A single IGF1 allele is a major determinant of small size in dogs

The domestic dog exhibits greater diversity in body size than any other terrestrial vertebrate. We used a strategy that exploits the breed structure of dogs to investigate the genetic basis of size. First, through a genome-wide scan, we identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 15 influencing size variation within a single breed. Second, we examined genetic variation in the 15-megabase interval surrounding the QTL in small and giant breeds and found marked evidence for a selective sweep spanning a single gene (IGF1), encoding insulin-like growth factor 1. A single IGF1 single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotype is common to all small breeds and nearly absent from giant breeds, suggesting that the same causal sequence variant is a major contributor to body size in all small dogs.     

枣树水通道蛋白基因生物信息学分析及原核表达载体的构建

利用生物信息学软件对已获得的枣树水通道蛋白基因cDNA序列ZjPIP2(DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank的注册号为:AB530493)进行了同源性及功能位点等多项参数分析,结果表明,此序列为全长846 bp的开放读码框(ORF),编码281氨基酸,分子量为29.87 kD,理论等电点为8.77;具有膜蛋白(MIP)家族典型的保守氨基酸序列HINPAVTFG和2个NPA保守肽段。序列相似性分析表明,该蛋白与已知的其他12种植物膜蛋白中的水通道蛋白具有极高的同源性,属于水通道蛋白的质膜膜内蛋白PIP2类。三级结构预测表明,其与菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)水通道蛋白(1z98A)有相似的三维结构。以克隆载体pSPORT1携带的枣树水通道蛋白基因cDNA序列为模板,PCR扩增后,经BamHⅠ和SalⅠ消化,与pET28a载体进行重组连接,测序结果显示,其原核表达载体构建成功。此结果为研究枣水通道蛋白基因在植物组织的分布、生物学功能以及可能的活性调节方式奠定了基础。     

基于OsGS5的玉米同源基因ZmGS5的克隆

高产是玉米育种的重要目标,籽粒大小是决定籽粒产量的重要因子。OsGS5是水稻中已克隆的控制籽粒长度和千粒重的主效基因,编码丝氨酸羧肽酶。本研究利用OsGS5基因编码序列比对玉米同源EST序列,并对EST序列进行拼接,根据拼接后的EST序列设计3′-RACE基因特异引物,利用同源克隆的方法克隆出玉米同源基因的3′端基因片段,经测序发现该基因片段长度为981bp,功能注释后发现该基因编码丝氨酸羧肽酶,与水稻OsGS5基因编码蛋白具有高度同源性,将该基因暂时命名为ZmGS5。     

一种高效提取虎耳草科植物基因组DNA的方法

[目的]探索从虎耳草科植物中提取DNA的有效方法。[方法]采用改进的CTAB法,从11种虎耳草科植物中提取DNA。以提取的DNA为模板,利用通用引物"psbAF"和"trnHR"对虎耳草科植物叶绿体DNApsbA-trnH片段进行PCR扩增。[结果]通过该方法提取的DNA纯度较高,质量较好。用所得DNA进行psbA-trnH扩增的产量高,可用于后续的测序等分析。对山地虎耳草的PCR产物纯化后进行测序,得到262 bp的序列。将其与GenBank中的虎耳草属其他植物的psbA-trnH序列进行比对分析,证实该序列为目标psbA-trnH片段的区域。[结论]该方法可有效去除次生物质对DNA的干扰,提取的基因组DNA可用于叶绿体psbA-trnH测序分析和其他遗传学分析。     

阻燃胶合板研究的现状和对策

通过对胶合板的燃烧理论和木材阻燃机理中的障碍理论、热理论和不燃气体稀释理论等的简述,浅析了胶合板的阻燃机理;同时综述了国内外用于胶合板阻燃处理的无机、有机和有机改性三大类阻燃剂,成品阻燃处理和生产过程中施加阻燃剂的阻燃处理方法以及３种常用的阻燃胶合板生产工艺路线的研究现状;归纳了燃烧试验法、研究型测试法、发烟性和毒性测试法及木质材料应用性等４种阻燃效果测试方法,从而提出我国阻燃胶合板产业的发展对策     

