未呈现显著相关。怒江流域杧果种质资源存在着丰富的优异性状,这些优异性状为杧果的品种选育及品种改良创造了良好的基础。     

Genetic architecture, inter-relationship and selection criteria for yield improvement in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

This study has been conducted to determine the extent of genetic association between yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its components. The present experiment was carried out with 40 Rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes which were evaluated in a randomized block design with 3 replications during wet season of 2007 and 2008. Results showed that sufficient amount of variability was found in the entire gene pool for all traits studied. Higher magnitude of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation was recorded for seed yield, harvest index, biological yield, number of spikelets per panicle, flag leaf length, plant height and number of tillers indicates that these characters are least influence by environment. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was registered for seed yield, harvest index, number of spikelets per panicle, biological yield and flag leaf length, suggesting preponderance of additive gene action in the expression of these characters. Grain yield was significantly and positively associated with harvest index, number of tillers per hill, number of panicle per plant, panicle length, number of spikelet's per panicle and test weight at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path coefficient analysis revealed that harvest index, biological yield, number of tillers per hill, panicle length, number of spikelets per panicle, plant height and test weight had direct positive effect on seed yield, indicating these are the main contributors to yield. From this study it may be concluded that harvest index, number of tillers per hill, panicle length and number of spikelet per panicle and test weight are the most important characters that contributed directly to yield. Thus, these characters may serve selection criteria for improving genetic potential of rice.     

小黑麦种子外观品质性状的遗传研究

为研究小黑麦外观品质性状的遗传规律,利用SD 04-1等6个小黑麦品种进行完全双列杂交,采用胚乳性状的遗传模型及其分析方法对亲本和F1所结种子的粒长、粒宽、粒厚等性状进行遗传分析.结果表明,种子外观性状的表现同时受制于胚乳核基因、母体植株基因和细胞质基因三套遗传体系.控制种子粒长的遗传效应主要是种子直接加性效应(VA=0.138**),种子的粒宽、粒厚、长宽比和长厚比的遗传效应主要受母体显性效应控制(母体遗传方差占总遗传方差的35.59%～51.52%),粒长和粒厚存在细胞质效应.研究还发现,小黑麦粒长、长宽比、长厚比以胚乳直接遗传率为主,粒厚的细胞质遗传率也达到了极显著水平.就外观性状总体情况而言,参试亲本以P1 (SD 04-1)、P3(04草鉴3)为好,其三种遗传效应能显著改善多数外观性状.     

澳洲坚果种质资源叶片表型多样性分析及其数量分类研究

以86份澳洲坚果种质资源为试材,分析澳洲坚果种质叶片表型多样性,并根据其多样性进行数量分类。结果表明:8个描述性状平均变异类型3.8个,嫩叶颜色和叶片形状的变异类型最为丰富,各为5个;4个数量性状中,叶柄长度的变异系数最大为23.33%,叶片宽度的变异系数最小为13.59%;Q型聚类分析将86份种质资源在欧氏距离为6.85时分为光壳种及光壳种与粗壳种的杂交种2个组群;R型聚类分析将12个表型性状在相关系数1.16处聚为4组,多数性状表现两两相关;主成分分析结果将12个表型性状简化为5个主成分,解释的总变异为71.120 9%,更为直观展现了叶片表型特点,其结果与聚类分析基本一致。因此,澳洲坚果种质资源的叶片表型存在丰富的多样性,叶序、嫩叶颜色、叶尖形状、叶缘形状、叶缘刺、叶柄长度、叶形指数对数量分类起重要作用,基于叶片表型多样性的数量分类为构建澳洲坚果种质分类体系具有一定的应用价值。     

玉米子粒性状和子粒赖氨酸含量的相关及通径分析

以28份玉米自交系为材料,对9个子粒性状与子粒赖氨酸含量进行了相关和通径分析。结果表明,油分、胚重、胚比(胚重与胚乳重的比值)、胚乳硬度等级与赖氨酸含量呈显著或极显著正相关;淀粉含量、密度(粒重与体积之比)、胚乳重与赖氨酸含量呈显著或极显著负相关;百粒重和粗蛋白含量与赖氨酸含量相关不显著。各子粒性状对赖氨酸含量的直接影响力大小依次为胚比>胚重>胚乳重>胚乳硬度等级>密度>油分>淀粉含量>粗蛋白含量>百粒重。其中,胚比对子粒赖氨酸含量起关键作用。     

