苦马豆素诱导新生SD大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞凋亡

为阐明苦马豆素（SW）对新生SD大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞凋亡的影响,利用新生SD大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞体外原代培养模型,采用倒置相差显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及荧光显微镜观察sw对神经细胞的形态学损伤,运用流式细胞仪检测神经细胞凋亡率。结果显示,与对照组比较,各试验组神经细胞密度降低,神经网络减少且部分断裂;细胞表面粗糙,可见大量突起的小泡;细胞核出现浓缩、碎裂及新月形变化;随攻毒剂量的增加,神经细胞凋亡率呈明显上升趋势,与对照组相比,差异显著（P〈0．05）。结果表明,Sw能诱导新生sD大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞发生凋亡,这可能是Sw导致动物神经毒性损伤的作用机制之一。     

The growth of the canine glioblastoma cell line D‐GBM and the canine histiocytic sarcoma cell line DH82 is inhibited by the resveratrol oligomers hopeaphenol and r2‐viniferin

Vineatrol^®30 is a grapevine‐shoot extract, which contains resveratrol as well as considerable amounts of so‐called resveratrol oligomers such as hopeaphenol and r2‐viniferin. In this study, we analysed whether the two above‐mentioned resveratrol oligomers were able to inhibit the growth of the canine glioblastoma cell line D‐GBM and the canine histiocytic sarcoma cell line DH82, compared their potency to inhibit tumour cell growth with that of resveratrol and determined whether the induction of apoptosis via caspase 9 and 3/7 activation underlies the tumour cell growth‐inhibiting effect of hopeaphenol and r2‐viniferin. Vineatrol^®30, resveratrol, hopeaphenol and r2‐viniferin inhibited the growth of D‐GBM and DH82 cells in a concentration‐dependent manner, whereby hopeaphenol and r2‐viniferin were more potent than resveratrol itself in inhibiting the growth of the canine tumour cell lines. Moreover, the anti‐proliferative effect of both resveratrol oligomers in D‐GBM cells is based on their capacity to induce caspase 9 and 3/7 activation.     

银杏叶提取物对大鼠大脑皮质中凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2和Bax表达量的影响

为探讨银杏叶提取物（EGb）对去卵巢大鼠神经细胞的保护作用及其机制，采用免疫组织化学SP法检测了假手术大鼠、去卵巢大鼠和去卵巢后用EGb治疗大鼠的大脑皮质中凋亡相关蛋白Bcl～2和Bax的表达量。结果，与假手术大鼠相比，摘除双侧卵巢的大鼠大脑皮质中Bcl-2阳性细胞的数目和表达强度极显著下降（P〈0．01），Bax阳性细胞的数目和表达强度极显著增加（P〈0．01）；用EGb对摘除双侧卵巢的大鼠治疗后，其Bcl-2阳性细胞的表达强度极显著增加（P〈0．01），而Bax阳性细胞的数目极显著下降（P〈0．01），Bax阳性细胞的表达强度也显著下降（P〈0．05）。结果表明，摘除双侧卵巢后大鼠因缺乏内源性雌激素而导致大脑皮质中凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2和Bax的表达量发生了改变，而EGb能通过上调Bcl-2和下调Bax蛋白的表达对神经细胞起保护作用。     

Effect of dietary resveratrol in ameliorating aflatoxin B1‐induced changes in broiler birds

