Economic analysis of stake and rack-hanging methods of farming oysters (Crassostrea iredalei) in the Philippines

The cost efficiency of stake and rack-hanging methods of farming oysters are compared. Annual costs and returns data for both methods were obtained from a socioeconomic survey conducted in 1991 at the Aquaculture Department of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC/AQD). On average, 14 kg m⁻² (shell-on) and 22 kg m⁻² (shell-on) were produced using the stake and rack-hanging methods, respectively. The translog cost function for 58 oyster farms was estimated using iterative seemingly unrelated regression (SUR). Statistical analysis indicates that the higher production from the rack-hanging method is significantly different (=0.10) from the production using the stake method. The cost-efficient method varied based on production levels. At output levels less that 9044 kg (shell-on), the rack-hanging method had lower average cost per unit, and for higher production levels the stake method had the lower average costs. Similar conclusions were drawn from the marginal cost analysis. Results imply when production is less than 9044 kg, then the most efficient technology is the rack-hanging method and if production is greater than 9044 kg, the most efficient method is the stake method.     

近交对长牡蛎幼虫和稚贝生长与存活的影响

分别以2010年通过2个野生个体进行交配获得的A01全同胞家系和2011年通过A01家系子代进行交配获得A02全同胞家系为亲本,在2013年6月采用同时建立全同胞交配子一代F1(F=0.250)、全同胞交配子二代F2(F=0.375)及设置对照组(F=0)的方法,研究在相同环境条件下,不同实验组的受精率与孵化率以及近交对长牡蛎幼虫期、稚贝期生长和存活的影响,并初步探讨近交代数与近交衰退的关系。结果发现,各组的受精率均在90%以上,除F2组外其余2组的孵化率也在90%以上;幼虫阶段,F1组和F2组的壳高与壳长均从12日龄出现衰退(近交衰退系数,inbreeding depression coefficient,IDC0),且F2组壳高的近交衰退系数均小于同日龄F1组壳高的近交衰退系数;F1组和F2组的存活率在整个幼虫期间均出现衰退,且F1组和F2组存活率的近交衰退系数均随着幼虫日龄的增加而逐渐减小。稚贝阶段,F1组和F2组的平均壳高在各日龄均表现出近交衰退(IDC0),且F2组壳高的近交衰退系数均小于相同日龄F1组壳高的近交衰退系数;3个实验组的平均壳长在整个稚贝阶段无显著性差异;F1组和F2组存活率的衰退在不同日龄始终存在(IDC0),且随着稚贝日龄的增加其衰退程度逐渐加大。研究结果为长牡蛎选择育种和遗传改良提供了基础资料。     

长牡蛎和福建牡蛎个体生长模型的构建及比较

长牡蛎和福建牡蛎分别是我国北方和南方沿海重要的养殖贝类。为比较分析二者的动态生长情况,实验基于动态能量收支理论（DEB）,以连续监测的水温和叶绿素a浓度为强制因子,通过现场实验、模型调试和文献查阅等方式获取模型参数,利用Python 2.7软件分别构建了桑沟湾长牡蛎、深沪湾福建牡蛎的个体生长模型,并以两种牡蛎的实测生长数据进行验证。结果显示：①所构建的DEB模型能够较好地模拟长牡蛎、福建牡蛎的个体生长情况（壳高、软组织湿重等）,模拟值与实测值之间相关性显著;②长牡蛎和福建牡蛎的温度耐受上限（T_H）、温度耐受下限（T_L）、半饱和常数（F_H）等参数存在差异,这可能与不同海域的理化环境、食物组成及牡蛎的选择性摄食有关;③在模拟周期内,受温度和食物的双重限制,长牡蛎冬季生长缓慢,而福建牡蛎处于持续增长状态,期间主要受到食物的限制。本研究结果可为后续生态系统模型构建和牡蛎养殖容量评估提供基础数据。     

肾上腺素对岩牡蛎幼虫变态的诱导

为了得到壳型规则、大小均一的单体牡蛎,本研究采用肾上腺素对岩牡蛎单体苗种生产的诱导条件进行研究,阐明了岩牡蛎单体苗种的最适诱导浓度、诱导时间和诱导密度。结果显示,肾上腺素能显著诱导岩牡蛎幼虫的不固着变态,最适诱导浓度为5×10–5 mol/L,最适诱导时间为1 h,提高诱导浓度和延长诱导时间导致岩牡蛎幼虫的不固着变态率、稚贝壳高和存活率显著降低;肾上腺素对低于8个/mL幼虫密度的诱导效果差异不显著,但稚贝壳高和存活率在8个/mL的培育密度下显著低于0.5～4个/mL,研究表明利用肾上腺素诱导岩牡蛎单体时,可大批量处理眼点幼虫,但稚贝充气培养的最适培养密度应不高于4个/mL。     

