Near-perfect elastoplasticity in pure nanocrystalline copper

Ductile metals and alloys undergo plastic yielding at room temperature, during which they exhibit work-hardening and the generation of surface instabilities that lead to necking and failure. We show that pure nanocrystalline copper behaves differently, displaying near-perfect elastoplastic behavior characterized by Newtonian flow and the absence of both work-hardening and neck formation. We observed this behavior in tensile tests on fully dense large-scale bulk nanocrystalline samples. The experimental results further our understanding of the unique mechanical properties of nanocrystalline materials and also provide a basis for commercial technologies for the plastic (and superplastic) formation of such materials.     

Ultrahigh strength in nanocrystalline materials under shock loading

Molecular dynamics simulations of nanocrystalline copper under shock loading show an unexpected ultrahigh strength behind the shock front, with values up to twice those at low pressure. Partial and perfect dislocations, twinning, and debris from dislocation interactions are found behind the shock front. Results are interpreted in terms of the pressure dependence of both deformation mechanisms active at these grain sizes, namely dislocation-based plasticity and grain boundary sliding. These simulations, together with new shock experiments on nanocrystalline nickel, raise the possibility of achieving ultrahard materials during and after shock loading.     

Superplastic extensibility of nanocrystalline copper at room temperature

A bulk nanocrystalline (nc) pure copper with high purity and high density was synthesized by electrodeposition. An extreme extensibility (elongation exceeds 5000%) without a strain hardening effect was observed when the nc copper specimen was rolled at room temperature. Microstructure analysis suggests that the superplastic extensibility of the nc copper originates from a deformation mechanism dominated by grain boundary activities rather than lattice dislocation, which is also supported by tensile creep studies at room temperature. This behavior demonstrates new possibilities for scientific and technological advancements with nc materials.     

Ultrahigh strength and high electrical conductivity in copper

Methods used to strengthen metals generally also cause a pronounced decrease in electrical conductivity, so that a tradeoff must be made between conductivity and mechanical strength. We synthesized pure copper samples with a high density of nanoscale growth twins. They showed a tensile strength about 10 times higher than that of conventional coarse-grained copper, while retaining an electrical conductivity comparable to that of pure copper. The ultrahigh strength originates from the effective blockage of dislocation motion by numerous coherent twin boundaries that possess an extremely low electrical resistivity, which is not the case for other types of grain boundaries.     

A crossover in the mechanical response of nanocrystalline ceramics

Multimillion-atom molecular dynamics simulation of indentation of nanocrystalline silicon carbide reveals unusual deformation mechanisms in brittle nanophase materials, resulting from the coexistence of brittle grains and soft amorphous grain boundary phases. Simulations predict a crossover from intergranular continuous deformation to intragrain discrete deformation at a critical indentation depth. The crossover arises from the interplay between cooperative grain sliding, grain rotations, and intergranular dislocation formation similar to stick-slip behavior. The crossover is also manifested in switching from deformation dominated by indentation-induced crystallization to deformation dominated by disordering, leading to amorphization. This interplay between deformation mechanisms is critical for the design of ceramics with superior mechanical properties.     

Deformation twinning in nanocrystalline aluminum

We report transmission electron microscope observations that provide evidence of deformation twinning in plastically deformed nanocrystalline aluminum. The presence of these twins is directly related to the nanocrystalline structure, because they are not observed in coarse-grained pure aluminum. We propose a dislocation-based model to explain the preference for deformation twins and stacking faults in nanocrystalline materials. These results underscore a transition from deformation mechanisms controlled by normal slip to those controlled by partial dislocation activity when grain size decreases to tens of nanometers, and they have implications for interpreting the unusual mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline materials.     

A transient rise in tropical sea surface temperature during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) has been attributed to a rapid rise in greenhouse gas levels. If so, warming should have occurred at all latitudes, although amplified toward the poles. Existing records reveal an increase in high-latitude sea surface temperatures (SSTs) (8 degrees to 10 degrees C) and in bottom water temperatures (4 degrees to 5 degrees C). To date, however, the character of the tropical SST response during this event remains unconstrained. Here we address this deficiency by using paired oxygen isotope and minor element (magnesium/calcium) ratios of planktonic foraminifera from a tropical Pacific core to estimate changes in SST. Using mixed-layer foraminifera, we found that the combined proxies imply a 4 degrees to 5 degrees C rise in Pacific SST during the PETM. These results would necessitate a rise in atmospheric pCO2 to levels three to four times as high as those estimated for the late Paleocene.     

Grain boundary-mediated plasticity in nanocrystalline nickel

The plastic behavior of crystalline materials is mainly controlled by the nucleation and motion of lattice dislocations. We report in situ dynamic transmission electron microscope observations of nanocrystalline nickel films with an average grain size of about 10 nanometers, which show that grain boundary-mediated processes have become a prominent deformation mode. Additionally, trapped lattice dislocations are observed in individual grains following deformation. This change in the deformation mode arises from the grain size-dependent competition between the deformation controlled by nucleation and motion of dislocations and the deformation controlled by diffusion-assisted grain boundary processes.     

