Land-use allocation protects the Peruvian Amazon

Disturbance and deforestation have profound ecological and socioeconomic effects on tropical forests, but their diffuse patterns are difficult to detect and quantify at regional scales. We expanded the Carnegie forest damage detection system to show that, between 1999 and 2005, disturbance and deforestation rates throughout the Peruvian Amazon averaged 632 square kilometers per year and 645 square kilometers per year, respectively. However, only 1 to 2% occurred within natural protected areas, indigenous territories contained only 11% of the forest disturbances and 9% of the deforestation, and recent forest concessions effectively protected against clear-cutting. Although the region shows recent increases in disturbance and deforestation rates and leakage into forests surrounding concession areas, land-use policy and remoteness are serving to protect the Peruvian Amazon.     

Expansion of industrial logging in Central Africa

Industrial logging has become the most extensive land use in Central Africa, with more than 600,000 square kilometers (30%) of forest currently under concession. With use of a time series of satellite imagery for the period from 1976 to 2003, we measured 51,916 kilometers of new logging roads. The density of roads across the forested region was 0.03 kilometer per square kilometer, but areas of Gabon and Equatorial Guinea had values over 0.09 kilometer per square kilometer. A new frontier of logging expansion was identified within the Democratic Republic of Congo, which contains 63% of the remaining forest of the region. Tree felling and skid trails increased disturbance in selectively logged areas.     

Selective logging in the Brazilian Amazon

Amazon deforestation has been measured by remote sensing for three decades. In comparison, selective logging has been mostly invisible to satellites. We developed a large-scale, high-resolution, automated remote-sensing analysis of selective logging in the top five timber-producing states of the Brazilian Amazon. Logged areas ranged from 12,075 to 19,823 square kilometers per year (+/-14%) between 1999 and 2002, equivalent to 60 to 123% of previously reported deforestation area. Up to 1200 square kilometers per year of logging were observed on conservation lands. Each year, 27 million to 50 million cubic meters of wood were extracted, and a gross flux of approximately 0.1 billion metric tons of carbon was destined for release to the atmosphere by logging.     

Earthquake-caused landslides: a major disturbance to tropical forests

Earthquakes occasionally denude large areas of tropical forest: for example, 54 square kilometers in Panama in 1976 and 130 square kilometers in New Guinea in 1935. Earthquake rates in New Guinea, but not in Panama, are sufficiently high so that substantial areas of disturbed, nonclimax forest may accumulate. In New Guinea, earthquake-caused landslides are as important as tree falls in the disturbance regime.     

近30年铁岭县地表覆盖时空变化特征

地表覆盖变化已成为全球变化研究的核心领域和热点问题之一。以Landsat系列卫星影像为主要数据源,提取铁岭县1990-2020年地表覆盖变化图斑,构建土地利用变化转移矩阵,对铁岭县地表覆盖变化情况进行时空分析,识别土地利用变化热点区域。结果表明：近30年铁岭县地表覆盖面积呈现 “四增两减”特征,其中增加和减少最多的地表覆盖类型分别是建设用地(增加了85.27km2)和林地(减少105.39km2),其他几种类型动态变化不明显。近30年区域地表覆盖类型受人类活动的影响较为明显,对于揭示地表覆盖变化规律和可持续发展具有重要意义。     

福建酸竹低效林的改造效应

对福建省建瓯市野生福建酸竹低效林实施松土、施肥等低效改造抚育措施,比较分析改造前后竹林立竹密度、地径、林龄结构及笋产量的变化情况,结果表明:与对照区相比,2007年改造区竹林立竹密度增加5021株.km-2,平均地径提高0.3 cm,Ⅰ-Ⅲ度竹所占比例提高42%,产笋量增加433 kg.km-2,经济效益明显,低效改造基本成功。     

基于遥感技术的竹资源变化监测研究

以1988、1992、2007年的TM和2001年的ETM+遥感影像为数据源,结合地形图、DEM、森林资源分布图和地面调查等资料,利用遥感和地理信息系统技术对闽北山区20a来竹林分布及变化状况进行研究。结果表明:近20a来,顺昌县竹林呈快速增长趋势,面积增加了16 814.8hm2,扩大了1.59倍,平均年增长率为3.08%,其中1988-1992年的平均增长率为1.51%,1992-2001年平均增长率为2.08%,2001-2007年平均增长率为4.32%;竹林垂直分布和变化主要发生在海拔800m以下,并且随着海拔的升高逐渐减小,海拔1 200m以上竹林较少,仅占竹林总面积的0.13%～0.16%;竹林变化的影响因素是多方面的,是自然、社会、经济等多方面因素共同作用的结果,其中竹产业快速发展是竹资源扩张的直接动力。     

