鸡胚原始生殖细胞的冷冻保存和体外培养

采用Ficoll密度梯度离心,提取第19期(孵化72h)鸡受精蛋性腺中的原始生殖细胞(primordialgermcells,PGCs),用不同的冷冻保护液对PGCs采用提纯后直接冷冻保存和在培养体系中培养24h后再进行冷冻保存,7d后复苏,用台盼蓝染色检测其存活率,并用PAS染色对冷冻后的PGCs进行特异性鉴定。复苏后的PGCs在培养体系中培养5d后,更换为培养体系继续培养,进行体外分化试验。结果如下分离后直接进行冷冻保存的PGCs复苏后存活率最高为(85.93±1.24)%;复苏后的PGCs在培养体系中培养48h后进行了PAS染色鉴定,结果PGCs呈PAS阳性(细胞核不着色,细胞质呈红色),表明PGCs的染色特性没有因冷冻保存和体外培养而发生改变;复苏后的PGCs在培养体系中培养可形成细胞克隆,当把PGCs更换到培养体系培养5d后,PGCs克隆有的仍保持克隆状态,但体积缩小,克隆中细胞排列紧密,颜色较深,有的克隆由鸟巢状变为不规则形,且在克隆周围形成类神经细胞样细胞。而经体外培养后再进行冷冻保存的PGCs,复苏后存活率最高为(42.26±1.36)%。     

鸡胚成纤维细胞的冷冻保存

试验研究了不同的冷冻保护液、不同的平衡方法对鸡胚成纤维细胞活力的影响及细胞复苏后的培养情况。结果表明,冷冻保护液Ⅰ和冷冻保护液Ⅱ对细胞的保护效果差异不显著(P>0 05),冷冻保护液Ⅲ对细胞的保护效果优于冷冻保护液Ⅰ和冷冻保护液Ⅱ,并且差异极显著(P<0 01);平衡方法Ⅰ和平衡方法Ⅱ对细胞的存活率影响差异不显著(P>0 05)。复苏后的鸡胚成纤维细胞于体外培养时存在贴壁迟缓,前期生长速度较慢等现象。     

鸡胚19期原始生殖细胞慢速冷冻和玻璃化冷冻保存的研究

本研究对发育至第19期的鸡胚性腺原始生殖细胞(primordial germ cells，PGCs)分离提纯后，在DMEM中添加冷冻保护剂DMSO（二甲基亚砜）、EG（乙二醇）、蔗糖、PVP（聚乙烯吡咯烷酮）分别组成6种慢速冷冻保护液和6种玻璃化冷冻保护液，进行超低温冷冻保存。复苏后苔盼蓝染色测定细胞存活率，体外接种培养、传代。结果：①慢速冷冻保存中，PGCs在慢速冷冻液V（10％EG+10% FBS+0.1 mol/L蔗糖）条件下复苏后存活率最高（92.20%），且与慢速冷冻液I（10％ DMSO+10% FBS）存活率之间差异显著（P<0.05）。②玻璃化冷冻保存中，PGCs在玻璃化冷冻液I（10% DMSO+10% EG+20% FBS+10% PVP）条件下复苏后存活率最高（84.15%），且与其余5种玻璃化冷冻液下复苏后存活率之间差异均极显著（P<0.01）。③培养传至第3代的慢速冷冻复苏后PGCs细胞和培养传至第2代的玻璃化冷冻复苏后PGCs细胞，PAS染色、AKP染色呈阳性并保持完整的二倍体核型。     

鸡胚原始生殖细胞(PGCs)玻璃化冷冻的研究

对发育至第19期和第28期鸡胚性腺原始生殖细胞（Primordial germ cells，PGCs），用6种玻璃化冷冻液1：10％DMS0＋10％EG＋10％PVP，Ⅱ：20％EG＋10％PVP，Ⅲ：20％DMSO＋10％PVP，Ⅳ：10％DMSO＋10％EG＋0．5mol／L Surcose，Ⅴ：20％EG＋0．5mol／LSurcose，Ⅵ：20％DMSO＋0．5mol／L Surcose进行冷冻保存。结果：第19期鸡胚PGCs玻璃化冷冻复苏后存活率，在冷冻液Ⅱ与Ⅳ之间差异不显著（P〉0．05），Ⅴ与Ⅵ之间差异显著（P〈0．05），其余各冷冻液之间差异均极显著（P〈0．01）。第28期鸡胚PGCs玻璃化冷冻复苏后存活率，在冷冻液Ⅳ与Ⅴ之间差异显著（P〈0．05），Ⅲ与Ⅳ、Ⅴ之间差异不显著（P〉0．05），Ⅱ与Ⅲ、Ⅳ之间差异不显著（P〉0．05），其余各玻璃化冷冻液之间差异均极显著（P〈0．01）。复苏后接种培养传至第2代的鸡胚PGCs细胞，PAS染色、AKP染色呈阳性并保持完整的二倍体核型。     

