土壤改良剂对冷浸田土壤特性和水稻群体质量的影响

以南方典型冷浸田为研究对象, 在明沟排水的基础上, 通过田间定位试验, 以不施土壤改良剂为对照, 研究了施用不同土壤改良剂(自研的脱硫灰改良剂、生物活性炭, 市售的土壤改良剂石灰、硅钙肥、腐植酸)对冷浸田氧化还原电位、土壤呼吸强度、土壤微生物数量、水稻群体构建及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明, 施用改良剂能够改善土壤理化性状, 提升土壤速效养分和pH,但除脱硫灰处理外, 其他改良剂处理对土壤Eh未产生显著影响。施用不同土壤改良剂在水稻各生育期均能有效增强土壤微生物呼吸强度和放线菌数量, 并且放线菌数量达到差异性显著水平(P<0.05), 生物活性炭处理下土壤呼吸强度和放线菌数量分别较对照增加67.6%和127.6%。各土壤改良剂处理与CK相比较均有助于提高叶片SPAD、茎蘖数、水稻干物质积累量、成穗数、穗粒数、产量结实率和根系伤流速率。其中以脱硫灰和生物活性炭处理改良效果最佳, 抽穗后29 d时,根系伤流速率较CK分别提高45.4%和39.1%, 叶片SPAD分别增加27.4%和22.5%; 成熟期水稻成穗数较对照提高12.1%和10.7%,干物质积累量增加68.8%和50.5%,产量分别增加12.8%和10.3%。综上所述, 土壤改良剂可有效改善冷浸田土壤特性及水稻群体质量, 脱硫灰和生物活性炭处理的改良效果最明显, 增产幅度最大。     

永久性及长期渍水的水稻土中铜的供给情况和铜肥的效果

本试验于1982年在皖南山地丘陵区进行,结果表明:1.永久性渍水的水稻土上用0.1%的硫酸铜沾秧根或0.5公斤/亩作基肥,对水稻均有明显的增产效果,增产幅度为5.2-41.4%,平均每亩增产稻谷45公斤.2.施铜增产的永久性溃水水稻土通常Eh更低(74mV);有机质分解缓慢而含量高(3.99%);有效铁含量也很高(317ppm);有效铜含最低(1.24ppm)3.铜与铁有显著的拮抗作用,即水稻植株中铜、铁含量有较好的直线负相关(r=-0.7725^**),土壤中有效Fe/Cu比值与植株体内的Fe/Cu比值有极好的直线正相关(r=0.9470).这二个Fe/Cu比值同样与施铜增产效果有极好的正相关(r=0.9308,r=0.9801),土壤Fe/Cu比值>120的8块试验田施铜均有增产效果.4.施用铜肥除了补充铜的不足外,同时还能减少水稻对铁的吸收,降低了水稻的Fe/Cu比值,减轻亚铁毒害,达到了增产的目的.     

Soil biological and physiochemical factors limiting the growth potential of tomato planted in waterlogged volcanic soil

Abstract

Many vegetable growers in Japan practice a unique waterlogged cultivation method with ample nitrogen (N) supply and microbial supplements, reporting vigorous plant growth, no soilborne diseases, and high yields. We simulated waterlogged soil conditions in greenhouse experiments to examine effects of soil pH and redox potential (Eh) as well as microbial influence on the growth of tomato seedlings. Soil pasteurization enhanced seedling growth whether the acidic, volcanic soil was waterlogged or well-drained. Among various antimicrobials, only soil treatment with polymyxin B improved shoot growth in nonpasteurized soil. The seedlings grew best in pasteurized acidic, waterlogged soil fertilized with ample potassium nitrate (KNO₃), which maintained soil Eh above zero. In nonpasteurized soil, growth was severely stunted by raising soil pH progressively to 8.5 while Eh dropped to –194?mV. The results suggested that heat-sensitive Gram-negative soil bacteria and low soil Eh were key factors limiting the growth potential of tomato plants in waterlogged soils.     

