Chemical composition of precipitation at Long Island,NY

Chemical analyses were performed on 387 sequential precipitation samples, both rain and snow, collected at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Long Island, New York, on 96 different days during the period from October 1983 to June 1985. The collection time for each individual sample was typically 30 min. The chemical species determined and the volume-weighted average and maximum concentrations (in parentheses) in units of μM were: H₂0₂:7(120), H₂CO:6(60), H⁺:51(500), N0₃ ^?:30(350), S0₄ ^2?:25(270), NH₄ ⁺:18(250), Ca²⁺:3(48), Na⁺:32(400), and Cl^?:37(380). A strong seasonal dependence was observed for H₂0₂ concentration, the maximum concentration in summer (120 μM) being 6 times greater than in winter. In addition, H₂0₂ concentration also exhibited a strong diurnal variation, with a maximum peaking in the afternoon and a minimum after midnight. These observations suggest that the production of H₂0₂ may be governed by photochemical activity. Nitrate concentration also displayed a strong diurnal variation, having a maximum around noon, but did not show a seasonal dependence. Relationships between various species and their possible sources are briefly discussed.     

Chemical composition of acid precipitation in Central Texas

Studies were undertaken to determine factors affecting composition of acidic precipitation formation in the Austin area of Central Texas. The study was initiated to determine background levels of acid and alkalinity producing constitutents in an area with elevated natural dust levels from nearby limestone rock formations. Results showed normal rainfall pH values of 6.5 to 6.6 in the area, with extreme variations from 5.8 to 7.3. Significant Ca levels of 1 to 4 mg 1^?1 were observed from probably natural origin which appeared to have a buffering effect on acidity. Significant sulfate and nitrate ion concentrations occurred during the early stages of rainfall where rainfall pH was dependent on calcium-sulfate ratio.     

污染场地土壤修复目标值差异探讨 ——以重庆某化工厂遗留场地为例

污染场地土壤修复目标值确定对于土壤污染的修复效果至关重要,也是污染土壤修复工程实践中出现的难点。国家环境保护部已正式发布了《污染场地风险评估技术导则》(HJ25.3—2014),但实际上《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)、《展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准》(HJ350—2007)等土壤环境质量标准仍未修订或废止,导致两种评价方式并行,且两种不同方式确定的修复目标值存在明显差异,为修复工作带来了极大的困难。本文调查了重庆某化工厂遗留场地土壤污染现状,分别通过两种评价方式确定了修复目标值,结果显示,两种评价方法确定的超标最严重污染物均为苯并[a]芘,但风险评估模型计算的和土壤环境质量标准确定的修复目标值存在较大差异,分别为0.041、0.3mg/kg,计算确定的修复目标值低于现有标准规定的适用限值,建议国家尽快修订或出台与风险评估模型相适应的土壤环境质量标准。     

Chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation and lysimetric water in an iron-illuvial podzol under mixed forest plantations in the Republic of Komi

Data on the migration of soluble organic compounds and other elements in the profile of an iron-illuvial podzol under mixed forest plantations are analyzed. It is demonstrated that the contents of organic compounds and chemical elements in lysimetric water are subjected to considerable seasonal dynamics. The transformation of the chemical composition of the lysimetric water in the soil profile is discussed.     

贵州茂兰喀斯特森林不同小生境类型对岩石溶蚀的影响

喀斯特山区土层浅薄、生态环境脆弱,碳酸盐岩溶蚀是喀斯特山区主要成土方式,研究碳酸盐岩溶蚀对喀斯特山区土壤环境保护及土壤可持续利用具有重要意义.以贵州茂兰喀斯特森林不同类型小生境(石洞、石缝、石沟、石槽、土面、石面)为研究对象,通过溶蚀试片法于小生境内进行野外溶蚀试验,观察溶蚀速率、溶蚀形态在时间、空间上的变化,分析溶蚀...     

