油菜雄性不育分子机理的研究进展

从细胞核雄性不育、细胞质雄性不育以及细胞器基因组与细胞质雄性不育的关系三个方面综述了油菜雄性不育分子机理的研究进展．线粒体基因组通过重排产生具有新功能的嵌合基因（开放阅读框架）或改变其下游紧接着基因的表达模式、功能，引起油菜细胞质雄性不育．花药特异基因表达或结构的改变引起油菜细胞核雄性不育．     

植物细胞质雄性不育的分子机理

本文着重从线粒体遗传系统和叶绿体遗体系统的角度综述了近年来植物细胞质雄性不育分子机理的研究进展，指出决定细胞质雄性不育的胞质遗传因子在线粒体基因组上。并对本领域今后的研究方向进行了讨论。     

油菜细胞质雄性不育及杂种优势利用研究进展

综述了油菜不同细胞质雄性不育类型的来源、不育特征、遗传特性及其分子生物学研究现状，讨论了油菜细胞质雄性不育性在杂种优势利用中的应用现状和前景。     

烟草雄性不育的分子机理研究进展

综述了烟草雄性不育分子机理研究的最新进展，包括：线粒体DNA与雄性不育；叶绿体DNA与雄性不育；核DNA与雄性不育等研究。     

甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育的遗传分类研究

对9个甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育（CMS）系恢保关系的测定结果表明,Xin-4-2A（陕2A CMS）、Xin-4-3A（75-3A CMS）、Xin-4-4A（153A CMS）、宁4A（MI CMS）、AB1与波里马细胞质雄性不育（pol CMS）系Xin-4-1A具有相同的恢保关系;S45A与nap CMS不育系5021A具有相同的恢保关系。线粒体DNA的4种限制性内切酶（EcoR Ⅰ、HindⅢ、PstⅠ和SalⅠ）酶切片断的多态性比较和mt DNA的RFLP分析表明,Xin-4-2A、Xin-4-3A、Xin-4-4A、宁4A、AB1的细胞质与pol CMS不育系Xin-4-1A的相同;S45A、pol CMS保持系Xin-4的细胞质与nap CMS不育系Westar S的相同;pol细胞质、nap细胞质、ogu细胞质和正常细胞质之间的mt DNA结构有明显不同。因此,Xin-4-1A、Xin-4-2A、Xin-4-3A、Xin-4-4A、宁4A、AB1均属pol CMS,S45A和5021A属nap CMS,P24A （ogu CMS）与其它CMS完全不同。     

甘蓝型油菜雄性不育细胞质遗传效应研究

采用不育胞质杂种和可育胞质杂种，对３种不育胞质在经济和品质性及抗病性上的遗传效应研究表明：不育胞质２４８５Ａ对各种经济、品质性状和抗病性等没有影响；不育胞质２５２Ａ对株高、分枝高度等经济性状有一定影响，而对品质和抗病性没有影响；不育胞质３２Ａ仅对株高、分枝高度有一定影响，对其它性状均无影响。因此，可以认为这３种不育胞质对杂种Ｆ１无不良影响。     

甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育研究进展

对甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育的胞质类型及各自的研究进展,造成甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育的分子机理,环境对甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育的影响,以及甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系的微量花粉问题及解决方法的研究进展进行了综合评述.并对甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系选育的进展情况进行了扼要评论.指出只有培育出不育性稳定的甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系,才可能从根本上解决甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育的微粉问题     

核质互作不育和光敏核不育聚合的粳稻不育系选育

 针对粳型核质互作不育系高温自交结实和粳型光敏核不育系低温自交结实的现状,选择BT型核质互作不育系与含有BT型保持基因的粳型光敏核不育系,通过杂交和回交,使雄性核不育基因与核质互作不育基因聚合,育成了粳型光敏核质互作不育系2308SA和2310SA。该不育系的不育性是由两套相互独立的基因系统控制的,分期播种育性观察结果表明,在长日高温下,雄性光敏核不育隐性纯合基因控制水稻不育性,避免了BT型不育基因因穗期受高温影响而导致不育系自交结实;在长日适温下,水稻不育性由核不育基因和核质互作不育基因共同控制而表现稳定;在低温（低于光敏不育系不育临界温度）或短日适温（日最高气温<32℃）下,BT型核质互作不育基因控制水稻不育性,消除了育性敏感期低温导致核不育系"打摆子"造成杂交种子不纯的风险。还对粳型光敏感核质互作不育系的可恢性、可繁性和配合力进行了研究。     

植物细胞质雄性不育与线粒体基因组的分子生物学研究进展

本文综述了植物细胞质雄性不育和线粒体基因组基因及其表达产物的分子生物学研究进展。对细胞质雄性不育遗传因子的细胞器定位、线粒体基因组嵌合基因及其表达产物与细胞质雄性不育的产生的关系、育性恢复基因对线粒体嵌合基因表达的影响、线粒体质粒和RNA 编辑对细胞质雄性不育的影响等细胞质雄性不育的分子生物学研究进展进行了讨论。     