马尾松造林地整地规格与母岩和土壤质地的关系

在贵州台江、江西安远、福建明溪及广西宁明设置马尾松造林地不同整地规格试验林。对试验资料的初步分析表明 ,马尾松造林地整地规格与母岩和土壤质地之间存在较为密切的相关关系。因此 ,在确定造林地整地规格时 ,应考虑母岩种类和土壤的质地状况。在我国南方山区 ,马尾松人工造林采用块状整地方式时 ,在母岩为板岩及变质砂岩 ,土壤质地为壤质粘土的地区 ,整地的规格以 40cm× 40cm× 2 5cm的中穴为宜 ;在母岩为花岗岩和石英砂岩 ,土壤质地为砂质粘壤土的地区 ,造林地整地采用 30cm× 30cm× 2 0cm以下的小穴即可。表 4参 1 6     

小麦EST SSR的分析及其引物的开发

 为开发出具有丰富多态性的、新型的小麦EST SSR标记,利用已公布1071367条小麦表达序列标签（expressed sequence tags,EST）序列,对≥24bp的微卫星或简单重复序列进行了系统分析。结果表明,在所分析的小麦EST序列中,搜索到长度大于或等于24bp,基序匹配值大于80%的SSR序列32350个。在这些SSR中,单碱基SSR最多,数量达18075个,占SSR总数的559%;其次为3核苷酸SSR,共6106个,占SSR总数的187%,重复数大于30次以上的达444个,占所有3核苷酸SSR的72%。4核苷酸SSR数量最少,仅有696个,仅占SSR总数的22%。研究中收搜索到的6核苷酸SSR共1562个,其基序组成可分为145类,优势基序为AGCCGC（达214个）。以上结果说明小麦EST序列中含有丰富的SSR,这非常有利于开发多态性较高的EST SSR标记。     

Size and scaling in human evolution

Our general conclusion is simply stated: many lineages display phyletic size increase; allometric changes almost always accompany increase in body size. We cannot judge adaptation until we separate such changes into those required by increasing size and those serving as special adaptations to changing environments. In our view, the three australopithecines are, in a number of features, scaled variants of the "same" animal. In these characters, A. africanus is no more "advanced" than the larger, more robust forms. The one early hominid to show a significant departure from this adaptive pattern toward later hominids-cranially, dentally, and postcranially-is H. habilis from East Africa. The australopithecines, one of which was probably a precursor of the Homolineage, were apparently a successful group of basically vegetarian hominids, more advanced behaviorally than apes (87), but not hunter-gatherers. The fossil hominids of Africa fall into two major groupings. One probable lineage, the australopithecines, apparently became extinct without issue; the other evolved to modern man. Both groups displayed steady increase in body size. We consider quantitatively two key characters of the hominid skull: cranial capacity and cheek tooth size. The variables are allometrically related to body size in both lineages. In australopithecines, the manner of relative growth neatly meets the predictions for functional equivalence over a wide range of sizes (negative allometry of cranial capacity with a slope against body weight of 0.2 to 0.4 and positive allometry of postcanine area with a slope near 0.75). In the A. africanus to H. sapiens lineage, cranial capacity increases with positive allometry (slope 1.73) while cheek teeth decrease absolutely (slope - 0.725). Clearly, these are special adaptations unrelated to the physical requirements of increasing body size. We examined qualitatively other features, which also seem to vary allometrically. Of course, many characters should be studied quantitatively, but we think that the scheme outlined here should be treated as the null hypothesis to be disproved.     

Recruitment of enzymes as lens structural proteins

Crystallins, the principal components of the lens, have been regarded simply as soluble, structural proteins. It now appears that the major taxon-specific crystallins of vertebrates and invertebrates are either enzymes or closely related to enzymes. In terms of sequence similarity, size, and other physical characteristics delta-crystallin is closely related to argininosuccinate lyase, tau-crystallin to enolase, and SIII-crystallin to glutathione S-transferase; moreover, it has recently been demonstrated that epsilon-crystallin is an active lactate dehydrogenase. Enzymes may have been recruited several times as lens proteins, perhaps because of the developmental history of the tissue or simply because of evolutionary pragmatism (the selection of existing stable structures for a new structural role).     