我国西南岩溶区土壤侵蚀强度分级标准研究

中国西南岩溶区碳酸盐岩成土物质先天不足,沿用水利部颁布的SL190--1996《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》,显然与岩溶区的实际情况不适应。在分析影响西南岩溶区碳酸盐岩风化成土因素的基础上,收集相关的资料、数据和图层,估算西南岩溶区碳酸盐岩的风化成土速率,并将成土速率作为土壤允许流失量,厘定西南岩溶区土壤侵蚀强度的分级标准,结果表明,微度、轻度、中度、强度、极强度和剧烈侵蚀标准分别为〈30、30—100、100～200、200～500、500～l000、〉1000t／（km2·a）。根据西南岩溶区土壤侵蚀过程的基本特点,对该地区以后的水土保持工作提出以下建议：1）抓住土壤侵蚀过程关键环节重点防治,2）不同岩溶石漠化区采取不同水土保持对策,3）积极推进生物篱技术,4）加强岩溶区土壤改良技术研究,提高基本农田的生产效率。     

桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地降水氢氧稳定同位素的季节变化特征

喀斯特地区特殊的二元水文地质结构增加了水文过程研究的难度。大气降水是流域水循环的重要输入因子,研究降水氢氧稳定同位素的季节变化规律及其影响因素,有利于探讨该地区水汽来源、径流划分、水分滞留时间等水文过程。该文以桂西北环江地区典型喀斯特峰丛洼地为例,基于2009年4月-2011年8月的降雨、温度资料以及月降水氢氧稳定同位素组成数据,分析了降水分布及其氢氧稳定同位素组成的季节变化规律,并探讨了各种环境因素的影响。结果表明,当地大气水线与全球大气水线存在一定的偏离,表明研究区降水云气形成过程中汽、液两相同位素分馏不平衡的程度偏大。过量氘年平均值为14.21‰,旱雨季不同,反映了水汽来源的差异。降水氢氧稳定同位素季节变化呈现正弦波动的特性,波动周期和振幅受纬度及季节因素的影响明显大于降水量及温度,表明大尺度环境因素的影响占主导地位。该研究为基于氢氧稳定同位素技术的喀斯特地区流域尺度水文过程研究奠定了基础,对深入分析该地区植被恢复与重建的生态水文效应提供参考。     

重庆地区紫色土和紫色泥岩物质组成与微结构研究

根据紫色土与紫色泥岩的X-射线矿物鉴定、粒度分析、电镜鉴定及野外观察,研究了紫色土与紫色泥岩的矿物组成、粒度组成及其易发生侵蚀的原因。结果表明,紫色土与紫色泥岩矿物成分与含量差异很小,均以石英和长石为主,黏土矿物中蒙脱石含量较其他矿物多;粒度成分也非常接近,以粉砂和黏粒为主。紫色土以碎屑粒状孔隙充填式胶结微结构为主,另有少量粒状接触胶结微结构和粒状块状胶结微结构,胶结物以黏土为主,仅含有3%左右的Fe2O3化学胶结物;紫色泥岩微结构的突出特点是微型片结构和微型块状结构占主要地位。蒙脱石的较高含量指示紫色泥岩与紫色土为膨胀类岩土。紫色泥岩与紫色土在湿润气候条件下的频繁胀缩是它们易于发生物理风化和易受侵蚀的主要原因,微型块状结构、微型片状结构和密集微型裂隙也是其抗蚀性差的重要原因。紫色泥岩的微型块状与微型片状结构和密集微型裂隙主要是在成岩过程中产生的,是原始沉积形成的大量球形、椭球形黏土形态受到成岩过程中挤压作用的结果。     

西南地区亚高山典型林区土壤碳排放及影响因子

为进一步厘定西南地区亚高山典型林区土壤碳(carbon,C)排放的主控因素,更精确估算土壤C排放,该文以贡嘎山峨眉冷杉林为研究对象,利用Li-6400-09土壤呼吸室,采集了2008—2009年土壤CO2排放速率及相应环境要素数据。结果表明,成熟林与中龄林区土壤储量分别为291.0、63.8 t C/hm2。成熟林与中龄林全年土壤C排放速率整体变化态势基本一致。其中中龄林土壤C排放速率日均最大值、最小值与平均值分别为34.53、6.96、16.26 kg C/(hm2·d)。成熟林土壤C排放速率日均值的最大值、最小值与平均值分别为55.34、9.50、24.57 kg C/(hm2·d)。土壤C排放速率日均值与5 cm土壤温度表现的相关性最高(r成熟=r中龄=0.73,P0.05)且二者存在指数关系(R2成熟=0.60,R2中龄=0.56)。土壤温度是影响该区域土壤C排放变化的主要环境驱动因子。在IPCC不同气候情景下(B1,A1B和A2),成熟林土壤C排放量将比基准情景分别高出15%、25%和31%;中龄林土壤C排放量将比基准情景高13%、21%和27%。该研究可为变化环境下中国西南山区碳平衡估算提供数据基础和参考依据。     