Variation in Seed Shape and Husk Color in Japanese Native Cultivars of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Abstract

The variation in seed shape and husk color was investigated in 56 Japanese native cultivars of common buckwheat. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the cultivars in seed shape characteristics and husk colors. The 1000-seed weight (1000-SW) ranged widely, from 20.4 to 39.0 g, among the cultivars. The cultivars collected from the Kanto region of the mainland had a large length and width of seed and heavy 1000-SW. On the other hand, the cultivars from the Chugoku and Shikoku regions of Japan had a small length and width of seed. The length and width of seeds showed a high positive correlation. The cultivars with a high 1000-SW showed a slight difference between length and width of seed and were typically the triangular type in seed shape. The length/width ratio (L/W) depended on the width rather than the length of seed, though both were negatively correlated with the L/W. Highly positive correlations were found among the L*, a* and b* husk color value. The L* showed a highly positive correlation with growth duration, and the husk color of the cultivars became more deep black as growth duration decreased. The husk color of the cultivars from the Kyushu region (long growth duration) was grayish brown, but that of the cultivars from Nagano Pref. (the shortest growth duration) was characterized as typically deep black. The cultivars collected at lower latitude regions tended to have a lighter color of husk than those from higher latitude regions. The cultivars from the Tohoku region showed a smaller variation for seed size characteristics and 1000-SW, and the cultivars from the Kyushu region showed a smaller variation for husk color.     

波兰小麦×普通小麦品系“中13”RIL群体籽粒特性的QTL定位

小麦籽粒特性与籽粒产量和品质密切相关。本研究以波兰小麦(Tiriticum polonicum L.)×普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品系"中13"杂交组合衍生的99个F8重组自交系(Recombinant inbred lines,RIL)群体为材料,利用SSR分子标记构建连锁遗传图谱。根据两年实验数据,利用复合区间作图法对粒重、粒长和粒宽3个籽粒特性相关性状进行了QTL定位分析,共检测到12个与籽粒特性相关的加性QTL位点。其中,3个粒重QTL,1个位于1A染色体上,另外2个都在2A染色体上,单个QTL可解释表型变异的13.35%～20.04%;5个粒长QTL,其中2个位于2A染色体上,其余3个分别位于3A、5A和2B染色体上,单个QTL可解释表型变异的8.53%～21.03%;4个粒宽QTL,分别位于1A、2A、3B和5B染色体上,单个QTL可解释表型变异的9.76%～40.79%。在2A染色体上共检测到5个籽粒特性相关性状的QTL,表明2A染色体与籽粒特性关系密切。     

芝麻产量性状与品质性状的典型相关分析

以15个芝麻品种(品系)为材料,根据生物学意义将15个性状归纳为4个性状组,对性状和性状组基因 型值进行相关分析和典型相关分析,并建立了由多个农艺性状间接改良品质性状的综合选择指数。结果表明:对 单株产量影响最大的因素是农艺性状(株高、果轴长、始蒴部位)和产量构成因子(蒴粒数、千粒重) ,而且农艺性状 与产量构成因子以正相关为主,因此可以同步改良农艺性状和产量构成因子以进一步提高产量潜力;含油量与主 要农艺性状、产量构成因子以及种子容重呈正相关,而与粒宽和蛋白质含量呈显著负相关,因此含油量和产量可以 协调发展,同步提高,而且可以通过籽粒性状间接辅助选择高产、高含油量的芝麻新品种。     

Correlation studies on 1000-true-seed weight,tuber yield and other morphological traits in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Summary Simple phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlation coefficients were calculated from one year's data for nine characters in F₁ seedlings of 72 crosses and 18 parents of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Crosses were made in a line x tester model having 12 female lines and six male testers. The experiment was designed as a randomized block replicated three times at Kufri, Simla (India) during the 1979–80 crop season. Positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations of 1000-TPS weight were found with total tuber yield, number of leaves on the main shoot, number of shoots per plant and harvest index. The results suggest that 1000-TPS weight could be used when attempting to select for yield and other characters in F₁ seedlings. Adapted from a thesis submitted and approved for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Agra University.     