Corrections and clarifications

In the last paragraph (p. 1909) of the article "Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the Amazon: Satellite data from 1978 to 1988" by D. Skole and C. Tucker (25 June, p. 1905), "( approximately 15,000 km(2))" should have been "( approximately 16,000 km(2))." The last sentence of note 24 of the same article should have read, "Additional ground checking and verification were done in eastern Para state, north of Manaus and along the Rio Negro, both in Amazonas."     

Spring phytoplankton production in the Western ross sea

Coastal zone color scanner (CZCS) imagery of the western Ross Sea revealed the Presence of an intense phytoplankton bloom covering >106,000 square kilometers in early December 1978. This bloom developed inside the Ross Sea polynya, within 2 weeks of initial polynya formation in late November. Primary productivity calculated from December imagery (3.9 grams of carbon per square meter per day) was up to four times the values measured during in situ studies in mid-January to February 1979. Inclusion of this early season production yields a spring-to-summer estimate of 141 to 171 grams of carbon per square meter, three to four times the values previously reported for the western Ross Sea.     

Baseline map of carbon emissions from deforestation in tropical regions

Policies to reduce emissions from deforestation would benefit from clearly derived, spatially explicit, statistically bounded estimates of carbon emissions. Existing efforts derive carbon impacts of land-use change using broad assumptions, unreliable data, or both. We improve on this approach using satellite observations of gross forest cover loss and a map of forest carbon stocks to estimate gross carbon emissions across tropical regions between 2000 and 2005 as 0.81 petagram of carbon per year, with a 90% prediction interval of 0.57 to 1.22 petagrams of carbon per year. This estimate is 25 to 50% of recently published estimates. By systematically matching areas of forest loss with their carbon stocks before clearing, these results serve as a more accurate benchmark for monitoring global progress on reducing emissions from deforestation.     

Aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding measurements show much greater area of the dufek intrusion, antarctica

A combined aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding survey made in 1978 in Antarctica over the Dufek layered mafic intrusion suggests a minimum area of the intrusion of about 50,000 square kilometers, making it comparable in size with the Bushveld Complex of Africa. Comparisons of the magnetic and subglacial topographic profiles illustrate the usefulness of this combination of methods in studying bedrock geology beneath ice-covered areas. Magnetic anomalies range in peak-to-through amplitude from about 50 nanoteslas over the lowermost exposed portion of the section in the Dufek Massif to about 3600 nanoteslas over the uppermost part of the section in the Forrestal Range. Theoretical magnetic anomalies, computed from a model based on the subice topography fitted to the highest amplitude observed magnetic anomalies, required normal and reversed magnetizations ranging from 10(-3) to 10(-2) electromagnetic units per cubic centimeter. This result is interpreted as indicating that the Dufek intrusion cooled through the Curie isotherm during one or more reversals of the earth's magnetic field.     

江西兴国土壤侵蚀动态的研究

利用遥感、GIS和灰色预测模型研究了中国南方典型区土壤侵蚀的状况 .结果表明 ,从 1958— 1988年 ,兴国县的水土流失面积和侵蚀量分别下降了 19 0 9%和 43 0 5% ;灰色预测显示无明显侵蚀区水土流失面积由 1988年的818 0 4km达到 1995年的 12 76 69km2 ;总侵蚀量由 60 7 2 1× 10 4 t a下降到 472 12× 10 4 t a .比较不同土地利用类型的产沙模数显示 ,林地的产沙模数最小 ,为 177 16～ 187 75t (km2 ·a) ,裸地最大 ,为 10 62 6 76～ 112 65 48t (km2 ·a) .由此证明 ,高覆盖植被可以减低水土流失 ,生物措施是治理土壤侵蚀的有效手段     

Expansion and contraction of the sahara desert from 1980 to 1990

Data from polar-orbiting meteorological satellites have been used to determine the extent of the Sahara Desert and to document its interannual variation from 1980 to 1990. The Sahara Desert ranged from 8,633,000 square kilometers in 1980 to 9,982,000 square kilometers in 1984. The greatest annual north-south latitudinal movement of the southern Saharan boundary was 110 kilometers from 1984 to 1985 and resulted in a decrease in desert area of 724,000 square kilometers.     