Chemical composition of distillers grains, a review

In recent years, increasing demand for ethanol as a fuel additive and decreasing dependency on fossil fuels have resulted in a dramatic increase in the amount of grains used for ethanol production. Dry-grind is the major process, resulting in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as a major coproduct. Like fuel ethanol, DDGS has quickly become a global commodity. However, high compositional variation has been the main problem hindering its use as a feed ingredient. This review provides updated information on the chemical composition of distillers grains in terms of nutrient levels, changes during dry-grind processing, and causes for large variation. The occurrence in grain feedstock and the fate of mycotoxins during processing are also covered. During processing, starch is converted to glucose and then to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Most other components are relatively unchanged but concentrated in DDGS about 3-fold over the original feedstock. Mycotoxins, if present in the original feedstock, are also concentrated. Higher fold of increases in S, Na, and Ca are mostly due to exogenous addition during processing, whereas unusual changes in inorganic phosphorus (P) and phytate P indicate phytate hydrolysis by yeast phytase. Fermentation causes major changes, but other processing steps are also responsible. The causes for varying DDGS composition are multiple, including differences in feedstock species and composition, process methods and parameters, the amount of condensed solubles added to distiller wet grains, the effect of fermentation yeast, and analytical methodology. Most of them can be attributed to the complexity of the dry-grind process itself. It is hoped that information provided in this review will improve the understanding of the dry-grind process and aid in the development of strategies to control the compositional variation in DDGS.     

Chemical composition of the organic matter in forest soils: The humus layer

Decomposition and humification were studied within three types of forest humus (mull, moder, and mor) by means of CPMAS ¹³C NMR spectroscopy combined with degradative methods. The NMR data show that O-alkyl carbon decreases in all soils, and alkyl as well as carboxyl carbon increase as depth and decomposition increase; the percentage of aromatic carbon remains constant at about 25%. With increasing depth the amount of carbon that can be identified as belonging to specific compound classes by wet chemical methods decreases from 60% to 40%. Microbial polysaccharides and the proportion of non polysaccharide O-alkyl carbon increase with depth. A selective preservation of recalcitrant, condensed lignin structural units is also observed. In order to relate the spectroscopic and chemical data from investigations of whole soils with studies of humification, samples were fractionated into fulvic acid, humic acid, and humin fractions. The fulvic acid fraction contains large concentrations of carbohydrates irrespective of the soil horizon. The humic acid fraction contains less polysaccharides, but high amounts of alkyl carbon and aromatic structures. The percentage of aromatic carbon existing in the humic acid fraction increases with depth, probably reflecting the amount and degree of oxidative decomposition of lignin. A loss of methoxyl and phenolic groups is evident in the ¹³C NMR spectra of the humic acid fraction. The humin fraction resembles relatively unchanged plant-derived materials as evident from the lignin parameters and carbohydrate contents. All the observed data seem to indicate that humic acids originate form oxidative degradation of humin or plant litter.     

Optimization of nitrogen fertilizer rate under integrated rice management in a hilly area of Southwest China

China has the world''s highest nitrogen (N) application rate, and the lowest N use efficiency (NUE). With the crop yield increasing, serious N pollution is also caused. An in-situ field experiment (2011-2015) was conducted to examine the effects of three N levels, 0 (i.e., no fertilizer N addition to soil), 120, and 180 kg N ha^-1, using integrated rice management (IRM). We investigated rice yield, aboveground N uptake, and soil surface N budget in a hilly region of Southwest China. Compared to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM integrated raised beds, plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting, which significantly improved rice grain yield, straw biomass, aboveground N uptake, and NUE. Integrated rice management significantly improved ¹⁵N recovery efficiency (by 10%) and significantly reduced the ratio of potential ¹⁵N loss (by 8%-12%). Among all treatments, the 120 kg N ha^-1 level under IRM achieved the highest ¹⁵N recovery efficiency (32%) and ¹⁵N residual efficiency (29%), with the lowest ¹⁵N loss ratio (39%). After rice harvest, the residual N fertilizer did not achieve a full replenishment of soil N consumption, as the replenishing effect was insufficient (ranging from -31 to -49 kg N ha^-1). Furthermore, soil surface N budget showed a surplus (69-146 kg N ha^-1) under all treatments, and the N surplus was lower under IRM than TRM. These results indicate IRM as a reliable and stable method for high rice yield and high NUE, while exerting a minor risk of N loss. In the hilly area of Southwest China, the optimized N fertilizer application rate under IRM was found to be 100-150 kg N ha^-1.     