不同土壤的还原状况对铁镉形态转化和水稻吸收的影响

采用土壤-蛭石联合培养,以填充蛭石的网袋模拟根际,置于红壤、水稻土、盐土中后淹水栽培水稻13 d.试验结果表明,水稻栽培期问,红壤、水稻土、盐土pH变化范围分别为6.05 ～6.78、6.47 ～7.33、6.42 ～7.44;有机质处理下,除红壤根际pH明显升高外,其余土壤根际和非根际pH均有所下降.各土壤对照根际Eh保持在233 ～ 385 mV;有机质处理使根际Eh下降,同时也导致除盐土外的非根际Eh上升.土壤还原溶解Fe与蛭石吸附Fe的90％以上均米自铁锰氧化物结合态铁(Oxide-Fe)组分,与溶液Eh、pe+ pH均有显著相关性,表明两表面同为Fe的氧化还原反应,但方向相反.水稻根表Fe膜的形成与根际氧化还原状况有关,在对照根际(高Eh)环境下,根表Fe含量随pH升高而降低,在有机质处理根际(低Eh)环境下则随pH升高而升高;在红壤中,根表Fe膜阻碍Fe的吸收,在水稻土和盐土中,根表Fe膜促进Fe吸收.根表Cd含量与根内Cd、地上部Cd有显著正相关;在红壤中,根表Fe膜阻碍了水稻Cd的吸附和吸收;水稻土和盐土中,根表Fe膜促进了水稻Cd的吸附和吸收.     

Stability behavior of soil colloidal suspensions in relation to sequential reduction of soils

Flocculation and dispersion of colloidal particles of nine inorganic paddy soils were studied mainly based on turbidity measurements of the suspensions of soils which were previously incubated at 28°C under in vitro waterlogged conditions. After 1-week of incubation, the turbidity of the soils except for 1) two soils containing larger amounts of sodium salts and 2) one soil containing larger amounts of Fe and Al oxides, significantly decreased, and colloidal particles flocculated with 1) a decrease in soil Eh and 2) an increase in electric conductivity (EC). During the 3- to 4-week period of waterlogging, the turbidity of the three soils significantly increased with the 1) decrease in EC and 2) increase in pH of the soils although the Eh remained low. Infrared (IR) absorption analysis showed that the suspended colloidal particles consisted of layer silicates from respective soil clays. Oxidation of suspensions of waterlogged soils by air-bubbling led to an increase in turbidity with the 1) increase in Eh, and 2) decrease in pH, EC, and water-soluble Fe₂₊ concentration. It was suggested that the stability of the soil colloidal suspensions was affected by soil reduction with alterations in ionic species and their concentrations at clay surfaces and in soil solutions.     

旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的影响及秸秆的改良作用

本研究以江汉平原旱改水为研究背景,采用土壤盆栽试验和室内淹水培养相结合的方法,以多年水稻土为对照,研究了多年棉田土旱改水及添加秸秆(9 g·kg-1)对水稻幼苗生长和矿质元素吸收的影响以及土壤氧化还原电位和有效态铁、锰、铜、锌含量变化,为旱改水水稻的种植提供参考。结果表明,棉田土旱改水后,水稻幼苗生长缓慢并出现失绿黄化症状,其地上部干重和叶绿素含量仅分别约为水稻土处理的30%和20%。旱改水处理水稻植株Fe含量显著低于、而Cu和Zn含量则显著高于水稻土处理。棉田土旱改水土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)显著高于水稻土;淹水处理10 d,土壤DTPA-Fe含量仅为水稻土的7%左右,而DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量则分别是水稻土的1.4~2.5倍和1.6~1.8倍。随着淹水时间的延长,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁含量逐渐增加,有效态锰、铜和锌含量呈先升高后降低趋势;到淹水处理的第28 d,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁、锰、铜和锌含量与水稻土之间的差异逐渐缩小。Fe不足及Cu过量可能是导致旱改水水稻幼苗生长缓慢、失绿黄化的主要原因。旱改水条件下添加秸秆可以降低土壤的Eh值,提高土壤DTPA-Fe含量及降低土壤DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量,显著提高旱改水初期水稻幼苗叶绿素含量,但对水稻生物量无显著影响。添加秸秆并不能完全消除旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

Combined effects of soil waterlogging and compaction on rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth, soil aeration, soil N transformations and 15N discrimination