鸡胚胎原始生殖细胞对不同冷冻体系合适性的研究

目的：研究鸡胚胎原始生殖细胞（EPGCs）对不同冷冻体系的适合性。方法：对发育至第19期和第28期胚胎性腺PGCs，采用二甲基亚砜（DMSO）、乙二醇、聚乙二醇为冷冻保护液，在不同组合、不同浓度、不同的冷冻程序下进行超低温冷冻保存。结果：①采用同一种冷冻保护液，10%浓度与15％浓度之间，除DMSO＋乙二醇（冷冻保护液Ⅳ）外，其他类型的冷冻液对EPGCs保存后存活率的影响差异不显著（P〉0．05）；20%浓度的各种冷冻保护液对EPGCs保存后的存活率最低，且与10%和15％浓度相比差异显著（P〈0．05）或极显著（P〈0．01）；②采用同一种冷冻保护液，浓度为10%时，     

不同时期鸡胚原始生殖细胞的分离及存活时间的研究

采用Ficoll密度梯度离心，提取第14期(孵化53h)血液、第19期(孵化72h)和第28期(孵化132h)性腺中的PGCs．以比较这3个时期的PGCs在相同的体外培养条件下存活时间的差别。培养基为TCM-199，添加10％的小牛血清，不添加其他的细胞因子，培养后采用台盼蓝染色，以比较其在这种培养液中存活时间的差别。结果发现，第14期提取的PGCs存活时间最短，第19期的最长，第28期的介于两者之间。     

寿光鸡胚原始生殖细胞的形态和分布观察

采用连续切片法进行鸡胚胎显微观察,研究寿光鸡原始生殖细胞（PGCs）形态和分布规律。试验结果表明,PGCs在迁移过程中出现3次聚集高峰。第1次是在孵化19～22 h时聚集在生殖新月处;第2次是在孵化48～55 h时聚集在心脏和背主动脉中;第3次是孵化4~5 d时的生殖嵴中。生殖新月区的PGCs呈不规整的圆形或卵圆形,细胞内含有大量的糖原颗粒,血液中PGCs呈规整的圆形。性腺中PGCs呈圆形或卵圆形,有伪足。胞核均呈圆形或椭圆形,偏向细胞边缘。细胞直径为10~22.5 μm,细胞核的大小均为7.5 μm左右。     

四氯联苯对鸡胚性腺原始生殖细胞的毒性影响

采用四氯联苯处理发育至Ⅹ期的白来航鸡种蛋,孵化5.5天后取出胚胎进行全固定,用石蜡切片和PAS染色(高碘酸希夫试剂)研究四氯联苯对鸡胚性腺原始生殖细胞(PGCs)的影响.结果表明,四氯联苯对发育至5.5日胚龄的鸡胚性腺PGCs数量和结构有明显影响,但雌二醇处理的5.5日胚龄鸡胚PGCs数量变化不显著,其结构无明显变化.表明四氯联苯对5.5日胚龄的鸡胚性腺PGCs的影响主要来自于其毒性作用.     

鸡胚胎原始生殖细胞的体外培养

旨在对影响鸡胚胎原始生殖细胞（PGCs）体外培养、传代过程的各种影响因素进行探讨。将分离到的19期鸡胚胎生殖腺的PGCs在以鸡胚成纤维细胞（CEF）为饲养层，添加细胞因子的培养体系中进行培养、传代。经冷冻保存的PGCs在添加细胞因子的培养体系中能增殖，并具有分化能力。从细胞形态、集落形态、增殖生长能力、核型检测、碱性磷酸酶测定等方面对培养过程中的鸡胚胎PGCs进行检测。结果表明，采用传至3代的CEF为饲养层，多次离散法进行传代所获得的5代鸡胚胎PGCs不但能有效维持PGCs的未分化状态和正常二倍体核型，也具有其作为多能性胚胎干细胞的一系列特征。     