壳金长牡蛎家系的建立及生长和存活性状的比较

于2014年6月,以经过2代家系选育和2代群体选育共连续4代选育的壳金长牡蛎为亲本,采用巢式设计,成功构建25个全同胞家系,同时以未经选育的壳色即普通灰白色的个体子代为对照组,评估各家系和对照组在幼虫、稚贝期的生长和存活差异。结果显示,不同时期,壳金长牡蛎选育家系各生长性状平均值均高于对照组平均值,其中在幼虫期不同日龄,壳金长牡蛎所有家系壳高和存活率平均值均高于对照组,分别提高2.27%~16.67%和1.72%~9.40%;在稚贝期各阶段,壳金长牡蛎所有家系壳高、壳长、总重量及存活率的平均值均高于对照组,分别提高10.04%~19.79%、6.56%~17.78%、10.44%~32.92%和0.20%~4.26%;不同壳金家系间的生长及存活性状具有显著差异,排序也存在不一致性,其中G19和G28家系表现出较高的生长及存活性能,在11月龄,G19和G28家系的壳高、壳长、总重的累积生长量比所有家系平均值分别提高4.78%、8.22%、12.38%和7.61%、4.02%、9.04%,与对照组相比,分别提高15.31%、15.31%、24.11%和18.42%、10.85%、20.42%;存活率比所有家系平均值和对照组分别提高11.70%、12.71%和11.92%、12.94%。研究表明,壳金长牡蛎选育群体的生长性状具有一定的优势,但存活性状有待进一步的改良;家系G19和G28可作为优良品种培育的育种材料。本研究为培育快速生长和存活率高的壳金长牡蛎新品种提供了基础资料。     

Summer mortality of hatchery-produced Pacific oyster spat (Crassostrea gigas). I. Estimation of genetic parameters for survival and growth

The multidisciplinary project “MOREST” aims to improve our understanding of causes of summer mortality in Crassostrea gigas juveniles in France and to reduce its impact on oyster production. As part of the MOREST project, 43 full-sib families nested within 17 half-sib families were produced, planted out and tested in 3 sites during summer 2001 to assess to what extent genetic variability exists for this trait. A strong genetic basis was found for survival as narrow-sense heritability estimates ranged from 0.47 to 1.08, with higher values in sites where summer mortality was higher. Genetic correlations across sites were positive and very high for survival, indicating no genotype by environment interaction. In contrast, lower genetic variation was observed for growth in all sites. Finally, genetic correlations between growth and survival were low, in all sites. Selective breeding in a single site should therefore be an efficient means of improving survival in oysters less than one year old along the French Atlantic and Channel coastlines with only very limited effects on growth. As yield mostly depends on survival and growth, this approach should significantly improve harvestable yield. Possible reasons why a high genetic variance for survival appears to be maintained in wild populations are discussed.     

微卫星标记在长牡蛎三倍体鉴定中的应用

为开发一种简单有效的倍性检测方法对长牡蛎三倍体诱导结果进行准确评估,本实验采用细胞松弛素B抑制第二极体释放诱导产生长牡蛎三倍体,选用7个微卫星位点扩增基因组DNA,通过亲子代基因分型进行倍性检测,检测结果采用流式细胞仪加以验证,以评估微卫星标记倍性检测的准确性。另外,本研究探讨了准确鉴定倍性所需的微卫星标记数量与微卫星—着丝粒重组率(y)之间的关系,以期为其他物种采用分子标记进行倍性检测提供理论依据。结果显示,细胞松弛素B诱导产生的115个长牡蛎子代经7个微卫星位点鉴定得到40个三倍体,与流式细胞仪检测结果一致,准确率达到100%,7个微卫星位点的(1-y)的乘积为0.005。随机挑选6个位点,也可鉴定出所有三倍体,(1-y)的乘积为0.005~0.042。研究表明,本研究中开发的微卫星标记可以简单高效地鉴定长牡蛎三倍体,微卫星位点的(1-y)的乘积小于0.005,倍性检测的准确率可达100%,采用微卫星标记进行倍性检测对于加速长牡蛎三倍体育种进程具有十分重要的意义。     

熊本牡蛎无嵴和多嵴品系生产性状比较

为了评估熊本牡蛎左壳放射嵴有无对其生产性能的影响,于2013年5月,以熊本牡蛎湛江群体子一代作为基础群体,筛选出无嵴及多嵴品系,采用繁殖生物学方法,比较了两个品系的表型性状差异。结果显示,野生群体中,多嵴亲本规格略大于无嵴亲本,鲜重、壳重及怀卵量均显著大于无嵴亲本;两个品系的受精孵化参数、D型幼虫大小及变态规格彼此间无显著差异;多嵴品系存活力及生长潜力在幼虫及养成期间显著高于无嵴品系。中间育成期间,湛江及大风江牡蛎养殖区环境对两品系生长性状造成了一定程度影响,表现出明显的环境效应,但是对存活力尚未造成影响。熊本牡蛎左壳放射嵴无相对于有是显性性状,主要受到一对显性基因控制,而多嵴性状是隐性性状,可以稳定遗传。研究为熊本牡蛎多嵴品系培育及其左壳放射嵴遗传机制奠定了坚实的理论基础与实践经验。     

Growth of the oyster Crassostrea corteziensis (Hertlein, 1951) in Sonora, Mexico

This is the first evaluation of growth and survival of spat of the Cortez oyster Crassostrea corteziensis (Hertlein) produced under controlled conditions in a coastal area in the state of Sonora, Mexico for aquaculture purposes. A suspended culture technique, used for the Pacific oyster C. gigas, was used. The Cortez oyster has an isometric shell growth during the first 13 months, reaching 71.3±1.9 mm length, 52.6±1.3 mm thickness and 25.1±0.8 mm width. Allometric growth was found between total weight and length, thickness and width (survival was 70%). The relationships between particulate organic, inorganic material, chlorophyll a and environmental parameters with growth are described. Growth rates of C. corteziensis were affected by temperature with retardation at less than 18°C. For aquaculture purposes, it is recommended that spat be sowed after winter, and oyster harvest occur at the end of autumn. According to the von Bertalanffy equation, Cortez oysters would reach the traditional exploitation size of 65 mm (mean length) at harvest. Finally, the results of this study have shown that C. corteziensis is a good candidate for aquaculture projects in this region.     

不同育性三倍体长牡蛎性腺发育过程中的营养成分比较

为阐明不同育性三倍体长牡蛎性腺发育与营养成分变化的关系,实验对不育型和可育型三倍体长牡蛎性腺发育过程中的主要营养成分(糖原、总蛋白质和总脂肪含量)进行分析,并与二倍体长牡蛎进行比较.结果显示,三倍体长牡蛎性腺—内脏团、闭壳肌和外套膜3种组织中的糖原含量均显著高于同时期的二倍体长牡蛎,性腺—内脏团和闭壳肌中的总蛋白质含量...     

长牡蛎壳金选育群体生长性状的选择效应

长牡蛎是一种世界性的养殖贝类,同时是我国最重要的经济贝类之一,壳色美观和快速生长是目前长牡蛎遗传育种的2个重要目标。2010年通过长牡蛎壳色性状的家系选育,获得了壳白、壳黑、壳金和壳紫4种壳色品系。实验以第二代壳金品系为基础群体,对长牡蛎壳金群体的生长性状进行定向选育,分析了长牡蛎壳金选育群体壳高性状的选择反应、遗传获得和现实遗传力。结果显示,养成阶段选择组的壳高均大于对照组,350日龄后表现出显著的生长优势;幼虫期,壳高性状的平均选择反应、遗传获得和现实遗传力分别为0.549±0.277、3.717%±2.611%和0.339±0.171,养成期分别为0.436±0.138、8.253%±1.014%和0.270±0.086。选择组的贝壳金黄色和外套膜金黄色比例分别提高了22%和10%。研究结果为长牡蛎壳金优良品系培育提供了重要基础资料。     

不同育性长牡蛎性腺发育过程中糖原和脂质的组织化学研究

为探讨不同育性长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)性腺发育过程中主要供能物质的利用和变化差异,利用过碘酸雪夫氏染色(PAS染色)和油红O染色法对不同育性三倍体长牡蛎及二倍体长牡蛎性腺组织进行观察分析。结果显示,增殖期,二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎性腺结缔组织中均含有大量糖原和脂质。随着性腺发育,二倍体和可育型三倍体(3nα型)长牡蛎性腺结缔组织中糖原含量明显下降,到成熟期几乎检测不到糖原,说明性腺结缔组织中的糖原为配子发生提供能量。脂质主要存在于性腺结缔组织和卵母细胞的细胞质中,说明脂质是卵细胞发育的重要组成物质。雌性二倍体和3nα型长牡蛎性腺结缔组织中的脂类含量随着性腺发育并未发生明显下降,推测糖原可能转化为脂质以满足性腺发育的物质需求。脂质在二倍体雄性长牡蛎的性腺发育过程中出现明显的减少,说明脂类在雄性性腺发育中的主要功能可能是供能而不是结构组成。糖原和脂类作为长牡蛎性腺发育过程中重要的供能和组成物质,在不育型三倍体(3nβ型)长牡蛎性腺发育过程中含量没有发生明显的变化,这与3nβ型配子发生受阻密切相关。推测3nβ型长牡蛎由于配子发育受阻,性腺发育初期积累的糖原和脂质并未分配至生殖细胞,而留在结缔组织中,从而使其在繁殖季节仍然能够保持快速生长。研究结果为牡蛎生殖发育调控机制及育性控制育种提供重要信息。     

Reproductive conditioning of Chilean scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) and the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas): effects of enriched diets

The quality of diet fed to bivalve broodstock during reproductive conditioning directly affects growth and survival of their larval and postlarval progeny. The objective of the present study was to improve the quality of larval production in the Chilean scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) and the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) by testing of the effects of different experimentally enriched diets on the conditioning and early development of progeny under laboratory conditions. The diets used included protein-rich microalgae and mixtures of microalgae and lipid emulsions. Quality of D-larvae, pediveligers, and 1-mm postlarvae from the variously fed broodstock was measured to evaluate each diet as indicators of growth and survival of the early life stages. Biochemical analyses were carried out on eggs and larvae to determine the effects of the different diets on these parameters. The main results for the scallops and oysters were that a conditioning diet containing algae rich in protein improved larval growth and survival. This effect did not, however, extend past metamorphosis. Also, the best conditioning diet increased the lipid content of the eggs, as well as the protein content of the D-larvae, although the mechanism for this remains unclear.     

长牡蛎生长性状遗传力、遗传相关和表型相关分析

为了查清乳山(RS)和崆峒岛(KTD)海域长牡蛎生长性状各指标的遗传力、遗传相关和表型相关,本实验通过部分因子交配设计和人工授精的方法建立家系,并在乳山和崆峒岛海域进行养殖。用混合线性模型分别计算RS和KTD海域188日龄、338日龄和474日龄长牡蛎生长性状各指标的遗传参数。结果发现:不同日龄长牡蛎生长性状各指标,在乳山海域的遗传力是0.28~0.55,为中高遗传力,在崆峒岛海域的遗传力是0.34~0.63,为高遗传力;与乳山海域相比,崆峒岛海域各指标的遗传力偏高。运用亲本模型,将日龄和地点作为固定效应,计算得到壳高、壳长、壳宽和湿重的遗传力分别为0.25±0.08、0.29±0.09、0.14±0.05和0.26±0.09。不同海域、不同日龄的遗传相关和表型相关结果各不相同,但各指标间均呈现正相关;总体来讲,性状间的遗传相关大于表型相关。实验结果有助于掌握山东半岛南北两侧长牡蛎生长性状的数量遗传学参数,为制定长牡蛎在该海域的选育技术路线提供数据支持。     

长牡蛎第三代选育群体生长性状的选择效应

为了培育长牡蛎的高产抗逆新品种,实验采用群体选育方法构建了中国、日本和韩国3个种群的快速生长选育系,2007年至今已连续进行了6代选育。本实验对长 牡蛎选育F₃代壳高和活体体质量的增长、选择反应和遗传获得等遗传参数进行了分析。结果表明,从第120日龄开始,中国、日本和韩国3个选育群体的壳高和 活体体质量均显著高于对照组,在420日龄时,平均壳高较对照组分别高13.4%、10.1%和10.5%,平均活体体质量较对照组分别重18.5%、13.4%和11.6%;壳高的平均现实遗传力分别为0.447±0.226、0.471±0.297和0.367±0.167,表明适于对壳高的生长速度进行进一步的选育。长牡蛎中国、日本和韩国选育F3代活体 体质量的遗传获得平均值分别为16.01%±3.82%、15.03%±5.21%和11.57%±5.15%,表明对长牡蛎壳高的生长速度进行选育时,活体体质量的生长速度也得到了明显提高。本研究结果可以为长牡蛎快速生长品系的连续选育提供依据。     