Design of stable nanocrystalline alloys

Nanostructured metals are generally unstable; their grains grow rapidly even at low temperatures, rendering them difficult to process and often unsuitable for usage. Alloying has been found to improve stability, but only in a few empirically discovered systems. We have developed a theoretical framework with which stable nanostructured alloys can be designed. A nanostructure stability map based on a thermodynamic model is applied to design stable nanostructured tungsten alloys. We identify a candidate alloy, W-Ti, and demonstrate substantially enhanced stability for the high-temperature, long-duration conditions amenable to powder-route production of bulk nanostructured tungsten. This nanostructured alloy adopts a heterogeneous chemical distribution that is anticipated by the present theoretical framework but unexpected on the basis of conventional bulk thermodynamics.     

Turbidity maximum of the northern chesapeake bay

The turbidity maximum near the head of the Chesapeake Bay is produced primarily by the local resuspension of bottom sediments, and by the estuarine "sediment trap" which is formed in the upper reaches of the estuarine circulation regime by the net nontidal circulation.     

Near-synchronous interhemispheric termination of the last glacial maximum in mid-latitudes

Isotopic records from polar ice cores imply globally asynchronous warming at the end of the last glaciation. However, 10Be exposure dates show that large-scale retreat of mid-latitude Last Glacial Maximum glaciers commenced at about the same time in both hemispheres. The timing of retreat is consistent with the onset of temperature and atmospheric CO2 increases in Antarctic ice cores. We suggest that a global trend of rising summer temperatures at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum was obscured in North Atlantic regions by hypercold winters associated with unusually extensive winter sea ice.     

已充分开发渔业中估计最大可持续产量的一种近似方法

以印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔业为例,应用Grainger和Garcia提出的年渔获量相对增长率（RRCI）的概念,估算其最大可持续产量（MSY）近似值,并与利用其它方法估算的结果进行比较。研究结果表明,当RRCI=O时,印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔业MSY近似值为33．75t,比PeUa—Tomlinson模型的预测结果低3％。用本文方法只需计算年渔获量相对增长率,即可获得MSY的近似值,因此本方法可作为对常规评估模型方法的有益补充。     

Early local last glacial maximum in the tropical Andes

The local last glacial maximum in the tropical Andes was earlier and less extensive than previously thought, based on 106 cosmogenic ages (from beryllium-10 dating) from moraines in Peru and Bolivia. Glaciers reached their greatest extent in the last glacial cycle approximately 34,000 years before the present and were retreating by approximately 21,000 years before the present, implying that tropical controls on ice volumes were asynchronous with those in the Northern Hemisphere. Our estimates of snowline depression reflect about half the temperature change indicated by previous widely cited figures, which helps resolve the discrepancy between estimates of terrestrial and marine temperature depression during the last glacial cycle.     

6个坚尼草品种比较试验报告

对6个坚尼草品种进行比较试验,结果表明:坚尼草TD58、坚尼草Mombassa、热研8号坚尼草和热研9号坚尼草产量之间差异不显著,但显著高于坚尼草CIAT6299,其中,热研9号坚尼草年均产量18140.46kg/hm2;坚尼草TD58其年均干物质产量达到17402.42kg/hm2,仅次于热研9号坚尼草,两者产量均显著高于坚尼草CIAT6299和青绿黍。青绿黍年种子产量达640kg/hm2,坚尼草TD58仅次于热研9号坚尼草,种子成熟比较一致。     

矩阵最大特征值的近似求法

矩阵特征值与特征向量是矩阵理论的重要概念,在数值计算理论中也起着重要的作用.本文重点给出了两种矩阵最大特征值的近似计算方法.     

矩阵最大特征值的近似求法

矩阵特征值与特征向量是矩阵理论的重要概念,在数值计算理论中也起着重要的作用.本文重点给出了两种矩阵最大特征值的近似计算方法.     

测试海洋污损生物附着强度的动态模拟试验装置

设计了一种测试海洋污损生物附着强度的动态模拟试验装置,该装置采用试样不动而海水流动的方式,模拟了航行中船舶的实际工况,可以方便地测试防污涂层表面污损生物的附着情况,为进一步测试防污材料的表面性能提供了依据。试验证明,该装置性能稳定,能满足测试的要求。     

苹果农药最大残留限量标准研究

农药最大残留限量标准对保护消费者健康和农产品国际贸易至关重要。对我国、国际食品法典委员会以及我国主要苹果出口目的国的苹果农药最大残留限量标准进行了系统研究,分析了我国苹果农药最大残留限量标准存在的问题,提出了相应的建议。