不同种源多油辣木的形态变异分析

为揭示不同种源多油辣木(Moringa oleifera Lam.)的形态多样性、变异程度以及各种源的表型特点.对云南省引种栽培的世界范围内10个种源多油辣木的15个表型数量性状和质量性状进行差异性研究.结果表明,不同种源多油辣木的形态学特征存在广泛的变异,其中复叶长变异幅度最大,变异范围为6.052～14.325 c...     

Genetic variability,heritability and genetic advance in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L) genotypes for seed yield and other agronomic traits

The experiment was conducted using simple lattice design with two replication and the trails was totally consisted fifty six genotypes. Data on seed yield and other Agronomic traits were used to estimate the genetic variability parameters, heritability and genetic advance (GA). Analysis of variance revealed highly significant and significant difference for all studied traits. Evaluated characters were exhibited different levels of variability, heritability and genetic advance among the studied genotypes. Low to high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were recorded. The highest GCV and PVC values were found particularly for lodging percent (76.65% and 90.63%), harvest index (42.26% and 47.92%) yield per hectare (41.23% and 48.19%) and number of capsule per branch (30.81% and 37.25%) respectively, whereas low GCV and PCV (8.27% and 9.73% respectively) manifested for days to maturate. The highest broad sense heritability value manifested for harvest index (77.78%) followed by seed yield per hectare (73.21%), while lowest heritability (3.78%) revealed only for seed per capsule. In present study low to moderate genetic advance were manifested and high heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean (>50) was recorded for lodging percentage, number of capsule per branch, seed yield per hectare and harvest index, indicating predominance of additive gene action for these characters. Therefore the result of this study suggests existence of variability for seed yield and other agronomic traits in these linseed genotypes, which should be exploited in future breeding.     

基于RIL群体的小麦籽粒性状与品质特性关系分析

为了探究预测小麦品质的方法,利用以小麦品种川农17与绵阳11为亲本构建的重组自交系群体为研究材料(共169个家系),分析了其籽粒性状和品质特性及二者之间的关系。结果表明,小麦粒长与降落值、面团形成时间和面团稳定时间呈极显著负相关,粒宽与沉降值、湿面筋含量和面筋指数呈极显著负相关,千粒重与降落值、沉降值、面团形成时间和面团稳定时间呈极显著负相关,容重与降落值、面团形成时间和面团稳定时间呈极显著正相关,与沉降值、湿面筋含量和面筋指数呈极显著负相关。粒长、千粒重和容重决定了降落值总变异的77.9%,粒长和千粒重决定了沉降值总变异的35.0%,容重和千粒重决定了面团形成时间总变异的50.7%,容重和千粒重决定了面团稳定时间总变异的49.3%,粒长、粒宽和容重决定了湿面筋含量总变异的51.0%,容重决定了面筋指数总变异的45.7%。说明在小麦品质育种中,粒长、粒宽、千粒重和容重可作为预测小麦品质优劣的选择指标。     

Variation in inflorescence characters and inflorescence development in ecotypes and cultivars of Lolium perenne L.

A sufficient database of seed yield components is the prerequisite to predict which component contributes most to the seed yield complex and to dissect the biology of the complex quantitative trait seed yield. Phenotypic variation of eleven vegetative and reproductive traits was characterized for 2481 individuals from fifty Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) ecotypes and cultivars. Considerable levels of among‐ and within‐population variation were found across several inflorescence characters. Principal component and canonical variate analysis separated ecotypes from cultivars, and cultivars generally had later dates of ear emergence, better spring and summer growth, longer rachis length and more spikelets per spike than ecotypes. Strong positive relationships were seen between inflorescence characters using both correlation and regression analyses. The strong relationship between rachis length and other inflorescence characters suggested that rachis length could be used as a performance predictor for several other characters of the spike. This phenotypic study has helped to determine basic patterns of morphological diversity and correlations between characters. It is discussed in which way further developmental genetic studies can be directed.