华北驼绒藜不同留茬高度对其产草量的影响研究

观察测定3种不同留茬设置下刈割后的华北驼绒藜的再生情况,综合分析其长势及产量.结果显示,9～10 cm留茬设置植株高度最高,达到(41.27±11.06)cm;6～7 cm留茬设置分蘖数最多,达到(40.17±10.27)条;产草量最高的为6～7 cm留茬设置.由试验结果可以得出,6～7 cm留茬设置是华北驼绒藜刈割留茬的最佳设置.     

刈割对青海早熟禾再生能力的影响

通过对青海草地早熟禾不同刈割强度下再生性的研究，结果表明，刈割高度与频度不同，牧草再生能力不同。留茬11cm刈割频度为7d的青海草地早熟禾的再生速度最快达到0．6182cm／d，其次是留茬5cm刈割频度为7d的青海草地早熟禾再生速度为0．6016cm／d，最后是留茬8cm刈割频度为7d的青海草地早熟禾再生速度为0．5821cm／d。累计生长量为留茬11cm刈割频度7d的是37．0979cm，留茬5cm刈割频度7d的是36．0938cm，留茬8cm刈割频度7d的累计生长量最低，为34．9306cm。日生物量分别是留茬5cm刈割频度7d的是2．16g／（d·m^-2），留茬8cm刈割频度7d的是1．94g／（d·m^-2），留茬11cm刈割频度7d的是1．60g／（d·m^-2）。累计生物量分别是留茬5cm刈割频度7d的是106．0g／m^2，留茬8C1TI刈割频度7d的是95．2g／m^2，留茬11cm刈割频度7d的是为78．7g／m^2。再生速度留茬5cm刈割频度7d与留茬8cm刈割频度7d和留茬1cm刈割频度7d差异极显著（P〈0．01）。     

刈割对华北驼绒藜补偿生长的影响

华北驼绒藜广泛分布于我国干旱、半干旱地区,是可用作干旱区人工刈割草地的良好半灌木物种。作为优良牧草．抗旱、耐寒、耐贫瘠,在植被恢复和草地改良中发挥着重要的作用。通过对华北驼绒藜（Ceratoidesarborescens）在不同刈割方式下（即对照、两年刈割1次、两年刈割2次）的生长特性、光合生理以及能量分配等方面的研究。初步探讨刈割对华北驼绒藜补偿生长的影响,揭示其可能的补偿机制,为判别和评价植物的耐牧抗干扰性以及对人工草地的合理利用提供理论依据。该研究结果表明：①随着刈割次数的增加,华北驼绒藜的茎叶比呈增加趋势．刈割促进了华北驼绒藜当年生枝条和根系的生长。与对照相比．刈割增强了华北驼绒藜当年生枝条的生长,使其出现了“数目少、枝条长、茎基粗”等形态变化,根系也随之出现了“根幅大、主根长、侧根多”等变化,在形态上产生了超补偿效应。②刈割增加了华北驼绒藜的净光合速率、蒸腾速率,降低了水分利用效率,出现了光合补偿效应。③刈割降低了华北驼绒藜地上部叶、花的生物量,而增加了当年生枝条的生物量,将叶、花、当年生枝条合并为一个整体来看．随着刈割次数的增加,整体的当年部分地上生物量出现减少趋势。两年刈割1次的地上生物量表现为等补偿,两年刈割2次表现为欠补偿生长。其中。前者较后者提高了生物量的恢复补偿能力,但两者均未达到超补偿的水平。刈割后华北驼绒藜的生物量相对生长率显著增加的同时,根系生物量的分配增加,茎叶生物量分配减少,从而根冠比增加。（④刈割对华北驼绒藜各组分的干重热值没有显著影响,但却改变了华北驼绒藜的能量分配格局．使根系能量分配的投入增加,从而减少了地上部的分配比例。     

刈割对羊草草甸草原生物量及牧草品质的影响

为明确刈割对羊草草甸草原生物量及品质的影响,确定适宜的刈割时间和合理的留茬高度,以科尔沁草原区羊草草甸草原为研究对象,于2016年利用刈割时间和留茬高度2个因素进行了随机区组试验研究,其中,刈割时间设3个水平,留茬高度设4个水平。结果表明,8月15日刈割的群落盖度、密度、地上生物量和羊草地上生物量显著高于8月1日刈割（P〈0．05）;随着刈割时间的推迟,群落和羊草cP含量逐渐下降,群落ADF和NDF含量逐渐增加,且8月1日刈割与9月1日刈割间差异显著（P〈0．05）,但与8月15日刈割无显著差异（P〉0．05）;羊草ADF和NDF含量呈增加趋势,各处理间无显著差异（P〉0．05）;0-10cm、10-20cm和20-30cm土层群落地下生物量呈逐渐增加趋势,羊草根茎生物量呈逐渐降低趋势。留茬高度2cm处理的群落地上生物量显著高于留茬高度8cm处理（P〈0．05）．与留茬高度5cm间无显著差异（P〉0．05）,留茬高度2cm、5cm和8cm处理间的群落CP含量无显著差异（P〉0．05）。科尔沁草原区羊草草甸草原适宜刈割时间为8月15日左右,以留茬高度2-5cm为宜。     