棉花细胞质雄性不育的研究与利用

棉花具有十分明显的杂种优势。杂交棉通常比常规棉增产15%左右,而且在纤维品质、抗病、抗虫、抗逆境和光合效率等性状上也有明显改良。在棉花杂种优势的利用中,最重要的环节之一是杂交种子的生产（制种）。目前,杂交棉制种常有四条途径,人工去雄授粉法制种、化学杀雄法制种、利用核雄性不育的“两系法”制种和利用细胞质雄性不育的“三系法”制种。生产实践表明,利用棉花雄性不育既可简化制种又可节省成本,特别是利用棉花细胞质雄性不育系、保持系和恢复系的“三系法”制种,可较有效克服其他制种方法的一些缺点,是最有效的途径。为此,文章在阐述棉花杂种优势利用途径的基础上,重点综述棉花细胞质雄性不育的遗传学、细胞学和生理生化的特点;深入阐述不育细胞质对杂种F₁的正/负效应,并就如何培育强恢复系的问题,以培育转GST的强恢复系为例,探讨克服不育细胞质对杂种F₁负效应的可能机制;根据棉花为常异花授粉作物和花器具有虫媒花特征的特点,详细介绍三系杂交棉制种的亲本（不育系和恢复系）选配、地点选择和环境优化等条件,以及如何综合优化这些条件提高制种产量的关键技术。利用棉花细胞质雄性不育的“三系法”制种,与其他作物比较,在杂种优势利用中具有4个突出的优点：（1）不育系为无花粉不育类型,育性不受气候等环境的影响,可保证杂种的纯度;（2）棉花开花期长达3个月,不存在制种时花期不遇的现象,制种产量有保证;（3）棉花生态适应性广,育成的组合可在各地种植,种子产业化效益明显;（4）可利用种间（海岛棉与陆地棉间）杂种优势。可以预言,基于细胞质雄性不育的三系杂交棉是大有前途的,将是棉花杂种优势利用的主要途径。最后,就本领域的发展趋势,特别是在利用现代生物技术培育新的不育系和恢复系方面进行了初步探讨。     

Overview of the Study and Application of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Cotton

Cotton has significant heterosis. Hybrid cotton usually can increase production in lint yield by about 15% compared with conventional self-pollinated cultivars, and also can get obvious improvement in fiber quality, disease resistance, insect resistance, adversity resistance and photosynthetic efficiency. Among some links of cotton heterosis use, the most important link is the castration in the production of hybrid seeds. At present, there are four ways for the castration, such as hand emasculation, chemical male gametocide, nuclear male sterility and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). The production practice showed that use of cotton male sterility could not only simplify the hybrid seed production but also save the production cost on a commercial economic scale. In particular, the way of hybrid seed production by use of cotton CMS line, maintainer line and restorer line were the most effective way since it could overcome some disadvantages in the other ways. Therefore, in this paper, the study and application of the cotton CMS system in hybrid seed production were overviewed and some of problems currently limiting application were also addressed. At first, the genetic, cytological and biochemical characteristics of the cotton CMS were reviewed. Secondly, the positive/negative effects of sterile cytoplasm in hybrid F₁ were analyzed, and how to overcome these negative effects, such as pollen temperature sensitive and F₁ not expressing complete fertility, by developing strong restorer lines with a stronger ability for F₁ fertility restoration, was discussed in detail. For an example, transgenic strong restorer line could be developed by introducing the exogenous GST gene, which was assumed to have the function of enhancing pollen vitality, into some conventional restorer lines, and so that hybrids with higher heterosis could be produced by crossing this strong restorer with sterile lines. According to the characteristics of cotton as an often cross-pollination crop, this paper recommended in detail the key techniques of hybrid cotton seed production, such as rules of parent (sterile line and restorer line) selection, location selection and environment optimization for enriching native pollinators to produce more hybrid seeds. Then, the paper pointed out that compared with other crops, cotton hybrid seed production based on CMS system has four advantages in the cotton heterosis use: (1) The purity of hybrid seeds can be guaranteed because there is no pollen in anthers of cotton CMS line and its sterility is very stable and not affected by the climate and other environments; (2) The high yield of hybrid seed can be obtained since the long flowering period (about 3 months) of cotton does not result in the flowering asynchronism between sterile line and restorer line; (3) The wide ecological adaptability of cotton and the possibility of large-scale hybrid seed production will be benefited to popularize hybrid cotton; and (4) Interspecific heterosis between upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sea-island cotton (G. barbadense L.) can be used. It is predicted that the hybrid cotton production based on CMS system will be the main approach to utilize heterosis of cotton. Finally, the future works in study and application of CMS in cotton heterosis, especially in development of new sterile lines and restorer lines by use of modern biotechnology, was also discussed.     

高等植物细胞质雄性不育的研究进展

对近年来高等植物细胞质雄性不育的不育机理与育性恢复的机理研究结果进行了概述,并探讨了植物细胞质雄性不育研究的发展前景。     

Development of Japonica Male Sterile Lines Integrating Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Photosensitive Genic Male Sterility

Acknowledgement It has been previously established that the BT type of cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS） is induced by high temperatures, while photosensitive genic male sterility （PGMS） seed sets by low temperatures induce. In the current study, we have bred photosensitive cytoplasmic male sterility （PCMS） lines （2308SA and 2310SA） by crossing the CMS line with the PGMS japonica line with maintainer genes. The sterility of PCMS japonica was consequently controlled by two groups of male sterile genes resulting from the integration of PGMS and CMS genes. The results on plant fertility, at different sowing times, were as follows： （a） Under conditions of natural long-day photoperiod and at temperatures above 35~C, the PGMS gene regulated PCMS japonica sterility - the higher the temperature, the lower the pollen fertility. However, bagged seed sets of PCMS japonica, not exposed to high temperatures, induced the CMS seed set. （b） Exposure to long-day photoperiod and temperature conditions between 35℃ and the critical sterility inducing temperature of PGMS resulted in both PGMS and CMS gene controlled sterility of PCMS japonica, which exhibited stable characteristics. （c） When exposed to critical sterility inducing temperatures or short-day photoperiod and daily high temperatures below 32℃, the BT type of the CMS gene regulated PCMS sterility. Under these conditions, the PGMS gene rendered male sterility insusceptible to occasional cool summer days when this PCMS line, adopted for hybrid seed production, develops into panicle differentiation stage. The present study also investigated the fertility restoration, seed production and combining ability of PCMS japonica so as to optimize its use.     

红莲型CMS水稻线粒体K+ATP通道特性的初步研究

以水稻红莲型细胞质雄性不育(HL-CMS)不育系粤泰A(YTA)和保持系粤泰B(YTB)黄化苗线粒体为材料,研究了YTA和YTB离体线粒体KA TP通道对其诱导调节剂KCl、ATP、ADP和GTP等的响应特性。结果表明,KA TP通道诱导剂KCl,能明显诱导YTA和YTB线粒体膨胀,但YTA的膨胀程度较YTB的明显;KA TP通道的内源性抑制剂ATP对YTA和YTB线粒体膨胀起显著抑制作用;KA TP通道的内源性激动剂ADP和GTP引起的不育系YTA离体线粒体短暂收缩及之后的再膨胀程度均较YTB的明显;此外,比较YTA和YTB离体线粒体在Rh123一起孵育10 min后,KCl和解偶联剂FCCP处理引起的离体线粒体膜电位(Δψm)下降过程,发现前者的线粒体Δψm较后者的易于过早崩解。对水稻HL-CMS不育系YTA和可育的保持系YTB线粒体KA TP通道特性的比较研究表明,水稻HL-CMS不育系YTA线粒体KA TP通道对其诱导调节剂KCl、ATP、ADP和GTP等的响应较YTB的更敏感。     

棉花细胞质雄性不育研究进展

棉花具有十分明显的杂种优势,棉花细胞质雄性不育在棉花杂种优势的利用上具有重要作用。利用棉花细胞质雄性不育和育性恢复系统突破传统人工去雄杂交育种的瓶颈,为棉花杂交种制种的商业化推广展现了光明的前景。综述了近年来棉花细胞质雄性不育在细胞学、生理生化、分子生物学和育性恢复4个方面的研究进展。详细阐明了棉花细胞质雄性不育小孢子败育时期及细胞学形态、生理生化指标研究、胞内基因组和核内恢复基因的分子生物学研究和获得理想恢复系的方法,并提出了研究中存在的主要问题,展望了今后工作的研究方向。     

水稻配子体雄性不育细胞质多态性及恢保关系差异研究

为解释育种实践中常出现的相同类型不育系与不同恢复系杂交组合F1代育性恢复有明显差异的现象,笔者通过对同核异质的5个配子体不育系W15A、W20A、W34A、W46A和YA线粒体DNA进行RAPD扩增聚类,不育基因orf(H)79基因及基因间区序列测序,测配F1分析其恢保关系,展示同型细胞质的差异与恢保差异的关系。结果表明,通过RAPD扩增聚类,这5个配子体细胞质雄性不育系在线粒体基因组可聚分为3类,而W34A与其他4个不育系的细胞质亲源关系较远。不育基因及基因间区序列均存在多个差异位点,5个水稻配子体雄性不育细胞质在大部分水稻材料的测恢中,恢保关系一致,而一部分材料的恢保关系差异较大。该研究为新型配子体不育系的选育、组合配制和同核多胞质混合杂交水稻亲本的选择提供一定的理论依据。