蜡状芽胞杆菌群16S rDNA分析

蜡状芽胞杆菌群主要包括炭疽芽胞杆菌(Bacillus anthracis)、蜡状芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis).GenBank已有这个群的8个菌株完成了全基因组序列测定.对这8株蜡状芽胞杆菌群菌株中98条16S rDNA的序列进行相互BLAST比较,发现在同一基因组内各个16S rDNA拷贝全局相似度最低为96.47%,在不同基因组间16S rDNA局部片段比对最小相似度达到99.72%,对应片段长度也有1417 bp.这点充分说明,该群的细菌完全共用同一种16S rDNA,根据16S rDNA给细菌分类的特点,它们应该属于同一个种.在亲缘关系上,枯草芽胞杆菌离蜡状芽胞杆菌群最近.     

竹叶吸收的甲胺磷残留量分析

对毛竹竹腔注射５０％甲胺磷原液后的竹叶进行了甲胺磷含量测定。结果表明：竹叶中甲胺磷含量随着用药量的增加而增加,随着胸径的增大而减少;新打孔注射比用旧孔的残留量高。所以对胸径１２ｃｍ以上的毛竹注射１．０ｍＬ．株＾－１原液,胸径在１２ｃｍ以下的注射０．５ｍＬ．株＾－１原液即可。打新孔注射甲胺磷,防治竹叶害虫效果好。     

压砂甜瓜白粉病病原菌18S rDNA序列分析

[目的]测定并分析压砂甜瓜白粉病病原菌的18S rDNA序列。[方法]从宁夏中部干旱带压砂甜瓜主栽品种＂玉金香＂发病植株上分离白粉病病原菌,采用Chelex-100法从其分生孢子中提取基因组DNA,PCR扩增18S rDNA序列,测序后进行Blast分析比对,并构建系统发育树。[结果]18S rDNA序列分析表明压砂甜瓜白粉病病原菌属单囊壳属（Podosphaera）。[结论]为生物防治压砂甜瓜白粉病和抗白粉病育种研究提供了参考。     

Echinomycin binding sites on DNA

The preferred binding sites of echinomycin on DNA can be determined by a method called "footprinting." A 32P end-labeled restriction fragment from pBR322 DNA is protected by binding to echinomycin, and cleaved by a synthetic DNA cleaving reagent, methidiumpropyl--EDTA . Fe(II); the DNA cleavage products are then subjected to high-resolution gel analyses. This method reveals that echinomycin has a binding site size of four base pairs. The strong binding sites for echinomycin contain the central two-base-pair sequence 5'-CG-3'. From an analysis of 15 echinomycin sites on 210 base pairs of DNA, key recognition elements for echinomycin are contained in the sequences (5'-3') ACGT and TCGT (A, adenine; C, cytosine; G, guanine; T, thymine).     

沙柳光合速率动态变化及其主要环境因子

【目的】了解沙柳(Salix psammophila)净光合速率(Pn)的日动态和生长季节动态规律,探索影响其光合作用的主要环境因子。【方法】使用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统,测定沙柳叶片光合参数及环境因子变化;使用土壤温湿度探头(TDT)测定土壤温湿度。【结果】①沙柳净光合速率日变化类型及峰值出现时间受环境因素影响。试验中表现为单峰型,峰值出现在8:30-10:30;净光合速率季节变化表现为:8月下旬-9月中旬>6月下旬-7月上旬>7月中旬-8月中旬;②蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化为单峰曲线,在10:30-14:30之间出现峰值,但峰值不明显,属"非蒸腾午休型"的水分生态类型;③环境影响因子直接通径系数大小为:VWCsoil>RH>Tsoil>Par>Tair>CO2,间接通径系数之和大小为:Tsoil>Tair>VWCsoil>RH>CO2>Par,VWCsoil、RH是影响其光合作用的主要因子。【结论】沙柳净光合日变化为单峰曲线,在高光强、高温、干旱等恶劣环境下沙柳日变化类型会发生变化,峰值会提前。水分是沙柳光合作用的主要环境影响因子。     