刈割对热研13号柱花草光合特性的影响

在盆栽条件下,用20,40和60d3个刈割周期与5,15和25cm3种留茬高度组合为9个刈割处理,对热研13号柱花草的光合特性进行研究。结果表明：刈割周期和留茬高度的互作对柱花草光合特性的影响,气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）达到显著水平,其他指标均不显著。高频次低留茬（20d5cm）刈割处理的柱花草光合速度（Pn）,Gs,胞间C02间浓度（Ci）和Tr均最高,分别达到了20．52umol CO2／（m^2·s）,0．49umol／（m^2·s）,318．89uL／L和11．32mmol／（m^2·s）。而低频次高留茬（60d25cm）刈割处理柱花草的WUE最高,达到了2．75umol CO2／（mmol·H2O）。     

管理措施对华北驼绒藜生物量的影响

运用施肥和刈割等管理措施对华北驼绒藜地上生物量进行观测,探讨管理措施对优质饲草华北驼绒藜生物量的影响。结果表明:施氮肥80和100 g/株均能显著提高华北驼绒藜平均枝条长、枝条基部直径及地上部分干质量和鲜质量(P0.05),施氮肥同时配合喷施钾肥使华北驼绒藜地上生物量达到最大,氮钾肥配合使用具有显著增加华北驼绒藜地上生物量的作用(P0.05);微量元素硼的施用显著增加地上生物量(P0.05),锰显著降低地上生物量(P0.05),锌和钼无明显效果;对于8年生植株进行刈割处理能显著增加地上部分生物量(P0.05)。氮钾肥配合使用、微量元素硼肥喷施和刈割是增加华北驼绒藜地上生物量的有效管理措施。     

辽宁地区苜蓿干草收获技术研究

试验旨在确定辽宁地区苜蓿干草最适收获条件。试验以“康赛”紫花苜蓿为试验材料，测定不同刈割期、刈割次数和留茬高度对苜蓿干草产量、品质及越冬的影响。结果表明，随着刈割期推迟，苜蓿的营养品质明显下降，干草产量明显增加（P<0.05）。随着刈割次数增加，苜蓿的干草产量和越冬率变化不显著（P>0.05）。留茬高度越高，第三茬苜蓿的营养成分、越冬率显著提高（P<0.05），干草产量显著下降（P<0.05）。研究表明，辽宁地区苜蓿干草初花期收获最佳，全年刈割3次较为合理，留茬高度5～8 cm，末次刈割留茬高度10～13 cm为宜。     

刈割对缘毛雀麦3个品系再生的影响

在缘毛雀麦Bromus ciliatus 3个品系生长进入拔节期后,通过不同留茬高度（0～2、2～4、4～6 cm）的刈割处理,对其再生特性进行了测定分析。结果表明：各品系留茬高度与牧草再生速度呈显著正相关(r=0.724 1,P<0.05),其中9708品系留茬4～6 cm刈割后再生速度较快,9714品系留茬0～2 cm刈割后再生速度较慢;在同样刈割处理条件下,9708品系和9714品系再生分蘖数无差异(P>0.05),9701品系在第2次刈割留茬4～6 cm时,再生分蘖数显著(P<0.05)高于其他2个品系;随留茬高度的增加,9701品系和9708品系的总干草产量递增,而9714品系的总干草产量却呈递减趋势。9701品系和9708品系的适宜留茬高度为4～6 cm,9714品系适宜留茬高度是0～2 cm。     

刈割时间与留茬高度对羊草草甸草产量和品质的影响

为揭示刈割时间与留茬高度对羊草(Leymus chinensis)草甸草产量和干草品质的影响,确定适宜刈割时间与合理留茬高度,本研究以吉林省大安市姜家甸羊草草甸为研究对象,于2014年通过刈割时间与留茬高度两个因素,各设3水平进行随机区组试验研究。结果表明,在8月1日至9月1日间,随刈割时间的推迟,群落盖度呈明显的递增趋势(P0.05),群落和羊草干草粗蛋白(CP)含量呈显著的下降趋势(P0.05),0-10、10-20和20-30 cm三个土层深度的群落根系生物量呈现出由增到减的变化过程,而羊草根系生物量在10-20 cm土层呈减少。8月15日刈割,群落和羊草产量均最高;留茬高度8 cm处理群落产量最高,留茬高度2cm处理羊草产量最高,但在2~8 cm留茬高度范围内,群落和羊草营养成分含量均无显著变化。吉林省西部羊草草甸8月15日刈割、留茬高度2 cm,可收获当年最高羊草产量和干草品质。     

刈割期和留茬高度对混播草地产草量及品质的影响

研究不同刈割期和留茬高度对无芒雀麦+新麦草+杂花苜蓿混播人工草地产草量及品质的影响。结果表明,刈割三次干草总产量,以初花期刈割,留茬5cm最高(2108.1kg/hm²),其次是抽穗期刈割,留茬7cm(2095.82kg/hm²)。粗蛋白质总产量以初花期刈割,留茬5cm最高(473.7kg/hm²),其次是初花期刈割,留茬3cm(439.8kg/hm²)。初花期刈割,留茬5cm的ADF和NDF含量均较低。在河北坝上地区无芒雀麦+新麦草+杂花苜蓿混播人工草地以初花期刈割,留茬5cm为宜。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -