Energy resources available to the United States, 1985 to 2000

Energy and the gross national product have grown hand in hand at 3 to 3(1/2) percent a year for almost 40 years. Our energy growth is slowing down and will sentially level off in the 1990's. Our production of oil and gas passed a peak in the early 1970's, and there is no resource base to justify predictions of increased yields. Coal is the only fossil fuel capable of increased production. There are serious doubts that our uranium resources can support a large light-water reactor program. Finding rates for petroleum, natural gas, and uranium are less than half of what they were 20 years ago.     

新高粱3号的选育及栽培技术研究

甜高粱作为生物质能源作物,具有光合速率高、生物产量高、茎秆含糖高和酒精得率高等特点[1～6].以其为原料生产燃料乙醇,可作为煤炭、石油、天然气等能源的替代品.同时,燃料乙醇有利于大气环境改善;与汽油相比,环境污染可降低30;以上.选育早熟、高产、高糖的甜同粱品种-新高粱3号,并开展高产、高糖、低成本的栽培技术研究,实现良种良法配套.充分利用新疆独特的自然资源,开发再生性能源与相关化工产品,调整种植业结构,增加农牧民收入,将有效缓解能源危机,具有良好的经济、社会和生态效益.     

Net energy analysis of alcohol production from sugarcane

Energy requirements were calculated for the agricultural and the industrial phase of ethyl alcohol production from sugarcane grown in Louisiana. Agricultural energy requirements comprised 54 percent of all energy inputs, with machinery, fuel, and nitrogen fertilizer representing most of the energy subsidies. Overall net energy benefits (output:input) for alcohol production ranged from 1.8:1 to 0.9:1 depending on whether crop residues or fossil fuels were used for industrial processes.     

云南发展生物质能的比较优势与策略

以燃料乙醇和生物柴油为例,阐述了云南生物质能十分丰富,而油气资源较为贫乏的能源特点,分析了云南发展生物质能源的比较优势,提出了发展策略.     

生物质能源化学转化技术与应用研究进展

随着全球能源的紧缺和化石燃料使用带来的环境污染的加剧,生物质作为可替代化石能源的可再生能源之一,其使用范围越来越广泛。介绍了生物质及生物质能的基本概念。综述了生物质能的直接燃烧、气化、液化、热解等热化学转化技术,并对这些技术的应用与前景进行了阐述。针对生物质能在转化和利用中存在的问题,提出了相应的解决措施。     

利用生物质转化制备乙酰丙酸的研究进展

随着石油类资源的枯竭,生物质资源作为一种可再生资源日益引起人们的重视。作为重要的平台化合物,乙酰丙酸具有高反应活性和广泛用途。综述了利用生物质转化制备乙酰丙酸的催化和纯化方法方面的研究进展,并指明其今后的研究方向。     

Resource constraints in petroleum production potential

Geologic reasons indicate that the dominant position of the Middle East as a source of conventional petroleum will not be changed by new discoveries elsewhere. The share of world crude oil production coming from the Middle East could increase, within 10 to 20 years, to exceed 50 percent, under even modest increases in world consumption. Nonconventional resources of oil exist in large quantities, but because of their low production rates they can at best only mitigate extant trends. Increased production of natural gas outside the United States, however, offers an opportunity for geographically diversified energy supplies in the near future.     

Methanol: A Versatile Fuel for Immediate Use: Methanol can be made from gas, coal, or wood. It is stored and used in existing equipment

We believe that methanol is the most versatile synthetic fuel available and its use could stretch or eventually substitute for, the disappearing reserves of low-cost petroleum resources. Methanol could be used now as a means for marketing economically the natural gas that is otherwise going to waste in remote locations. If methanol were used as an additive to gasoline at a rate of 5 to 15 percent, for use in internal combustion engines, there would be an immediate reduction in atmospheric pollution, there would be less need for lead in fuel, and automobile performance would be improved. With increasing production of fuel-grade methanol from coal and other sources, we foresee the increasing use of methanol for electrical power plants, for heating, and for other fuel applications. We hope that a practical methanol fuel cell will be commercially available by the time that methanol becomes plentiful for fuel purposes. Methanol offers a particularly attractive form of solar-energy conservation, since agricultural and forest waste products can be used as the starting material. Indeed, at 1 percent conversion efficiency the forest lands could supply the entire present energy requirements of the United States.     

生物质液体燃料发展方向与对策探讨

阐明了开发生物质液体燃料是解决石油短缺和环境污染的有效途径之一。分析了我国液体燃料市场和生物质资料的现状和发展趋势，提出了我国生物质液体燃料的发展方向和相应的对策。     

Biofuels and food security

The major source of energy comes from fossil fuels.The current situation in the fi eld of fuel and energy is becoming more problematic as world population continues to grow because of the limitation of fossil fuels reserve and its pressure on environment.This review aims to fi nd economic,reliable,renewable and non-polluting energy sources to reduce high energy tariffs in Russian Federation.Biofuel is fuel derived directly from plants,or indirectly from agricultural,commercial,domestic,and/or industrial wastes.Other alternative energy sources including solar energy and electric power generation are also discussed.Over 100 Mt of biomass available for energy purposes is produced every year in Russian.One of the downsides of biomass energy is its potential threatens to food security and forage industries.An innovative approach proved that multicomponent fuel(80%diesel oil content for motor and 64%for in stove fuel)can remarkably reduce the costs.This paper proposed that the most promising energy model for future is based on direct solar energy conversion and transcontinental terawatt power transmission with the use of resonant wave-guide technology.     

蓖麻在可持续发展农业中的生态价值

不可再生化石燃料资源的枯竭,以及石油开采、释放能量是对环境造成不可逆转的破坏使生物质能的利用及产品利用技术研究成为未来能源利用的热点。生物质能源具有可永续利用、不破坏环境等特点。蓖麻是一种油料作物,在工业、农业、生态中有其独到的价值。     

Review of the direct thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass for liquid fuels

Increased demand for liquid transportation fuels, environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources requires the development of efficient conversion technologies for production of second-generation biofuels from non-food resources. Thermochemical approaches hold great potential for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into liquid fuels. Direct thermochemical processes convert biomass into liquid fuels in one step using heat and catalysts and have many advantages over indirect and biological processes, such as greater feedstock flexibility, integrated conversion of whole biomass, and lower operation costs. Several direct thermochemical processes are employed in the production of liquid biofuels depending on the nature of the feedstock properties: such as fast pyrolysis/liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass for bio-oil, including upgrading methods, such as catalytic cracking and hydrogenation. Owing to the substantial amount of liquid fuels consumed by vehicular transport, converting biomass into drop-in liquid fuels may reduce the dependence of the fuel market on petroleumbased fuel products. In this review, we also summarize recent progress in technologies for large-scale equipment for direct thermochemical conversion. We focus on the technical aspects critical to commercialization of the technologies for production of liquid fuels from biomass,including feedstock type, cracking catalysts, catalytic cracking mechanisms, catalytic reactors, and biofuel properties. We also discuss future prospects for direct thermochemical conversion in biorefineries for the production of high grade biofuels.     

Trace elements in tree rings: evidence of recent and historical air pollution

Annual growth rings from short-leaf pine trees in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park show suppressed growth and increased iron content between 1863 and 1912, a period of smelting activity and large sulfur dioxide releases at Copperhill, Tennessee, 88 kilometers upwind. Similar growth suppression and increases of iron and other metals were found in rings formed in the past 20 to 25 years, a period when regional fossil fuel combustion emissions increased about 200 percent. Metals concentrations in phloem and cambium are high, but whether they exceed toxic thresholds for these tissues is not known.     