 The combined effects of soil compaction and soil waterlogging on the growth of two rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L., cultivars Kanto 168 and Koshihikari) and soil N transformations were studied in pots. Although waterlogging eliminated initial differences in mechanical resistance between compacted and loose soils, Kanto 168 and Koshihikari roots had, respectively, less biomass and a lower porosity if soil was compacted prior to waterlogging. The cause for this was probably established before waterlogging. Redox values showed that upland soils were well aerated. Loose waterlogged soils contained oxic sites, but compacted waterlogged soils did not. Potential denitrification was stimulated by waterlogging and, to a larger extent, by plant presence. Waterlogging lowered potential nitrifying capacities, by competition between plants and micro-organisms for NH₄ ⁺ rather than by oxygen shortage. Compaction prior to waterlogging benefited the potential nitrifying capacity of soils with either cultivar and the potential denitrifying capacity for soils with Koshihikari. Compaction had no effect on nitrification or denitrification in upland soils. N recoveries were low, especially in pots without plants, as a result from sampling strategy and N loss. On day 42/43 after potting, total δ¹⁵N values of waterlogged pots were positive, whereas after 22 days all pots had negative total δ¹⁵N values. Final δ¹⁵N values of plant parts from waterlogged and upland soils were positive and negative, respectively. Although the δ¹⁵N values generally accorded well with the other results, they did not support higher N losses from compacted waterlogged soils than from loose waterlogged soils with plants, as suggested by potential denitrifying activities. Received: 4 February 2000     

不同养分和水分模式对水稻土化学和微生物学质量参数的影响

A field experiment was conducted from 1999 to 2002 to compare and evaluate the effects of nutrient and water regimes on paddy soil quality by investigating soil chemical and microbiological parameters. Four nutrient regimes, a control, chemical fertilizers only (CF), chemical fertilizers with swine manure (SM), and chemical fertilizers with wheat straw (WS), and two soil moisture regimes, continuous waterlogging (CWL) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD), were investigated. With SM and WS total organic carbon and total nitrogen in the paddy soil were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those with CF. A similar effect for organic amendments was observed in the soil light fraction organic C (LFOC), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and water-soluble organic C (WSOC). CWL, in particular when swine manure was incorporated into the paddy soil, markedly decreased soil redox potential (Eh) and increased total active reducing substances (ARS). Meanwhile, as compared to CF, SM and WS significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and mineralizable carbon, with differences in AWD being higher than CWL. In addition, SM and WS treatments significantly (P < 0.05) improved rice above-ground biomass and grain yield, with AWD being greater than CWL. Thus, for ecologically sustainable agricultural management of paddy soils, long-term waterlogging should be avoided when organic manure was incorporated into paddy soil.     

Waterlogging Induces High to Toxic Concentrations of Iron,Aluminum, and Manganese in Wheat Varieties on Acidic Soil

Six wheat varieties with different tolerance to waterlogging were studied in acidic soil (pH 4.5), neutral soil, and potting mix (pH 6.7–7.8) under controlled conditions. Waterlogging for 49 d reduced shoot dry weight by 48% to 85% compared with drained treatments. The ranking of varieties for waterlogging changed under different soils, and this change explains why waterlogging tolerance of these varieties may vary in different environments. In waterlogged acidic soil, shoot concentrations of aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) increased by two- to 10-fold, and in some varieties they were above critical concentrations compared with plants in drained soil. These elements decreased or remained the same in shoots of plants grown in waterlogged neutral soil. Marginal nitrogen (N) deficiency was induced in most varieties in all soil types. The results support the importance of screening in soils from the target environment for accurate germplasm characterization for waterlogging tolerance.     

上海地区水稻土氮素矿化模拟

Three types of paddy soils, derived from granite, Quaternary red clay and basalt, respectively, were selected to study the effects of Fe and Mn in paddy soils on methane production and emission through pot and incubation experiments. The results indicated that the difference of Fe and Mn in paddy soils was one of the important factors causing obvious differences in methane emission from different soil types. Soil Fe and Mn affecting methane emission from the paddy soils was likely through affecting soil Eh and forming Fe and Mn plaques on rice roots. Different rates and valences of added Fe and Mn significantly affected methane production from paddy soils. Therefore, this study enhanced understanding of processes controlling methane emission from paddy soils and may help to improve modeling and estimating regional and global methane emission from paddy soils.     