重庆缙云山森林火灾干扰边坡的滑坡易发期预测

为明确缙云山火灾后边坡的失稳机制并预测未来滑坡风险,该研究通过对火林地根-土体物理性质勘测和试验,借鉴森林砍伐与根系强度预测模型-SIDLE曲线模型预测了根系强度的衰减和恢复动态,并采用COMSOL模拟了未来40 a林地边坡在正常状态和极端降雨事件后的稳定性动态。结果表明：1）缙云山林缘边坡为约1.5 m厚的砂质壤土-砂质泥岩双层土坡结构,上下层渗透性和土体强度差异悬殊;2）林缘边坡在自然状态下处于稳定状态,潜在滑动面位于深层（稳定系数F_OS>2）;极端降雨条件下,潜在滑动面位于土层结构面上,该处易出现带状积水,正孔隙水压力约10 kPa,极端降雨后无根系状态临界F_OS为1.13,根系固土状态下临界F_OS为1.32;3）火灾发生后对自然状态下边坡深层稳定性影响较小,而极端降雨后边坡浅层稳定性随火灾后的年动态呈现快速降低而后缓慢恢复的趋势,期间F_OS谷值处便出现长达数年的浅层滑坡易发期。缙云山林缘边坡的失稳机制为降雨过程中土层界面处正孔隙水压力积累弱化了有效应力。结合文献已有灌木根系数据和本区植物根系固土特性和土层特征,保守估计该次火灾发生后6～9 a为滑坡易发期, F_OS为1.22～1.32,至少18～24 a后才可完全恢复至火灾前的稳定条件。研究结果有助于了解区域浅层滑坡形成机制,为火后森林恢复和边坡风险评估提供初步参考。     

Evergreen broad-leaved forest improves soil water status compared with tea tree plantation in Ailao Mountains,Southwest China

Abstract

In this paper, the spatial-temporal dynamics of soil moisture content was investigated in an evergreen broad-leaved forest and a tea tree plantation in Ailao Mountains, which was dominated by Fagaceae (Castanopsis wattii and Lithocarpus xylocarpus). Soil moisture content was studied between January 2005 and December 2006 at different depths (from 0–150 cm) with a neutron probe. The results showed that mean soil moisture content in the evergreen broad-leaved forest was usually higher than in the tea tree plantation in the dry season, whereas it was lower than the tea tree plantation in the rainy season. In addition, mean soil moisture content was depth dependent, and in the 10–50 cm layer the spatial variability was due to the active root zone within this depth area in two types of land use. From 50–150 cm, the spatial variability was slightly increasing in the evergreen broad-leaved forest or relatively stable in the tea tree plantation. Our study also showed that soil moisture content was higher and more stable under the evergreen broad-leaved forest than the tea tree plantation, hence we stress that evergreen broad-leaved forest plays an important role in holding soil moisture. It is suggested that the protection of evergreen broad-leaved forest should be strengthened.     