Consumption of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminated feed by poultry affects the health of broiler birds causing severe economic losses. The use of phytochemicals is a safe, effective, alternative and practical approach to combat the toxic effect of AF in broilers. Resveratrol, a polyphenol derived from red grapes, berries and peanuts, exerts anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Our study was aimed at evaluating the possible protective effects of resveratrol against the adverse effects of AFB1 in broiler birds. A feeding trial of 42 days of duration was undertaken in a completely randomized design with five dietary treatments: G1‐AFB1(1.0 ppm); G2‐CTR (basal diet alone); G3‐AFB1(1.0 ppm)+Resv 0.5%; G4‐AFB1(1.0 ppm)+Resv 1%; and G5‐Resv 1%. Gain in body weight (BWG) and feed intake (FI) was observed to be highest (p < 0.05) in the AFB1 birds followed by the control group. Feed conversion ratio was lowest in G2‐CTR birds and failed to record any significant variation (p > 0.05) between groups as well as within groups. Birds fed resveratrol at both 0.5% and 1.0% levels in combination with AFB1 as well as alone along with basal diet had lower BWG and FI between the fourth and fifth week and also at the fifth week (p < 0.05). No variation (p > 0.05) was obtained in the FCR of AFB1 and resveratrol group of broiler birds. AFB1 feeding significantly increased the activities of aspartate‐(AST) and alanine‐(ALT) amino transferase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities (p < 0.05) but lowered glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels in serum. Supplementation of resveratrol helped in increasing the activities of the oxidative enzymes and in improving the plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and total protein (TP) significantly (p < 0.05) and protein values. The livers of AFB1 group showed degeneration of hepatocytes, bile duct hyperplasia and microgranuloma formation. In resveratrol supplemented birds, the severity and degree of the liver lesions was far less. Apoptotic proteins failed to show any variation in expression between AFB1, control and resveratrol group of birds. The inclusion of resveratrol in broiler diets enhanced antioxidant status of birds indicating the protective effect of resveratrol against AFB1‐induced toxicity. So, we advice use of resveratrol as a feed additive to control aflatoxicosis in poultry farms.     

Influence of estrogen on acetylcholinesterase activity in primary cultures of cerebral cells from neonatal rats

To estimate the influence of estrogen on the functional development of the central nervous system during the neonatal period, several doses of estradiol‐17β (E₂) were treated to cultured cells from the cerebral cortex of neonatal rats and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was examined. E₂ was added to give the following final concentrations: 0, 10^?10, 10^?9, and 10^?8 M. After 72 h of incubation, all cells were obtained from dishes to determine the AChE activity. Although apparent morphological changes were not observed among treatments cultured for 72 h, E₂ suppressed dose‐dependently the spontaneous increase of AChE activity in cerebral cells. Furthermore, a single dose of tamoxifen, an E₂ receptor binding molecule with agonist and antagonist properties, also acted in a similar manner as E₂. These findings suggest that the functional development of the cerebral cortex, at least the cholinergic system, during the neonatal period is regulated by E₂.     

COX-2抑制剂预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

观察选择性环氧合酶-2（COX2）抑制剂帕瑞昔布钠（parecoxib）预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血（focalcerebralischemic,FCI）脑保护作用。参照线栓法制备大鼠局灶性大脑中动脉缺血（MCAO）模型,将60只大鼠随机分为假手术组（A组）、局灶性大脑中动脉缺血/再灌注模型组（B组）、帕瑞昔布钠小剂量组（C组）和帕瑞昔布钠大剂量组（D组）。分别采用神经功能缺失评分、TTC染色法、免疫组化和原位杂交检测观察帕瑞昔布钠的脑保护作用,探讨帕瑞昔布钠在脑保护作用中的重要地位。结果,与模型组相比帕瑞昔布钠不同剂量治疗组神经功能缺失明显减轻（P〈0．05）,梗死体积明显缩小（P〈0．05）,凋亡细胞明显减少,帕瑞昔布钠1．6Pag／kg及帕瑞昔布钠3．2mg／kg组COX-2mRNA阳性细胞数与模型组比较显著减少（P〈0．001,P〈0．05）;结果表明,帕瑞昔布钠预处理可减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤,具有一定的脑保护作用。     

Early milk availability modulates the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the cerebral cortex of rats

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of milk in the early stage of lactation on the maturation of cholinergic neurons in the cerebral cortex of rats. Pups were removed from their mothers immediately following parturition and placed with foster dams at days 5–7 of lactation. At days 18 and 56 after birth, the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), an enzyme responsible for acetylcholine synthesis, in different areas of the cerebral cortex was examined by high‐performance liquid chromatography electrochemical detection. In the frontal and hindlimb/parietal regions of the cerebral cortex, the lack of early milk significantly decreased ChAT activity at days 18 and 56. There was no effect on gains in the body or brain weight of infants. ChAT activity in the occipital area tended to be lower in the early milk‐deprived rats. The intake of early milk potentially contributes not only to nutrients for the growth of newborn infants, but also to the functional maturation of the cholinergic neurotransmission system in a region‐specific manner.     