17β雌二醇对鸡胚原始生殖细胞体外培养的影响

为探讨17β雌二醇（E2）对体外鸡胚原始生殖细胞（EPGC）发育的影响,采用EDTA 胰酶解离法获得第28期鸡胚性腺中的PGCs,依据差速贴壁原理分离纯化PGCs,然后置于添加不同浓度 （0、5、10、20 ng/mL）17βE2的培养液中进行培养。结果显示,5 ng/mL 17βE2添加组与0 ng/mL 17βE2对照组相比,PGCs的发育能力无显著差异,而10 ng/mL和20 ng/mL 17βE2两添加组与0 ng/mL及5 ng/mL组相比,PGCs的发育能力差异显著（P<0.05）。但是,10 ng/mL和20 ng/mL 17βE2两添加组相比,PGCs的发育能力无显著差异。由此说明在体外环境中,一定浓度的17βE2（10 ng/mL、20 ng/mL）可促进鸡原始生殖细胞的发育。     

Attempt to produce nuclear transferred primordial germ cells using electrofusion in domestic chicken

As a step to develop a somatic nuclear transfer technique for avian species, an attempt to produce somatic nuclear transferred primordial germ cells (PGC) in the domestic chicken was carried out. Primordial germ cells and embryonic blood cells (EBC) were collected from 2‐day‐old embryos and the nuclei were transferred from EBC into PGC by electrofusion. The most efficient pearl chain was developed when a 350‐V/cm AC field was applied for 60 s. Cell fusion between PGC and EBC was most effective when 4‐kV/cm DC pulses, 60 µs pulse width, were applied three times to a cell suspension dispersed in 0.2 or 0.25 mol/L saccharose solution. The present results provide basic information for the production of somatic cell nuclear transferred chickens using PGC as the nuclear recipient.     

四氯联苯对鸡胚生殖新月原始生殖细胞分布的影响

为了探索四氯联苯(2,2′,5,5′)对鸡胚生殖新月原始生殖细胞(PGCs)分布的影响,本试验将四氯联苯注入种蛋的胚盘(第X期)处,在38℃,相对湿度60%,每2h45度转蛋的条件下孵化至原条期,通过不同方法检测原条期生殖新月明区、暗区及血液循环中的PGCs,探讨四氯联苯对胚盘生殖新月区PGCs分布的影响。结果表明,四氯联苯明显降低了原条期明区和血液中PGSs的数量(P<0.01),但对暗区PGCs的数量影响不明显。这说明四氯联苯对血液中PGCs的影响是由于降低了生殖新月明区PGCs的缘故,和暗区的PGCs无相关性。     

ZB transposon and chicken vasa homologue (Cvh) promoter interact to increase transfection efficiency of primordial germ cells in vivo

ABSTRACT

1. In order to increase the efficiency of generating transgenic chicken, this trial focused on two points: primordial germ cells (PGCs）transfection in vivo and a germline-specific promoter.

2. In order to transfect PGCs in vivo, two plasmids (pZB-CAG-GFP, pCMV-ZB）were co-injected into chicken embryos via the subgerminal cavity at Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) stage 2–3 or via blood vessel at HH stage 13–14. Results showed that the percentage of GFP+ embryos, viability and hatching rate of embryos injected at HH stage 13–14 were significantly higher than that at HH stage 2–3.

3. Two plasmid transposon systems were used for chicken embryo micro-injections. The donor plasmid, with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene, was mediated by the ZB transposon. The helper plasmid was a transposase expression vector driven by the promoter of the chicken vasa homologue (Cvh) gene or Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Results showed that 60.98% of gonads in Cvh group expressed GFP, which was 52.50% higher than seen in the CMV group. Only gonad tissue from the Cvh group showed any GFP signal, whereas both gonads and other tissues in the CMV group showed green fluorescence.

4. The data suggested that ZB transposon-mediated gene transfer was efficient for transfecting PGCs in vivo; the Cvh promoter drove the transposase gene specifically in the germline and increased the efficiency of germline transmission. Blood vessels injection at HH stage 13–14 may be a more efficient route for PGCs transfection in vivo.     

从原始生殖细胞分离和克隆兔的胚胎生殖细胞

研究采用 1 4～ 1 8d兔胎儿的生殖嵴及周围组织与其同源成纤维细胞共培养 ,低糖DMEM +1 0 %NBS +1 0 %FCS +1 0ng/mLLIF +1 0ng/mLSCF+0 1mol/Lβ 巯基乙醇 +1 0 0U/mL青霉素 +80U/mL链霉素作培养基 ,分离出兔原始生殖细胞 (PGC) ,克隆并多次传代。从原始生殖细胞 (PGC)中获得胚胎生殖细胞 (EG)细胞集落 ,1 4d胎儿原代观察到类EG细胞集落 ,传至 4代后丢失。 1 6d胎儿的类EG只传 2代 ,1 8d胎儿没有得到EG细胞集落。EG细胞具有干细胞的诸多特征 ,呈典型的团块状聚集生长 ,碱性磷酸酶 (AKP)染色呈阳性 ,在衰老饲养层的培养基中生长形成类胚体、上皮细胞、神经细胞和成纤维细胞等     