中国生物质能源发展现状及问题探讨

当前世界正面临着严重的化石能源危机,生物质能源发展已受到越来越多国家的关注。文章综述了生物燃气、生物液体燃料、微藻能源、固体成型燃料等生物质能源技术的主要进展,分析了我国生物质能源产业发展中出现的一些问题,并基于此提出了完善和修改生物质能源产品价格补贴、强制性生物质液体燃料收购、鼓励生物质液体燃料消费等激励政策,设立专项加快开发和应用具有自主知识产权的国产化技术,以及大力度发展非粮生物质能源和利用边际土地建立生物质能源基地等政策建议。     

浅谈能源植物的开发和利用

随着对化石能源的不断开采,对矿物燃料的过度依赖,使得化石能源已经濒临枯竭,寻找一种新能源来代替化石能源是21世纪的科研主题。目前,对于能源植物的开发和利用备受人们的关注,它与石油资源不同,是可再生资源,且燃烧产物没有污染。本文通过对能源植物的开发和利用进行简单的介绍和粗浅的分析,进而发表一些浅见。     

Energy and the oil-importing developing countries

Oil-importing developing countries will need more energy during the 1980's to sustain development and to support their subsistence sectors. Development plans must be revised to reflect the potentially disastrous effects of high-cost oil on foreign exchange reserves and on national indebtedness. Energy use efficiency must be increased, and wider use must be made of domestic sources of energy-of conventional fossil and hydro sources and of new and renewable options such as biomass and other solar resources. The international community can help by careful management of world financial flows and trade agreements, expansion of capital assistance, and provision of technical assistance. The importance of improving levels of scientific and technical expertise in the less-developed countries is a challege to the worldwide scientific and engineering community.     

Brazil: energy options and current outlook

Brazil's energy options and current outlook are examined, and a summary of known reserves of fossil and renewable energy resources is given. Brazil has abundant renewable energy resources but very modest reserves of fossil fuels. Consequently, the emphasis in the future will have to be on the utilization of solar energy, hydroelectric power, and biomass in a program designed to preserve local traditions and culture.     

Energy uptake and allocation during ontogeny

All organisms face the problem of how to fuel ontogenetic growth. We present a model, empirically grounded in data from birds and mammals, that correctly predicts how growing animals allocate food energy between synthesis of new biomass and maintenance of existing biomass. Previous energy budget models have typically had their bases in rates of either food consumption or metabolic energy expenditure. Our model provides a framework that reconciles these two approaches and highlights the fundamental principles that determine rates of food assimilation and rates of energy allocation to maintenance, biosynthesis, activity, and storage. The model predicts that growth and assimilation rates for all animals should cluster closely around two universal curves. Data for mammals and birds of diverse body sizes and taxa support these predictions.     

农村生物质能源利用现状及发展对策——以湖北当阳为例

近年来,生物质作为清洁的可再生能源,日益受到全社会重视。以湖北省当阳市为例,对农村生物质的能源利用进行了调查分析,重点探讨该地的生物质直燃发电项目,以期为我国广大农村合理、高效利用生物质能提供经验与借鉴。研究发现生物质发电面临原料供应不足和环境污染问题,而当地生物质资源的综合利用也存在一定不足。基于此,提出了应优化电厂原料供应、促进生物质资源梯级开发、引进先进技术等建议。     

Solar biomass energy: an overview of u.s. Potential

The U.S. annual biomass production for food, lumber, paper, and fiber, if used exclusively for energy, would provide 25 percent of current energy requirements. The collection of unharvested wood residues and cull trees for direct use as fuel for small nearby space-heating applications-especially for peak winter conditions-is an important near-term solar energy opportunity. Improved management of hundreds of millions of acres of productive forest land is an important opportunity for the long term. Harvest of cropland residues for energy values, new biomass production using intensive short-rotation silviculture, resubstitution of natural products for petroleum-based synthetics, and forest management for large-scale production of electricity and synthetic fuels are judged to be less appropriate directions for the U.S. energy system to take.