Kisspeptin-10对热应激引起大鼠心肌损伤的影响

试验旨在探究kisspeptin-10对热应激造成的大鼠心肌损伤的影响及其分子机制。将24只SD雄性大鼠随机分为3组(对照组、热应激组和热应激后kisspeptin-10皮下注射组),每组8只。诱导发生热应激后采用透射电镜、HE染色和masson染色来观察心脏组织病理变化情况;并采用RT-PCR技术检测与心肌损伤通路相关基因ITGA4、ITGB8、BNP、MYL7、HIF-1α和ITGB7的mRNA在心肌中的变化;用Western-Blot验证其关键蛋白ITGB8和BNP表达的变化。与对照组相比,热应激组(H)出现心肌损伤现象;热应激后kisspeptin-10皮下注射组(KH)与热应激组(H)相比,心肌纤维排列较整齐,细胞核染色较均匀,纤维增生减少,线粒体空泡和线粒体嵴断裂现象明显减少;另外,心脏组织中ITGB8和BNP在热应激组(H)发生上调,而热应激后kisspeptin-10皮下注射组(KH)与热应激组(H)相比显著下调。本研究从形态学和分子机制方面探究kisspeptin-10缓解SD大鼠由热应激所致心肌损伤的途径。一方面ITGB8作为心肌细胞膜的异二聚体在热应激后表达发生变化,另一方面热应激后心肌组织形态学上的改变。这些由热应激引起紊乱的在kisspeptin-10干预后有趋于正常表现,为进一步研究kisspeptin-10在热应激导致心肌损伤中的缓解作用机制提供了理论基础。     

自噬在镉致大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞损伤中的作用

以大鼠原代大脑皮质神经细胞为模型,以不同浓度（0、1、2.5、5、10μmol/L）的镉（Cd）染毒,免疫荧光观察自噬小体,Western-blotting检测细胞LC3蛋白表达水平,并检测了自噬特异性阻断剂羟氯喹（CQ）作用后细胞活性和酸性自噬泡的变化。结果显示,Cd可促使LC3-Ⅰ向LC3-Ⅱ转化,10μmol/L Cd作用4h,LC3-Ⅱ表达水平达到最高,神经细胞发生明显的聚点现象;CQ能明显降低自噬水平,抑制自噬,细胞活性明显降低。表明Cd能诱导大鼠原代大脑皮质神经细胞发生自噬,自噬在Cd引起的神经细胞损伤中起保护作用。     

Fas对镉暴露致大鼠大脑皮质自噬体形成的影响

为探究死亡受体Fas在镉暴露致大鼠大脑皮质自噬体形成中的作用,将24只21日龄雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组,分别为对照组、镉组、镉与对照病毒共处理组、镉与Fas基因沉默病毒共处理组。试验期间,对照组大鼠自由饮用纯净水,病毒处理组大鼠于第1天以每只1.4×10¹¹vg的剂量通过尾静脉注射相应病毒,4周后镉染毒组大鼠自由饮用镉水(50 mg·L^-1),持续90 d。试验结束后,透射电镜观察大脑皮质中自噬体数量,Western blot检测大脑皮质细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(Erk1/2)、p-Erk1/2、自噬相关蛋白7(ATG7)、自噬相关基因(Beclin-1)、微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC3)蛋白表达水平,免疫荧光染色检测LC3表达水平。结果显示,镉暴露增加大脑皮质中自噬体数量,极显著激活Erk1/2并上调ATG7、Beclin-1、LC3蛋白表达水平(P<0.01);Fas基因沉默抑制镉引起的自噬体数量增加,极显著抑制镉致Erk1/2激活及ATG7、Beclin-1、LC3蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01)。结果表明,Fas通过激活Erk1/2参与镉致大鼠大脑皮质自噬体形成。     

Analysis of differential strategies to enhance detection of low‐abundance proteins in the bovine serum proteome