米亚罗林区冬季大型土壤动物的空间分布特征

土壤动物是陆地生态系统的组成部分,对多种地下生态过程具有重要的作用[1-2]。近些年,对土壤动物多样性及其功能的研究已成为生态学领域的一个新兴前沿[3-4]。土壤动物群落组成对植被变化有明显的依赖性,不同植被类型有着与其相适应的土壤动物群落[5-7]。但植被类型的变化常与海拔     

蜀南竹海毛竹林土壤化学肥力质量及其评价

以四川宜宾蜀南竹海核心景区毛竹林土壤为研究对象,按照公里网格法布点,采集0~40 cm土层土样34个,测定速效钾、有机质、有效磷、p H、全氮、碱解氮、电导率7项土壤化学指标,应用地统计分析方法研究了土壤化学肥力质量。采用因子分析法对土壤化学肥力质量进行了评价。结果表明:研究区土壤速效钾和有效磷含量较低,尤其是有效磷极度缺乏;从变异系数上看,除p H为弱变异外,其余指标均为中等变异;除p H为中等空间相关外,其余指标均具有强烈的空间相关性;土壤化学肥力质量指标的空间变异范围为1 062.32~1 952.56 m;在划分的5个化学肥力等级中,Ⅰ、Ⅱ等占总面积的38%,Ⅳ、Ⅴ等所占面积较Ⅰ、Ⅱ等小,占总面积的31.94%;Ⅲ等以上占总面积的68.06%,土壤化学肥力质量总体处于中上水平。应科学开发和规划减少人为干扰,合理施用磷钾肥。     

森林养分循环模型应用

The nutrient cycling model NuCM is one of the most detailed models for simulating processes that influence nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. A field study was conducted at Tieshanping, a Masson pine （Pinus massoniana Lamb.） forest site, in Chongqing, China, to monitor the impacts of acidic precipitation on nutrient cycling. NuCM simulations were compared with observed data from the study site. The model produced an approximate fit with the observed data. It simulated the mean annual soil solution concentrations in the two simulation years, whereas it sometimes failed to reproduce seasonal variation. Even though some of the parameters required by model running were measured in the field, some others were still highly uncertain and the uncertainties were analyzed. Some of the uncertain parameters necessary for model running should be measured and calibrated to produce a better fit between modeled results and field data.     

Effects of acidic deposition on soil ecosystems under forest in the Chongqing region of China

The effects of acidic deposition on soil ecosystems under temperate coniferous forest in the Chongqing region of China were investigated from 1993 to 1994. Precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, soil solutions, and soil samples were collected to estimate the acidification of soil ecosystems through the changes of their chemical components. The concentrations of ion species in the throughfall and stemflow under masson pine forest in Mt. Zhenwu were higher than those under mixed coniferous forest in Mt. Jinyun and under camphor tree forest in Laojundong, suggesting that Mt. Zhenwu is located in the vicinity of the Chongqing center and that it allowed the canopy of masson pine to intercept air pollutants. However, the level of aluminum dissolution into soil solutions was relatively low under masson pine forest in Mt. Zhenwu in spite of the low pH in the stemflow.     

Impacts of straw biochar additions on agricultural soil quality and greenhouse gas fluxes in karst area,Southwest China

Understanding and improving environmental quality by reducing soil nutrient leaching losses, sequestering carbon (C), reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and enhancing crop productivity in highly weathered or degraded soils have always been the goals of agroecosystem researchers and producers. Biochar production and soil incorporation strategies have been recently proposed to help attain these goals. However, the effect of such approaches on soil GHG fluxes is highly uncertain and needs to be further assessed before biochar can be used on a large scale. In addition, the duration of these GHG reductions is not known and is of pivotal importance for the inclusion of biochar in climate abatement strategies. In a field trial cultivated with Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis) and radish (Daucus carota L. var. Sativa Hoffm), rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) straw-derived biochar was added to the soil at rates of 0, 26, 64 and 128 t ha^?1, in the whole growing season (October 2011–March 2012) to monitor the effect of treatments on soil GHG production/consumption and soil quality 16 months after biochar addition. The results showed that biochar amendment increased soil pH, nitrate nitrogen content, available phosphorus content and soil water content, but decreased soil bulk density. In biochar-treated plots, soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes were from 20.1 to 87.0% higher than in the control. Soil methane (CH₄) uptakes were increased significantly, by 33.2 and 80.1%, between the biochar amendment at the rate of 64 and 128 t ha^?1 and the control. Soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes showed no significant difference between biochar amendment and the control. Overall only the CH₄ uptake-promoting effect continued into the long term, 16 months after biochar incorporation. This study demonstrates that the beneficial effects of biochar addition might first come through soil quality improvement and carbon sequestration, rather than through effects on the repression of soil C mineralization or the nitrogen cycle.