Summer ice and carbon dioxide

The extent of Antarctic pack ice in the summer, as charted from satellite imagery, decreased by 2.5 million square kilometers between 1973 and 1980. The U.S. Navy and Russian atlases and whaling and research ship reports from the 1930's indicate that summer ice conditions earlier in this century were heavier than the current average. Surface air temperatures along the seasonally shifting belt of melting snow between 55 degrees and 80 degrees N during spring and summer were higher in 1974 to 1978 than in 1934 to 1938. The observed departures in the two hemispheres qualitatively agree with the predicted impact of an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, since it is not known to, what extent the changes in snow and ice cover and in temperature can be explained by the natural variability of the climate system or by other processes unrelated to carbon dioxide, a cause-and-effect relation cannot yet be established.     

珠江三角洲冲积平原土壤镉高含量区形成原因

通过现场采样及室内分析方法,研究了珠江三角洲冲积平原土壤Cd高含量区形成的原因。调查发现,在西江和北江冲积平原存在Cd的高含量分布区。Cd高含量区仅分布于第四纪海陆交互相,从地表至深部含量变化不大,为珠江三角洲形成过程中,富含Cd的西江和北江冲积物质在珠江三角洲沉积而成。Cd高含量区空间分布特征明显,控制因素显著,属于由地质作用引起。这一结论与多数研究者认为是人为因素引起的具有根本差别。     

Area-perimeter relation for rain and cloud areas

Following Mandelbrot's theory of fractals, the area-perimeter relation is used to investigate the geometry of satellite- and radar-determined cloud and rain areas between 1 and 1.2 x 10(6) square kilometers. The data are well fit by a formula in which the perimeter is given approximately by the square root of the area raised to the power D [See equation in the PDF], where D is interpreted as the fractal dimension of the perimeter. It is concluded that rain and cloud perimeters are fractals-they have no characteristic horizontal length scale between 1 and 1000 kilometers.     

基于NbS的北京市乔木林固碳能力分析

[目的]乔木林生物质碳汇是影响森林碳汇的重要组成部分,是一种自然的气候解决方案,在全球气候变化大背景下,森林的固碳潜力一直被广泛关注,本文以北京市为例,分析不同的林业活动对乔木碳储量的影响.[方法]采用北京市森林资源设计调查数据,利用IPCC材积源-生物量法估算北京市乔木林碳储量,分析了2009-2014年北京市在森林...     

基于QuickBird卫星影像的沈阳城市森林景观格局

运用景观生态学原理、GIS技术和景观格局分析软件Fragstats,选取斑块数、斑块面积、斑块密度、Shannon多样性指数、分维数、聚集度等指标,对沈阳城市森林景观格局进行了分析.结果表明:沈阳三环内城市森林斑块数为42 703个,森林面积101.24 km2;斑块数以附属林为主,占总数的65%,斑块面积以生态公益林最大,占总面积的47%;城市森林总体呈现斑块分布不均衡,结构不合理.附属林和道路林的破碎化程度高,分布分散,形状最为复杂;风景游憩林破碎化程度低,自然连接性和聚集度较好.沈阳城市森林整体景观多样性高,均匀度接近于1,优势度较小,表明斑块类型丰富,景观中优势类型不明显,异质性高.     

Climate change, deforestation, and the fate of the Amazon

The forest biome of Amazonia is one of Earth's greatest biological treasures and a major component of the Earth system. This century, it faces the dual threats of deforestation and stress from climate change. Here, we summarize some of the latest findings and thinking on these threats, explore the consequences for the forest ecosystem and its human residents, and outline options for the future of Amazonia. We also discuss the implications of new proposals to finance preservation of Amazonian forests.     

Conspecific negative density dependence and forest diversity

Conspecific negative density-dependent establishment, in which local abundance negatively affects establishment of conspecific seedlings through host-specific enemies, can influence species diversity of plant communities, but the generality of this process is not well understood. We tested the strength of density dependence using the United States Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis database containing 151 species from more than 200,000 forest plots spanning 4,000,000 square kilometers. We found that most species experienced conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD), but there was little effect of heterospecific density. Additionally, abundant species exhibited weaker CNDD than rarer species, and species-rich regions exhibited stronger CNDD than species-poor regions. Collectively, our results provide evidence that CNDD is a pervasive mechanism driving diversity across a gradient from boreal to subtropical forests.