昆明白小鼠胚胎生殖细胞的分离与培养

以昆明白品系小鼠胎儿生殖嵴为材料，以不同的培养液分离培养胚胎生殖细胞（EG cells），发现小鼠胎儿肝细胞条件培养液的效果好于未添加白血病抑制因子（LIF）的基础培养液，而差于添加了1000IU／mL LIF的基础培养液。同时，试验对比了从不同胎龄胎儿分离培养原始生殖细胞（PGCs）的情况，鉴定了EG细胞的生物学特性；EG细胞经体外培养，可以分化为神经样细胞、上皮样细胞和简单类胚体。     

鸡睾丸生精上皮细胞冷冻保存研究

以广西土鸡为试验材料，利用两步酶解法从出壳后20～30日龄公鸡睾丸中获取生精上皮细胞，以含20％胎牛血清的DMEM为基础培养液，比较了不同浓度DMSO和蔗糖对生精上皮细胞冷冻保存效果的影响。结果表明：DMSO的最佳浓度为10％，添加蔗糖对冻存有害。以10％DMSO为防冻剂，复苏后生精上皮细胞原代混合培养可形成典型的精原干细胞集落，集落呈碱性磷酸酶（AKP）阳性，说明以10％DMSO为防冻剂的冷冻体系适合鸡睾丸生精上皮细胞的冷冻保存。     

Production of germ-line chimeras by the transfer of cryopreserved gonadal germ cells collected from 7- and 9-day-old chick embryos

Gonadal germ cells (GGC) were collected from the gonads of 7‐ or 9‐day‐old White Leghorn chick embryos and suspended in freezing medium containing 10% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The cell suspension was frozen at ?1°C/min. until the temperature reached ?80°C. Then, the cells were immersed in liquid nitrogen at ?196°C and stored for 3–4 months. Approximately 50 frozen/thawed GGC were injected into the dorsal aorta of each 2‐day‐old Rhode Island Red (RIR) embryo, from which blood was drawn before germ‐cell injection. The injected embryos were incubated until they hatched and the chicks were raised until sexually mature. On reaching sexual maturity, a progeny test was performed by mating recipient chicks with normal RIR of the opposite sex. Progenies were obtained from male germ cell recipients that were injected with germ cells collected from 7‐ and 9‐day‐old embryos. The results demonstrated that frozen/thawed GGC collected from 7‐ or 9‐day‐old fertilized eggs can be used to produce male germ‐line chimeras.     

影响山羊类胚胎干细胞分离克隆的因素分析

将本地槐山羊胎儿的原始生殖细胞(PGCs)与其生殖嵴周围组织细胞共同分离,经传代培养后获得了具有干细胞特征的山羊类ES细胞。结果表明高糖DMEM培养基和低糖DMEM培养基相比较,低糖DMEM更适宜于山羊类ES细胞的分离与克隆;类ES细胞在山羊胎儿成纤维细胞饲养层上生长效果较好,可传4代或5代,而在小鼠成纤维细胞饲养层上,类ES细胞仅传3代;联合添加白血病抑制因子(LIF)、干细胞因子(SCF)和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)能显著提高山羊类ES细胞分离与克隆的效率;胎龄为30~45d的胎儿原代培养时可获得大量的细胞集落,克隆培养可传至5代,适合作山羊类ES细胞的分离培养。     

Perspectives of germ cell development in vitro in mammals

Pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are able to differentiate into all cell lineages of the embryo proper, including germ cells. This pluripotent property has a huge impact on the fields of regenerative medicine, developmental biology and reproductive engineering. Establishing the germ cell lineage from ESCs/iPSCs is the key biological subject, since it would contribute not only to dissection of the biological processes of germ cell development but also to production of unlimited numbers of functional gametes in vitro. Toward this goal, we recently established a culture system that induces functional mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs), precursors of all germ cells, from mouse ESCs/iPSCs. The successful in vitro production of PGCs arose from the study of pluripotent cell state, the signals inducing PGCs and the technology of transplantation. However, there are many obstacles to be overcome for the robust generation of mature gametes or for application of the culture system to other species, including humans and livestock. In this review, we discuss the requirements for a culture system to generate the germ cell lineage from ESCs/iPSCs.