基于“阻力-潜力”视角的宅基地整治时序研究——以商丘市睢阳区为例

为科学安排宅基地整治时序,有序推进宅基地整治,实现乡村振兴用地空间优化,以商丘市睢阳区为例,通过多因素综合评价法进行整治阻力评价,并根据权属调查数据进行潜力测算,结合各行政村的整治阻力与整治潜力分异,形成整治时序优先级。结果表明：受基础设施和房屋破旧率等因素影响,行政村单元间整治阻力分异明显,强、中、弱阻力级分别含有38、101、158个行政村。研究区理论整治潜力(面积)23.22 km²,“浅现实”整治潜力可以实现4.33～5.55 km²,“深现实”整治潜力可以实现19.36km²。结合整治阻力和整治潜力,得到最优先、次优先、末优先三级整治时序,其分别含有98、161、38个行政村,形成以“时序优先级、对象、违占面积、违占时间”四维差异计价违占使用费倒逼宅基地退出的整治模式,按时序有序推进宅基地整治。本研究综合考虑阻力和潜力分异而形成的整治时序安排对于宅基地整治方案的制定具有实际指导意义。     

荧光法快速测定虾皮中微量硒

本文研究了荧光法测定虾皮中硒含量的各种影响因素 ,建立了虾皮中微量硒的快速测定方法 .结果表明采用荧光法测定虾皮中硒含量 ,适宜 2 ,3-二氨基荼 (DAN)生成荧光物质的条件为 6 0℃ (水浴 ) ,pH1 0～ 1 5 ,反应时间 30min ,回收率 10 3 4% ,测定下限为 5 2ng     

冷冻液平衡时间和复温时间对小鼠胚胎冷冻解冻效果的影响

本试验以 1 5mol/L乙二醇为小鼠胚胎一步细管冷冻保护剂 ,观察小鼠胚胎在冷冻液中平衡时间和复温时间的冷冻解冻效果 .结果表明 ,以冷冻液中平衡 6 8～ 10 1min和细管解冻时在室温中停留 15s更利于胚胎在体外培养发育 ,其发育率为 86 96 %     

The sociogenesis of insect colonies

Studies on the social insects (ants, bees, wasps, and termites) have focused increasingly on sociogenesis, the process by which colony members undergo changes in caste, behavior, and physical location incident to colonial development. Caste is determined in individuals largely by environmental cues that trigger a sequence of progressive physiological restrictions. Individual determination, which is socially mediated, yields an age-size frequency distribution of the worker population that enhances survival and reproduction of the colony as a whole, typically at the expense of individuals. This "adaptive demography" varies in a predictable manner according to the species and size of the colony. The demography is richly augmented by behavioral pacemaking on the part of certain castes and programmed changes in the physical position of colony members according to age and size. Much of what has been observed in these three colony-level traits (adaptive demography, pacemaking, and positional effects) can be interpreted as the product of ritualization of dominance and other forms of selfish behavior that is still found in the more primitive insect societies. Some of the processes can also be usefully compared with morphogenesis at the levels of cells and tissues.     

蛋鸡快慢羽纯系及其杂交鸡连产对产蛋性能影响的研究

试验研究了六个快慢羽纯系及九个自别雌雄杂交母鸡连产性状及与产蛋量的关系,探讨了连产性状的快慢羽基因效应。结果表明;六个纯系37～52周龄平均连产大小为2.78～3.82,存在品种(系)效应。平均连产大小与产蛋量率)的相关系数为0.4054～0.9030。开产日龄和连产性状是影响产蛋量(率)的主要性状,选择平均连产大小可以提高产蛋量。平均连产大小的快慢羽基因效应因鸡生产类型及品种的不同而异。杂交母鸡连产性状和产蛋率除CD组外均较亲本均值有所提高。连产性状可能存在母体效应。BK和BD两组合最优,JH、JK和JD组合次之。本文还提出了用连产相关系数来研究母鸡产蛋量的尝试。     

Amyloid beta protein precursor is possibly a heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein

The amyloid beta protein peptide is a major constituent of amyloid plaque cores in Alzheimer's disease and is apparently derived from a higher molecular weight precursor. It is now shown that the core protein of a heparan sulfate proteoglycan secreted from a nerve cell line (PC12) has an amino acid sequence and a size very similar to those of the amyloid beta protein precursor and that these molecules are antigenically related. This amyloid beta protein precursor-related protein is not found in the conditioned medium of a variant cell line (F3 PC12) that does not secrete heparan sulfate proteoglycan. The synaptic localization and metabolism of this class of proteoglycans are consistent with its potential involvement in central nervous system dysfunction.