长牡蛎Htatip2的表达及其在不育三倍体雌性中的DNA甲基化

为探究DNA甲基化在长牡蛎性腺发育中的表观遗传调控机制,对长牡蛎Htatip2的同源性、系统进化、组织表达以及三倍体性腺可育型和不育型不同发育时期的基因表达和DNA甲基化谱进行了研究。结果显示,长牡蛎Htatip2的保守结构域与美洲牡蛎的Htatip2-like的保守结构域同源性最高。qPCR分析显示, Htatip2在各个组织中均有表达,其中在雌性性腺中的表达量最高。此外,该基因的表达量在可育型三倍体牡蛎性腺中随着性腺发育成熟而升高,在不育型三倍体牡蛎性腺中表达量变化不显著。BS-PCR分析显示,该基因的甲基化水平随着性腺发育成熟而降低,与基因表达水平成负相关性。双荧光素酶报告结果显示,甲基化的Htatip2启动子片段与未甲基化的片段相比,显著抑制了荧光素酶的活性。研究表明,长牡蛎Htatip2的DNA甲基化可能通过抑制基因表达参与了性腺成熟调控。本研究为表观遗传调控机制参与牡蛎性腺发育提供了重要参考依据。     

长牡蛎酪氨酸酶基因(CgTyr1)SNP多态性与壳色性状的关联

黑色素是一种广泛存在于动物界的生物色素,而酪氨酸酶被认为是一种重要的调控黑色素合成的关键酶。实验以3种壳色的长牡蛎选育品系为材料,使用PCR-SSCP的方法对长牡蛎酪氨酸酶基因CgTyr1进行SNP分型筛选,将突变位点与不同壳色性状进行关联分析。结果显示,酪氨酸酶基因的外显子上存在23个SNP位点,其中11个SNP位点与壳色性状极显著相关;在这11个SNP位点中,检测到有3个SNP位点为有义突变(c.591C/T、c.632G/A和c.1155T/C),分别导致不同的氨基酸突变(Ala122Val、Gly136Ser和Phe310Ser);利用极显著关联的11个SNP位点,为每种壳色群体建立了1种单倍型,并在验证组中得到了确认。研究表明,长牡蛎酪氨酸酶基因的单个碱基突变和以此构建的单倍型与壳色性状存在显著的关联。本研究筛选出的SNP位点和构建的单倍型为长牡蛎壳色品系选育提供了重要的参考资料。     

Larval rearing and spat production of edible oyster Crassostrea gryphoides (Schlotheim)

The edible oyster Crassostrea gryphoides was induced to spawn in the laboratory by thermal stimulation, and the larvae were reared to spat. The larvae grow through the straight hinge (70×60.5 μm), early umbo (96.25×87.5 μm), late umbo (215×152.5 μm), eyed stage (290×222.5 μm) and pediveliger (308.25×254.17 μm) in pelagic phase before metamorphosing to spat, and these stages are described. These stages were reached at 20 h, on the fifth, 11th, 15th, 19th and 21st day respectively. Spat settlement percentage was found to be 1.8%.     

Combined effects of temperature and diet on growth and biochemical composition of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) spat

Temperature and quality of the available food are important factors that influence the physiology of oysters; however, the combined effects have not been well studied. We evaluated the impacts of the temperature and diet on the growth, survival and biochemical composition in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas spat, cultured in the laboratory for 8 weeks at 23, 26, 29 and 32°C and fed Isochrysis sp.‐Pavlova lutheri (IP) and Dunaliella tertiolecta (Dt). The growth and biochemical composition showed a pattern, which changed in response to rising temperature. The shell length was significantly longer, in spat fed the IP diet, except at 32°C, where both diets produced poor growth results. The survival was <50% after 5 weeks at 32°C, whereas at all other temperatures it was >88%. High temperatures directly increased lipids and saturated fatty acids, while the proteins, carbohydrates and unsaturated fatty acids decreased. High temperatures achieved in the environment, as those reached on clear summer days during low tides, are an important stressor in oyster spat, especially when the quality of the available food is poor.     

Effects of mass and position of artificial fouling added to the upper valve of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae on its growth and survival

We ran an experiment on mangrove oysters Crassostrea rhizophorae to evaluate the effects of adding different masses of artificial fouling to the upper valve, either to the umbo region or the ventral edge of the shell. Growth and survival were quantified after a 30 d period in suspended culture in the La Restinga Lagoon, Venezuela. The artificial fouling was cement weighing 0.5, 1, 2 or 3 fold the mass of the upper valve. No fouling was added to a control group. Fouling mass, but not the position of the artificial fouling, affected growth in shell length. However, only the heaviest fouling (3 times the mass of the upper valve) had a significant effect. In contrast, there was no affect of either fouling mass or position on tissue growth. Finally, our data indicated that mortality could be affected by the position where we added artificial fouling (greater mortality when fouling was added to the ventral edge of the shell), but not by fouling mass. Our study indicates it is unlikely that the levels of natural fouling that develop on oysters in suspended culture would be sufficient to affect either growth or survival.