Serum‐based biomarkers hold propitious applications for addressing livestock health, and management. However, discovery of protein biomarkers in complex biological fluids like serum is wholly intractable due to the large dynamic range of protein concentrations; that is, ?10–12 high abundance proteins constitute >90% of the total protein content and effectively mask proteomic detection of low‐abundance biomarkers. Toward addressing this limitation, we test a continuous elution size‐based fractionation method, and two approaches that use affinity interaction‐based separation of proteins in preparing bovine serum, and compare liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry protein identification to neat serum. Our results identify the high‐abundance proteins in bovine serum, and demonstrate dynamic range compression and improved protein identification with the different enrichment methods. Although these findings indicate the highest protein number identified in bovine serum (445 proteins, all methods combined), and by any single sample processing method (312 proteins) to date, they still remain lower than levels deemed necessary for biomarker discovery. As such, this investigation revealed limitations to resolving the bovine serum proteome, and the need for species‐specific tools for immunodepleting high‐abundance proteins. In concert, this study represents a step toward advancing sample preparation methods for bovine serum biomarker identification.     

褪黑素对镉致鸭大脑皮质毒性损伤的保护作用

为探究褪黑素对镉致鸭大脑皮质毒性损伤的保护作用,本试验将16只20日龄高邮鸭随机分为4组,分别为对照组、褪黑素组、镉组、镉与褪黑素共处理组。对照组鸭自由采食饮水;褪黑素组鸭自由饮用含有0.2 mg·L^-1褪黑素的水;镉组鸭自由采食拌有2 mg·kg^-1氯化镉的饲料;镉与褪黑素共处理组鸭自由饮用含有0.2 mg·L^-1褪黑素水的同时自由采食拌有2 mg·kg^-1氯化镉的饲料。60 d后,剖检并采集鸭大脑皮质。比色法检测大脑皮质中丙二醛（MDA）和总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）的水平,ELISA法检测肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）的含量,免疫组化染色观察Nrf2核转位,免疫印迹法检测Nrf2、HO-1的蛋白表达。结果显示,与对照组相比,镉组鸭大脑皮质发生明显Nrf2核转位,T-AOC水平极显著降低（P<0.01）,MDA、TNF-α、IL-1β含量和Nrf2、HO-1蛋白表达量极显著升高（P<0.01）;与镉组相比,镉与褪黑素共处理组鸭大脑皮质Nrf2核转位减少,T-AOC水平显著升高（P<0.05）,MDA、TNF-α、IL-1β含量和Nrf2、HO-1蛋白表达量显著或极显著降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）。综上,褪黑素对镉所致的鸭大脑皮质毒性损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

苦马豆素对新生SD大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞形态学损伤作用的研究

通过建立新生SD大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞原代体外培养模型,采用MTT法测定一个生长周期内神经细胞的活性分布,运用寇氏法计算苦马豆素对大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞的IC50。然后用不同质量浓度苦马豆素染毒12h,倒置相差显微镜观察神经细胞形态并测量其胞体短直径和突起长度的变化。结果显示,一个生长周期内的大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞活力最强为培养第5天,苦马豆素对大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞的IC50为0.851 1g/L。与对照组相比,各试验组神经细胞密度降低,神经网络减少;除0.5g/L试验组外,其他各试验组神经细胞胞体短直径显著减小（P〈0.05）,突起长度显著变短（P〈0.05）,但组间差异不显著（P〉0.05）。结果表明,苦马豆素能明显影响新生大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞的生长发育,苦马豆素作用质量浓度与神经细胞形态改变存在明显剂量-效应关系。     

Histocytological specificities of adrenal cortex in the New World Monkeys, Aotus lemurinus and Saimiri boliviensis

The New World monkey Aotus spp. (night monkeys) are expected for use of valuable experimental animal with the close species of Saimiri spp. (squirrel monkeys). Saimiri is known to show spontaneous hypercortisolemia, although few reports in Aotus. We compared basic states of blood steroid hormones and histological structure of the adrenal glands in two monkeys. Serum cortisol and ACTH levels were statistically lower in Aotus than Saimiri. Conversely, Aotus adrenocortical area showed significant enlargement, especially at the zona fasciculata. Electron microscopic observation at Aotus fasciculata cells revealed notable accumulation of large lipid droplets and irregular shapes of the mitochondrial cristae. These results suggest potential differences in cellular activities for steroidogenesis between Aotus and Saimiri and experimental usefulness in adrenocortical physiology and pathological models.