小麦秸秆全量还田对水稻生长及稻田氧化还原物质的影响

以粳型水稻品系2645为材料,设小麦秸秆全量还田和不还田两个处理,研究小麦秸秆全量还田对水稻生长和稻田氧化还原物质的影响。结果表明,小麦秸秆全量还田提高了水稻穗粒数和产量,分别提高6.3%~6.9%和2.4%~10.0%,但使有效分蘖期(移栽后25 d)稻田水体含氧量降低了19.2%~68.4%,土壤还原物质总量和活性还原物质含量分别提高了6.2%~14.2%和15.1%~86.5%,水溶性Fe2+含量提高9.7%~30.1%,土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)和水稻根系活力分别下降3.6%~22.4%和13.5%~21.1%,拔节期分蘖数量和叶面积指数(LAI)分别减少9.5%和1.8%~4.3%。表明小麦秸秆全量还田增加了水稻生长前期稻田水体氧消耗量,促进了土壤还原物质积累,降低了土壤Eh和水稻根系活力,对水稻前期的群体发展有一定影响,但不影响最终产量。     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

氧化还原条件对土壤磷素固定与释放的影响

为探讨水稻土由氧化环境转为还原条件时对土壤磷素固定与释放的影响,选择18种水稻土样品进行室内模拟实验,通过测定不同条件下磷的等温吸附曲线和采用氧化铁试纸测定法进行多次提取以对比淹水前后土壤磷的累计解吸量,发现大部分供试样品的固磷能力在淹水条件下有了显著的提高,全部样品在淹水后磷的释放量都有不同程度的减少。进一步的研究表明淹水条件下土壤对磷的固定与释放的变化主要与淹水后土壤Eh的降低和pH的升高而导致的大量无定形铁的形成有关。     

Study on the improvement of fertilizer dressing and soil management in the rice field

Major part of nitrogen and phosphorus in the harvested rice plants was proved to be derived from soil nutrients by our field tracer experiments using 15-N and 32-P, even under heavy dressing of ammonium sulfate and superphosphate of over 75 kg per hectare in terms of N and P₂O₅ respectively. It fits quite nicely to Japanese farmer's common understanding, that the upland crops grow on the basis of fertilizer, and paddy rice on soil fertility. The Japanese rice soils, particularly under waterlogged conditions in summer, liberate rich nutrients from the organic matter, and the fertility of soils presents continuous supply of nitrogen and phosphorus throughout the rice Plant life.     

石灰性水稻土中磷酸铁对水稻磷营养的贡献

A study was carried out on contribution of iron phosphate to phosphorus nutrition of rice plant under waterlogged and moist conditions,respectively,by use of synthetic Fe^32 PO4.nH2O,tagging directly the iron phophate in calcareous paddy soils.Results showed that under waterlogged condition,similar to iron phosphate in acidic paddy soils.that in clacareous paddy soils was an important source of phosphorus to rice plant ,and the amount of phosphorus originated from it generally constituted 30-65% of the total phosphorus absorbed by rice plant.     

不同水型水稻土施钾效果及施钾技术的研究

本文通过不同水型水稻土水稻施钾效果的研究,结果表明,潜育型水稻土>潴育型水稻土>淹育型水稻土。水稻施钾能增强根系氧化力,提高土壤氧化还原电位的百分比和降低土壤还原物质含量,以及增加土壤好气性细菌和降低反硝化细菌的百分比等作用,均为潜育型水稻土>潴育型水稻土>淹育型水稻土;水稻生长季节的水、土温度,土壤供钾能力和水稻吸收土壤钾素的量为淹育型水稻土>潴育型水稻土>潜育型水稻土。而水稻吸收肥料钾占总吸钾量的比,则为潜育型水稻土>潴育型水稻土>淹育型水稻土。并找出了淹育型水稻土、潴育型水稻土和潜育型水稻土水稻施钾有效的土壤速效钾含量临界值,分别为54、82和141mg kg^-1。本文还提出了不同水型水稻土在不同土壤速效钾水平下,水稻最高产量和最经济产量的施钾量,以及钾肥的适宜施用期,为合理施用钾肥提供了科学依据。     

耕作模式对冷浸田水稻产量和土壤特性的影响

为探明不同耕作模式对冷浸田的影响机制,挖掘冷浸田的生产潜力,以冷浸田为研究对象,通过田间试验,以常规平作模式为对照,研究了垄作和稻鱼共作模式对冷浸田水稻产量以及土壤团聚体、温度、pH及有机质和还原性物质含量以及酶活性的影响。结果表明:相比对照(CK),垄作模式(T1)能显著降低土壤微团聚体(0.25 mm)含量,促进大团聚体的形成,提高土壤温度,增加土壤有机质含量,提高土壤pH,抑制水稻分蘖期后土壤亚铁含量的上升,降低土壤亚锰含量,减轻其对水稻根系的毒害作用,提高土壤酶活性,增加土壤速效养分含量。稻鱼共作模式(T2)对冷浸田土壤理化性状影响不显著,但能显著增加土壤速效养分含量,土壤速效钾含量在水稻孕穗期和成熟期分别较对照(CK)增加18.2%和69.2%,从而为水稻生长提供良好的土壤环境和营养,促进水稻生长发育,提高水稻产量。研究表明T1和T2模式能显著提高冷浸田水稻产量,增产范围为8.8%~25.8%,T1模式增产效果最显著,实际产量达到7 623 kg·hm-2。综上所述,垄作模式可以有效地改善冷浸田土壤特性,提高水稻产量,而稻鱼共作模式增产效果主要体现在增加冷浸田水体和土壤的速效养分。     

生物炭缓解稻麦轮作区小麦渍害胁迫的作用

稻麦轮作是长江中下游地区最主要的粮食生产方式,然而在该地区季风气候的背景下,小麦生长季易发生渍害胁迫,导致小麦减产甚至绝收。施用生物炭是一种有效的土壤改良方式,目前,已在长江中下游稻麦轮作区开展应用研究,但定量评估施用生物炭对长江中下游地区小麦渍害的影响研究尚未见报道。开展土柱和小区试验,研究水稻秸秆生物炭对稻麦轮作土壤和小麦生长前期的影响。结果表明,施用生物炭能显著降低稻麦轮作土壤的容重。不同深度的土壤水分动态变化也表明,施用生物炭有利于土壤水分向下迁移,可改善稻麦轮作土壤排水不畅的特点。同时,与未施用生物炭的处理相比,施用10 t hm-2生物炭能加快小麦出苗,促进小麦生长。播种后90 d的采样结果显示,施用生物炭处理下小麦株高、主根长和最后一片完全叶的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)均显著高于对照(p0.05)。根系特征显示,施用生物炭处理下的小麦主根长虽然显著高于对照,但2个处理间的总根长和总根面积却无显著差异。综上,施用生物炭能显著改善稻麦轮作土壤的排水条件,促进小麦前期生长,将有助于小麦在关键生育期抵御渍害胁迫。     

施用液态家畜废物的水稻田土壤中硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程的研究

Most studies on dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) in paddy soils were conducted in the laboratory and in situ studies are in need for better understanding of the DNRA process.In this study,in situ incubations of soil DNRA using 15 N tracer were carried out in paddy fields under conventional water (CW) and low water (LW) managements to explore the potential of soil DNRA after liquid cattle waste (LCW) application and to investigate the impacts of soil redox potential (Eh) and labile carbon on DNRA.DNRA rates ranged from 3.06 to 10.40 mg N kg 1 dry soil d 1,which accounted for 8.55%-12.36% and 3.88%-25.44% of consumption of added NO 3-15 N when Eh at 5 cm soil depth ranged from 230 to 414 mV and 225 to 65 mV,respectively.DNRA rates showed no significant difference in paddy soils under two water managements although soil Eh and/or dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were more favorable for DNRA in the paddy soil under CW management 1 d before,or 5 and 7 d after LCW application.Soil DNRA rates were negatively correlated with soil Eh (P < 0.05,n=5) but positively correlated with soil DOC (P < 0.05,n=5) in the paddy soil under LW management,while no significant correlations were shown in the paddy soil under CW management.The potential of DNRA measured in situ was consistent with previous laboratory studies;and the controlling factors of DNRA in paddy soils might be different under different water managements,probably due to the presence of different microfloras of DNRA.     

关于集约农作制下的土壤结构问题——Ⅰ.有机物料及其利用方式对土壤结构的影响

对稻草、紫云英有机物料不同用量和混施、单施或沤制后施用等不同施用方式对土壤结构的影响进行了四年模拟试验。四年培育期中的水分条件和其他物理条件均控制一致。测定表明,有机物料能明显改善土壤的结构性和孔隙性,降低原状土核的破裂系数。有机质、重组有机质、无定形氧化铁、氧化铁的活度与团聚体的稳定性呈正相关;而与原状土的破裂系数呈负相关。看来,无定形氧化铁的含量可以作为高产水稻土具有良好结构性的一个间接指标。施加有机物料的土壤,当脱水时其中大孔隙显著增多,这对粘质水稻土回旱种旱作十分有利。稻草直接施入土中的改土效果优于沤制后施入土中,且不亚于高用量稻草和紫云英混施的效果。可见,如绿肥施用量减少时,只要保持一定量的稻草回田,亦能改善土壤的结构。